''Birth of the Cool'' is a compilation album by American

jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a m ...

trumpeter and bandleader

Miles Davis Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926September 28, 1991) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz and 20th-century music. Davis adopted a variety of musi ...

, released in February 1957 by Capitol Records. It compiles eleven tracks recorded by Davis's nonet for the label over the course of three sessions during 1949 and 1950. Featuring unusual instrumentation and several notable musicians, the music consisted of innovative arrangements influenced by classical music techniques such as

polyphony Polyphony ( ) is a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, ...

, and marked a major development in post-

bebop Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early-to-mid-1940s in the United States. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo, complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumen ...

jazz. As the title suggests, these recordings are considered seminal in the history of

cool jazz Cool jazz is a style of modern jazz music that arose in the United States after World War II. It is characterized by relaxed tempos and lighter tone, in contrast to the fast and complex bebop style. Cool jazz often employs formal arrangements an ...

. Most of them were originally released in the 10-inch 78-rpm format and are all approximately three minutes long.

Background

From 1944 to 1948,

played in

Charlie Parker Charles Parker Jr. (August 29, 1920 – March 12, 1955), nicknamed "Bird" or "Yardbird", was an American jazz saxophonist, band leader and composer. Parker was a highly influential soloist and leading figure in the development of bebop, a form ...

's quintet. Davis recorded several albums worth of material with Parker during this period, including Parker's Sessions for the Savoy and Dial labels. Davis' first records released under his own name were recorded with Parker's band, in 1947, and were more arranged and rehearsed than Parker's usual approach to recording. By 1948, Davis had three years of

playing under his belt, but he struggled to match the speed and ranges of the likes of Gillespie and Parker, choosing instead to play in the mid range of his instrument. In 1948, Davis, becoming increasingly concerned about growing tensions within the Parker quintet, left the group and began looking for a new band to work with. At the same time, arranger

Gil Evans Ian Ernest Gilmore Evans (né Green; May 13, 1912 – March 20, 1988) was a Canadian–American jazz pianist, arranger, composer and bandleader. He is widely recognized as one of the greatest orchestrators in jazz, playing an important role i ...

began hosting gatherings of like-minded, forward-looking musicians at his small basement apartment, located on 55th Street in Manhattan, three blocks away from the jazz nightclubs of

52nd Street 52nd Street is a -long one-way street traveling west to east across Midtown Manhattan, New York City. A short section of it was known as the city's center of jazz performance from the 1930s to the 1950s. Jazz center Following the repeal of ...

. Evans had gained a reputation in the jazz world for his orchestration of bebop tunes for the

Claude Thornhill Claude Thornhill (August 10, 1908 – July 1, 1965) was an American pianist, arranger, composer, and bandleader. He composed the jazz and pop standards "Snowfall" and "I Wish I Had You". Early years Thornhill was the son of J. Chester Thornhill ...

orchestra in the mid-1940s. Keeping an open door policy, Evans' apartment came to host many of the young jazz artists of late-1940s New York. The participants engaged in discussions about the future of jazz, including a proposed group with a new sound. According to jazz historian

Ted Gioia Ted Gioia (born October 21, 1957) is an American jazz critic and music historian. He is author of eleven books, including ''Music: A Subversive History'', '' The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire'', ''The History of Jazz'' and ''Delta Blu ...

he participantswere developing a range of tools that would change the sound of contemporary music. In their work together, they relied on a rich palette of harmonies, many of them drawn from European impressionist composers. They explored new instrumental textures, preferring to blend the voices of the horns like a choir rather than pit them against each other as the big bands had traditionally done with their thrusting and parrying sections. They brought down the tempos of their music ... they adopted a more lyrical approach to improvisation ...

Recording

The nonet recorded twelve tracks for Capitol during three sessions over the course of nearly a year and a half. Davis, Lee Konitz, Gerry Mulligan and John Barber were the only musicians who played on all three sessions, though the instrumental lineup was constant (excepting the omission of piano on a few songs and the addition of Kenny Hagood on "Darn That Dream"). The first session occurred on January 21, 1949, recording four tracks: Mulligan's "Jeru" and "Godchild" as well as Lewis's "Move" and "Budo". Jazz critic Richard Cook hypothesizes that Capitol, wanting to get a good start, recorded these numbers first because they were the most catchy tunes in the nonet's small repertoire. That date Kai Winding replaced Zwerin on trombone,

Al Haig Alan Warren Haig (July 19, 1922 – November 16, 1982) was an American jazz pianist, best known as one of the pioneers of bebop. Biography Haig was born in Newark, New Jersey and raised in nearby Nutley. In 1940, he majored in piano at Obe ...

replaced Lewis on piano, and Joe Shulman replaced McKibbon on bass. The second recording date came three months later on April 22, 1949 with Davis filling in for

Fats Navarro Theodore "Fats" Navarro (September 24, 1923 – July 6, 1950) was an American jazz trumpet player. He was a pioneer of the bebop style of jazz improvisation in the 1940s. He had a strong stylistic influence on many other players, including Cl ...

Tadd Dameron Tadley Ewing Peake Dameron (February 21, 1917 – March 8, 1965) was an American jazz composer, arranger, and pianist. Biography Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Dameron was the most influential arranger of the bebop era, but also wrote charts for swin ...

's band with Charlie Parker during the interim. The band returned to the studio with five substitutions in personnel: J. J. Johnson on trombone, Sandy Siegelstein on French horn,

Nelson Boyd Nelson Boyd (February 6, 1928, Camden, New Jersey – October 1985Social security register of deaths.) was an American bebop jazz bassist. Biography He was born in Camden, New Jersey, and played in local orchestras in Philadelphia around 1945, an ...

on bass, and

Kenny Clarke Kenneth Clarke Spearman (January 9, 1914January 26, 1985), nicknamed Klook, was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. A major innovator of the bebop style of drumming, he pioneered the use of the ride cymbal to keep time rather than the hi-ha ...

on drums, and

John Lewis John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights activist who served in the United States House of Representatives for from 1987 until his death in 2020. He participated in the 1960 Nashville ...

returning to piano. At this session, the nonet recorded Mulligan's "Venus de Milo", Lewis's "Rouge", Carisi's "Israel", and "Boplicity", a collaboration between Davis and Evans, credited to the

pseudonym A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true name (orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individua ...

"Cleo Henry". The band did not return to the studio again until March 9, 1950. Davis did not call the band for any rehearsals or live performances between the second and third recording dates. The March 1950 date featured Mulligan's "Darn That Dream", "Rocker", and "Deception", and Evans's arrangement of

Chummy MacGregor John Chalmers MacGregor (March 28, 1903 – March 9, 1973), better known as Chummy MacGregor, a musician and composer, was the pianist in The Glenn Miller Orchestra from 1936 to 1942. He composed the songs " Moon Dreams", " It Must Be Jelly ('Cau ...

's "

Moon Dreams "Moon Dreams" is a 1942 jazz and pop song composed by Chummy MacGregor and Johnny Mercer. The song was first recorded by Martha Tilton on Capitol Records. Glenn Miller recorded the song for V-Disc release in 1944 with the Army Air Force Band. ...

", which had been released in a jazz arrangement by Glenn Miller and the AAF Band in 1944 on

V-Disc V-Disc ( "V" for Victory) was a record label that was formed in 1943 to provide records for U.S. military personnel. Captain Robert Vincent supervised the label from the Special Services division. Many popular singers, big bands, and orches ...

. The band saw more substitutions, with

Gunther Schuller Gunther Alexander Schuller (November 22, 1925June 21, 2015) was an American composer, conductor, horn player, author, historian, educator, publisher, and jazz musician. Biography and works Early years Schuller was born in Queens, New York City ...

on French horn and

Al McKibbon Al McKibbon (January 1, 1919 – July 29, 2005) was an American jazz double bassist, known for his work in bop, hard bop, and Latin jazz. In 1947, after working with Lucky Millinder, Tab Smith, J. C. Heard, and Coleman Hawkins, he replaced ...

on bass. Hagood returned for vocals on "Darn That Dream".

Composition

Music and style

One of the features of the Davis Nonet was the use of paired instrumentation. An example of this can be heard on the

arrangement "Move". In "Move", Lewis gives the melody to the pairing of trumpet and alto saxophone, baritone saxophone and tuba supply counterpoint, and trombone and French horn provide harmonies.Cook, p.18

Gerry Mulligan Gerald Joseph Mulligan (April 6, 1927 – January 20, 1996), also known as Jeru, was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, composer and arranger. Though primarily known as one of the leading jazz baritone saxophonists—playing the instrum ...

's "Jeru" demonstrates another Nonet hallmark: the use of a

unison In music, unison is two or more musical parts that sound either the same pitch or pitches separated by intervals of one or more octaves, usually at the same time. ''Rhythmic unison'' is another term for homorhythm. Definition Unison or per ...

sound and rich harmony throughout the horns. Davis said, "I wanted the instruments to sound like human voices singing ... and they did." Though the album is seen as a departure from traditional bop,Gioia, "The History of Jazz". 281 the recordings do feature tunes that are considered close to the bop style, such as "Budo" which has the band bookending solos by Davis, Mulligan, Konitz, and Winding, similar to a bebop

head arrangement In music, an arrangement is a musical adaptation of an existing composition. Differences from the original composition may include reharmonization, melodic paraphrasing, orchestration, or formal development. Arranging differs from orchestr ...

Thornhill's influence

One of the largest stated influences on the sound of ''The Birth of the Cool'' was band leader

and his orchestra.Hentoff, Nat. "The Birth of the Cool." ''Down Beat'', May 2, 1957: 15–16Chambers, 94 Out of Thornhill's band came Lee Konitz,

, and

calling the Konitz-Mulligan-Evans incarnation "the greatest band", second only to "the Billy Eckstine band with

Bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

." The Thornhill band was known for its impressionistic style, innovative use of

instrumentation Instrumentation a collective term for measuring instruments that are used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities. The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making. Instrumentation can refer to ...

, such as the use of tuba and French horn, and a non-

vibrato Vibrato ( Italian, from past participle of " vibrare", to vibrate) is a musical effect consisting of a regular, pulsating change of pitch. It is used to add expression to vocal and instrumental music. Vibrato is typically characterised in terms ...

playing style, hallmarks that the Miles Davis Nonet adopted for ''The Birth of the Cool''. According to Evans:

Miles had liked some of what Gerry and I had written for Claude. The instrumentation for the Miles session was caused by the fact that this was the smallest number of instruments that could get the sound and still express all the harmonies the Thornhill band used. Miles wanted to play his idiom with that kind of sound.

Davis saw the full 18-piece Thornhill orchestra as cumbersome and thus decided to split the group in half for his desired sound. As arrangers, both Evans and Mulligan gave Thornhill credit for crafting their sound. Thornhill's band gave Evans the opportunity to try his hand at arranging small-group bebop tunes for

big band A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Big bands originated during the early 1910s ...

, a practice few others were participating in. Mulligan recalls Thornhill teaching him "the greatest lesson in dynamics, the art of underblowing." Thornhill has also been credited with launching the move away from call and response between sections and the move towards unison harmonies.

Release history

The four tracks from the January 1949 session were released soon after recording as two singles. From the April 1949 date, "Israel" and "Boplicity" were doubled together on a 78 and released as well. Of the twelve tracks recorded, Capitol released relatively few. In 1954, after persuasion from Rugolo, Capitol released eight of the tracks on a 10" LP record titled ''Classics in Jazz—Miles Davis'' (H-459). In 1957 eleven of the tracks (all except for "Darn That Dream") were released by Capitol as ''Birth of the Cool''. The final track, "Darn That Dream" (the only song with vocals, by Hagood), was included with the other eleven on a 1972 LP ''Capitol Jazz Classics, Vol. 1: The Complete Birth Of The Cool'' (M-11026). Subsequent releases have been based on this last compilation. The album has since been reissued many times in various formats. The live recordings of the nonet from its time at the Royal Roost were released as ''Cool Boppin''. In 1998, Capitol Records released ''The Complete Birth of the Cool'', which was remastered by Mark Levinson and collected the nonet's live and studio tracks onto a single CD. Note from the 2000 Capitol CD reissue producer

Michael Cuscuna Michael Cuscuna (born September 20, 1949 in Stamford, Connecticut, United States) is an American jazz record producer and writer. He is the co-founder of Mosaic Records and a discographer of Blue Note Records. Cuscuna played drums, saxophone and ...

Reception and aftermath

The band's debut performance at the

Royal Roost The Royal Roost was a jazz club located at 1580 Broadway in the Theater District of Manhattan in New York City. History Ralph Watkins originally opened the Royal Roost as a chicken restaurant. After a difficult start, Watkins was persuaded by Si ...

received positive, but reserved reactions.

Count Basie William James "Count" Basie (; August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. In 1935, he formed the Count Basie Orchestra, and in 1936 took them to Chicago for a long engagement and the ...

, the Roost's headliner during the Nonet's brief tenure, however, was more open to the group's sound, saying, "Those slow things sounded strange and good. I didn't always know what they were doing, but I listened, and I liked it." Winthrop Sargeant, classical music critic at ''

The New Yorker ''The New Yorker'' is an American weekly magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. Founded as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is published 47 times annually, with five of these issues ...

'', compared the band's sound to the work of an "impressionist composer with a great sense of aural poetry and a very fastidious feeling for tone color... The music sounds more like that of a new Maurice Ravel than it does like jazz ... it is not really jazz."Gioia, ''The History of Jazz''. p. 283 Though he did not recognize the record as jazz, Sargeant acknowledged that he found the record "charming and exciting". In the short term the reaction to the band was little to none, but in the long term the recordings' effects have been great and lasting. They have been credited with starting the

movement as well as creating a new and viable alternative to

. In 1957, after the release of ''Birth of the Cool'', ''

Down Beat ' (styled in all caps) is an American music magazine devoted to "jazz, blues and beyond", the last word indicating its expansion beyond the jazz realm which it covered exclusively in previous years. The publication was established in 1934 in Chi ...

'' magazine wrote that the album " nfluenceddeeply one important direction of modern chamber jazz." Several tunes from the album, such as Carisi's "Israel", have gone on to become

jazz standards Jazz standards are musical compositions that are an important part of the musical repertoire of jazz musicians, in that they are widely known, performed, and recorded by jazz musicians, and widely known by listeners. There is no definitive list ...

. The album was included in the book ''

1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die ''1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die'' is a musical reference book first published in 2005 by Universe Publishing. Part of the ''1001 Before You Die'' series, it compiles writings and information on albums chosen by a panel of music critics ...

''. ''Birth of the Cool'' was voted number 349 in

Colin Larkin Colin Larkin (born 1949) is a British writer and entrepreneur. He founded, and was the editor-in-chief of, the ''Encyclopedia of Popular Music'', described by ''The Times'' as "the standard against which all others must be judged". Along wit ...

All Time Top 1000 Albums ''All Time Top 1000 Albums'' is a book by Colin Larkin, creator and editor of the ''Encyclopedia of Popular Music''. The book was first published by Guinness Publishing in 1994. The list presented is the result of over 200,000 votes cast by th ...

3rd Edition (2000). Many members of the Miles Davis Nonet went on to have successful careers in cool jazz, notably

, and Lee Konitz. Mulligan moved to California and joined forces with trumpeter Chet Baker in a piano-less quartet, before creating his Concert Jazz Band. Lewis would become music director of the Modern Jazz Quartet, which would become one of the most influential cool jazz groups. Evans would go on to collaborate with Davis again on the Davis albums '' Miles Ahead'' and ''

Sketches of Spain ''Sketches of Spain'' is an album by Miles Davis, recorded between November 1959 and March 1960 at the Columbia 30th Street Studio in New York City. An extended version of the second movement of Joaquín Rodrigo's ''Concierto de Aranjuez'' (1939) ...

''. Capitol Records were at the time disappointed with the sales of the nonet recordings, and did not offer Davis a contract extension. Instead, Davis signed with the new jazz specialty record label,

Prestige Prestige refers to a good reputation or high esteem; in earlier usage, ''prestige'' meant "showiness". (19th c.) Prestige may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Films * ''Prestige'' (film), a 1932 American film directed by Tay Garnet ...

, for whom he would record his first album in 1951.

Track listings

''Arrangements by the composer unless otherwise noted.''

''Birth of the Cool'' (1957 12" LP, Capitol T-762)

Side A # (1) "Move" (

Denzil Best Denzil DaCosta Best (April 27, 1917 – May 24, 1965) was an American jazz percussionist and composer born in New York City. He was a prominent bebop drummer in the 1950s and early 1960s. Biography Best was born in New York City, into a musi ...

, arranged by John Lewis) – 2:29 # (2) "Jeru" (

) – 3:10 # (3) "

" (

, Johnny Mercer, arranged by

) – 3:13 # (4) "Venus De Milo" (Mulligan) – 3:10 # (5) "Budo" (Miles Davis, Bud Powell, arranged by

) – 2:31 # (6) "Deception" (

George Shearing Sir George Albert Shearing, (13 August 1919 14 February 2011) was a British jazz pianist who for many years led a popular jazz group that recorded for Discovery Records, MGM Records and Capitol Records. Shearing was the composer of over 300 ...

, Davis, arranged by Gerry Mulligan) – 2:46 Side B # (7) "Godchild" (

George Wallington George Wallington (October 27, 1924 – February 15, 1993) was an American jazz pianist and composer. Early life Wallington was born Giacinto Figlia (some sources give "Giorgio") in Sicily, and then moved to the United States (New York) with ...

, arranged by Gerry Mulligan) – 3:08 # (8) "Boplicity" (Cleo Henry a.k.a. Davis and Gil Evans, arranged by Gil Evans) – 2:58 # (9) "Rocker" (Mulligan) – 3:04 # (10) "Israel" ( Johnny Carisi) – 2:15 # (11) "Rouge" (

) – 3:13 ;Recording dates * Tracks 1, 2, 5, 7 on January 21, 1949 * Tracks 4, 8, 10, 11 on April 22, 1949 * Tracks 3, 6, 9 on March 9, 1950 Recorded at WOR Studios, New York, New York.

''Birth of the Cool'' (1989 CD, Capitol)

# "Move" (

, arranged by John Lewis) – 2:32 # "Jeru" (

) – 3:10 # "

" (

, Johnny Mercer, arranged by Gil Evans) – 3:17 # "Venus de Milo" (Mulligan) – 3:10 # "Budo" (

, Bud Powell, arranged by Lewis) – 2:32 # "Deception" (Davis, arranged by Mulligan) – 2:45 # "Godchild" (

, arranged by Mulligan) – 3:07 # "Boplicity" (Cleo Henry (i.e. Davis and

), arranged by Evans) – 2:59 # "Rocker" (Mulligan) – 3:03 # "Israel" ( Johnny Carisi) – 2:15 # "Rouge" (

) – 3:13 # "

Darn That Dream "Darn That Dream" is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen with lyrics by Eddie DeLange. It was published in 1939 and ranked No. 1 in 1940 when a recording was released by Benny Goodman in an arrangement by Eddie Sauter with Mildred Bailey ...

" (

Eddie DeLange Eddie DeLange (''né'' Edgar DeLange Moss; 15 January 1904 – 15 July 1949) was an American bandleader and lyricist. Famous artists who recorded some of DeLange's songs include Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Nat King Cole, Duk ...

, Jimmy Van Heusen, arranged by Mulligan) – 3:26 ;Recording dates * Tracks 1, 2, 5, 7 on January 21, 1949 * Tracks 4, 8, 10, 11 on April 22, 1949 * Tracks 3, 6, 9, 12 on March 9, 1950 Recorded at WOR Studios, New York, New York.

''The Complete Birth of the Cool'' (1998 CD, Capitol)

The Studio Sessions

# "Move" (

, arranged by John Lewis) – 2:32 # "Jeru" (

) – 3:10 # "

" (

, Johnny Mercer, arranged by Gil Evans) – 3:17 # "Venus de Milo" (Mulligan) – 3:10 # "Budo" (

, Bud Powell, arranged by Mulligan) – 2:32 # "Deception" (Davis, arranged by Mulligan) – 2:45 # "Godchild" (

, arranged by Mulligan) – 3:07 # "Boplicity" (Cleo Henry (i.e. Davis and

), arranged by Evans) – 2:59 # "Rocker" (Mulligan) – 3:03 # "Israel" ( Johnny Carisi) – 2:15 # "Rouge" (

) – 3:13 # "

" (

The Live Sessions

;Recording dates * Tracks 13-21 on September 4, 1948 * Tracks 22-25 on September 18, 1948 Recorded live at

in New York for

WMCA WMCA may refer to: *WMCA (AM), a radio station operating in New York City * West Midlands Combined Authority, the combined authority of the West Midlands metropolitan county in the United Kingdom *Wikimedia Canada The Wikimedia Foundation, ...

radio broadcast.

Personnel

January 21, 1949 – "Jeru", "Move", "Godchild", "Budo" (matrix numbers: 3395, 3396, 3397, 3398) *

–

trumpet The trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group ranges from the piccolo trumpet—with the highest register in the brass family—to the bass trumpet, pitched one octave below the standard ...

* Kai Winding –

trombone The trombone (german: Posaune, Italian, French: ''trombone'') is a musical instrument in the brass family. As with all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate ...

* Junior Collins –

French horn The French horn (since the 1930s known simply as the horn in professional music circles) is a brass instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell. The double horn in F/B (technically a variety of German horn) is the horn most ...

* Bill Barber –

tuba The tuba (; ) is the lowest-pitched musical instrument in the brass family. As with all brass instruments, the sound is produced by lip vibrationa buzzinto a mouthpiece. It first appeared in the mid-19th century, making it one of the ne ...

* Lee Konitz – alto saxophone *

– baritone saxophone *

–

piano The piano is a stringed keyboard instrument in which the strings are struck by wooden hammers that are coated with a softer material (modern hammers are covered with dense wool felt; some early pianos used leather). It is played using a keybo ...

* Joe Shulman – bass *

Max Roach Maxwell Lemuel Roach (January 10, 1924 – August 16, 2007) was an American jazz drummer and composer. A pioneer of bebop, he worked in many other styles of music, and is generally considered one of the most important drummers in history. He work ...

– drums April 22, 1949 – "Venus De Milo", "Rouge", "Boplicity", "Israel" (matrix numbers: 3764, 3765, 3766, 3767) * Miles Davis – trumpet * J. J. Johnson – trombone * Sandy Siegelstein – French horn * Bill Barber – tuba * Lee Konitz – alto saxophone * Gerry Mulligan – baritone saxophone *

– piano *

– bass *

– drums March 9, 1950 – "Deception", "Rocker", "Moon Dreams", "Darn That Dream" (matrix numbers: 4346, 4347, 4348, 4349) * Miles Davis – trumpet * J. J. Johnson – trombone *

– French horn * Bill Barber – tuba * Lee Konitz – alto saxophone * Gerry Mulligan – baritone saxophone * John Lewis – piano *

– bass * Max Roach – drums * Kenny Hagood – vocal (on "Darn That Dream" only) All tracks recorded at WOR Studios, New York, New York ''The Complete Birth of the Cool:'' The Live Sessions * Miles Davis – trumpet *

Mike Zwerin Mike Zwerin (May 18, 1930 – April 2, 2010) was an American cool jazz musician and author. Zwerin as a musician played the trombone and bass trumpet within various jazz ensembles. He was active within the jazz and progressive jazz musical communi ...

– trombone * Junior Collins – French horn * Bill Barber – tuba * Lee Konitz – alto saxophone * Gerry Mulligan – baritone saxophone * John Lewis – piano * Al McKibbon – bass * Max Roach – drums * Kenny Hagood – vocal (on "Why Do I Love You?" and "Darn That Dream" only)

Certifications and sales

Notes

References

Sources * Berrett, Joshua and Louis G. Bourgois. ''The Musical World of J.J. Johnson.'' Scarecrow Press, 1999. . * Chambers, Jack. ''Milestones 1: The Music and Times of Miles Davis to 1960.'' New York: Beach Tree Books, 1983. . * Cook, Richard. ''It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off Record.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. . * Crease, Stephanie. "Gil Evans: Forever Cool." ''Down Beat,'' May 2012. p. 33-35. * Davis, Miles. ''Miles Davis-Birth of the Cool: Scores from the Original Parts.'' Ed. Jeff B. Sultanof. Milwaukee, WI.: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002. . * Fordham, John
"50 Great Moments in Jazz: Birth of the Cool"
''The Guardian.'' Posted November 2, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2012. * Gioia, Ted. ''The History of Jazz.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. . * Gioia, Ted
"Miles Davis's Memorable Nonet."
Jazz.com. Posted September 3, 2008. * Gioia, Ted. ''The Birth (and Death) of the Cool.'' Golden, Colo.: Speck Press, 2009. . * Gridley, Mark C. ''Jazz Styles.'' Tenth Edition. Prentice Hall, 2009. * Hamilton, Andy. ''Lee Konitz, Conversations on the Improviser's Art.'' Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University of Michigan Press, 2007. . * Hentoff, Nat. "The Birth of the Cool." ''Down Beat,'' May 2, 1957: 15–16. Print. * Kernfeld, Barry. "Miles Davis." Grove Music Online. Web. Apr 24, 2012. * Klinkowitz, Jerome. ''Listen: Gerry Mulligan. An Aural Narrative in Jazz.'' New York: Schirmer Books, 1991. . * Sultanof, Jeff
"The Dozens: The Birth of the Cool."
Jazz.com. (No date, prbl. 1998).

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Birth Of The Cool 1949 in American music 1950 in American music 1957 compilation albums Albums produced by Pete Rugolo Capitol Records compilation albums Cool jazz albums Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Miles Davis compilation albums