This page features a list of

biogeographic Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...

provinces that were developed by

Miklos Udvardy Miklos Dezso Ferenc Udvardy (March 23, 1919 – January 27, 1998) was a Hungarian-American biologist and university instructor. He contributed to a wide variety of disciplines, such as biogeography, evolutionary biology, ornithology, and veget ...

in 1975,Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). ''A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world''. IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.Udvardy, Miklos D. F. (1975) ''World Biogeographical Provinces'' (Map). The CoEvolution Quarterly, Sausalito, California
link
later modified by other authors. Biogeographic Province is a biotic subdivision of

biogeographic realm A biogeographic realm or ecozone is the broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided into bioregions, which are further subdivided into ecoregions. De ...

s subdivided into

ecoregion An ecoregion (ecological region) or ecozone (ecological zone) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of ...

s, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types and, on this page, correspond to the

floristic kingdom A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both re ...

s of botany. The provinces represent the large areas of Earth's surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration.

Biome A biome () is a biogeographical unit consisting of a biological community that has formed in response to the physical environment in which they are found and a shared regional climate. Biomes may span more than one continent. Biome is a broader ...

s are characterized by similar

climax vegetation In scientific ecology, climax community or climatic climax community is a historic term for a community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession in the development of vegetation in an area over time, hav ...

, though each realm may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Brazil, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants with very different evolutionary histories.

Afrotropical Realm

* Tropical humid forests ** Guinean Rainforest ** Congo Rainforest ** Malagasy Rainforest * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** West African Woodland/Savanna ** East African Woodland/Savanna ** Congo Woodland/Savanna ** Miombo Woodland/Savanna ** South African Woodland/Savanna ** Malagasy Woodland/Savanna ** Malagasy Thorn Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Cape Sclerophyll * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Western Sahel ** Eastern Sahel **

Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...

n **

Namib The Namib ( ; pt, Namibe) is a coastal desert in Southern Africa. The name is of Khoekhoegowab origin and means "vast place". According to the broadest definition, the Namib stretches for more than along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Nami ...

Kalahari The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa extending for , covering much of Botswana, and parts of Namibia and South Africa. It is not to be confused with the Angolan, Namibian, and South African Namib coasta ...

Karroo The Karoo ( ; from the Afrikaans borrowing of the South Khoekhoe !Orakobab or Khoemana word ''ǃ’Aukarob'' "Hardveld") is a semi- desert natural region of South Africa. No exact definition of what constitutes the Karoo is available, so its ex ...

* Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Ethiopian Highlands The Ethiopian Highlands is a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia in Northeast Africa. It forms the largest continuous area of its elevation in the continent, with little of its surface falling below , while the summits reach heights of up to . ...

** Guinean Highlands ** Central African Highlands ** East African Highlands ** South African Highlands * Mixed island systems ** Ascension and St. Helena Islands ** Comores Islands and Aldabra **

Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of the islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Their ...

* Lake systems ** Lake Rudolph ** Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) ** Lake Tanganyika **

Lake Malawi Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. It is the fifth largest fr ...

(Nyassa)

Antarctic Realm The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 ...

* Tundra communities and barren Antarctic desert * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands

Australasian Realm The Australasian realm is a biogeographic realm that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua New Guinea and th ...

* Tropical humid forests ** Queensland Coastal * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands **

Tasmania ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...

n * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** Northern Coastal * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Western Sclerophyll ** Eastern Sclerophyll **

Brigalow ''Acacia harpophylla'', commonly known as brigalow, brigalow spearwood or orkor, is an endemic tree of Australia. The Aboriginal Australian group the Gamilaraay peoples know the tree as Barranbaa or Burrii. It is found in central and coast ...

* Warm deserts and semideserts ** Western Mulga ** Central Desert ** Southern Mulga/Saltbush * Tropical grasslands and savannas ** Northern Savanna ** Northern Grasslands * Temperate grasslands ** Eastern Grasslands and Savannas

Indomalayan Realm

* Tropical humid forests ** Malabar Rainforest ** Ceylonese Rainforest ** Bengalian Rainforest ** Burman Rainforest ** Indochinese Rainforest ** South Chinese Rainforest ** Malayan Rainforest * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest ** Burma Monsoon Forest ** Thailandian Monsoon Forest ** Mahanadian **

Coromandel Coromandel may refer to: Places India *Coromandel Coast, India **Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements ** Dutch Coromandel *Coromandel, KGF, Karnataka, India New Zealand *Coromandel, New Zealand, a town on the Coromandel Peninsula *Coro ...

** Ceylonese Monsoon Forest ** Deccan Thorn Forest * Warm deserts and semideserts **

Thar Desert The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is an arid region in the north-western part of the Subcontinent that covers an area of and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. It is the world's 20th-largest desert, a ...

* Mixed island systems **

Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (french: link=no, République des Seychelles; Creole: ''La Repiblik Sesel''), is an archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, ...

and Amirantes Islands ** Laccadives Islands **

Maldives Maldives (, ; dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, translit=Dhivehi Raajje, ), officially the Republic of Maldives ( dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, translit=Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa, label=none, ), is an archipelag ...

and

Chagos Islands The Chagos Archipelago () or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the Maldives arc ...

** Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands **

Andaman and Nicobar Islands The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India consisting of 572 islands, of which 37 are inhabited, at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The territory is about north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated f ...

** Sumatra **

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...

** Lesser Sunda Islands **

Celebes Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sul ...

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

Nearctic Realm

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands ** Sitkan ** Oregonian * Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands ** Yukon Taiga ** Canadian Taiga * Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets ** Eastern Forest ** Austroriparian * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands **

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

n * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Sonoran ** Chihuahuan ** Tamaulipan * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts ** Great Basin * Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert **

Aleutian Islands The Aleutian Islands (; ; ale, Unangam Tanangin,”Land of the Aleuts", possibly from Chukchi ''aliat'', "island"), also called the Aleut Islands or Aleutic Islands and known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, are a chain of 14 large v ...

** Alaskan Tundra ** Canadian Tundra ** Arctic Archipelago ** Greenland Tundra ** Arctic Desert and Icecap * Temperate grasslands ** Grasslands * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico ...

** Sierra-Cascade ** Madrean-Cordilleran * Lake systems **

Great Lakes The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lak ...

Neotropical Realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeo ...

* Tropical humid forests ** Campechean ** Panamanian ** Colombian Coastal ** Guayanan ** Amazon rainforest ** Madeiran **

Serra do Mar The Serra do Mar (, Portuguese for ''Sea's Ridge'' or ''Sea Ridge'') is a 1,500 km long system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil. Geography The Serra do Mar runs parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast from the state ...

(Bahian coast) * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands ** Brazilian Rainforest (Brazilian Deciduous Forest) ** Brazilian Planalto (Brazilian Araucaria Forest) **

Valdivian Forest The Valdivian temperate forests (NT0404) is an ecoregion on the west coast of southern South America, in Chile and Argentina. It is part of the Neotropical realm. The forests are named after the city of Valdivia. The Valdivian temperate rainforest ...

(Chilean Temperate Rain Forest) ** Chilean Nothofagus * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands **

Everglades The Everglades is a natural region of tropical wetlands in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large drainage basin within the Neotropical realm. The system begins near Orlando with the Kissim ...

** Sinaloan ** Guerreran ** Yucatecan (Yucatán) **

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

n (Carib-Pacific) ** Venezuelan Dry Forest ** Venezuelan Deciduous Forest ** Ecuadoran Dry Forest **

Caatinga Caatinga (, ) is a type of semi-arid tropical vegetation, and an ecoregion characterized by this vegetation in interior northeastern Brazil. The name "Caatinga" is a Tupi word meaning "white forest" or "white vegetation" (''caa'' = forest, v ...

Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco or Dry Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato ...

* Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets ** Chilean Araucaria Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Chilean Sclerophyll * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Pacific Desert (Peruvian and Atacama Desert) ** Monte (Argentinian Thorn-scrub) * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts **

Patagonia Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and g ...

n * Tropical grasslands and savannas ** Llanos ** Campos Limpos (Guyana highlands) ** Babacu ** Campos Cerrados (Campos) * Temperate grasslands ** Argentinian Pampas (Pampas) ** Uruguayan Pampas * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation ** Northern Andean ** Colombian Montane **

Yungas The Yungas ( Aymara ''yunka'' warm or temperate Andes or earth, Quechua ''yunka'' warm area on the slopes of the Andes) is a bioregion of a narrow band of forest along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains from Peru and Bolivia, and extends int ...

(Andean cloud forest) ** Puna ** Southern Andean * Mixed island systems **

Bahamas The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the ar ...

Bermuda ) , anthem = "God Save the King" , song_type = National song , song = "Hail to Bermuda" , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , mapsize2 = , map_caption2 = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = , es ...

n **

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...

n ** Greater Antillean (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) ** Lesser Antillean ** Revillagigedo Archipelago **

Cocos Island Cocos Island ( es, Isla del Coco) is an island in the Pacific Ocean administered by Costa Rica, approximately southwest of the Costa Rican mainland. It constitutes the 11th of the 13 districts of Puntarenas Canton of the Province of Puntarena ...

** Galapagos Islands ** Fernando de Noronha Island ** South Trindade Island * Lake systems **

Lake Titicaca Lake Titicaca (; es, Lago Titicaca ; qu, Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. By volume of water and by surface area, i ...

Oceanian Realm The Oceanian realm is one of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) biogeographic realms, and is unique in not including any continental land mass. It has the smallest land area of any of the WWF realms. This realm includes the islands of the Pacific Oc ...

* Mixed island systems ** Papuan **

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and ...

n ** Hawaiian ** Southeastern Polynesian ** Central Polynesian ** New Caledonian ** East Melanesian

Palearctic Realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sib ...

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands ** Chinese Subtropical Forest ** Japanese Evergreen Forest (Japanese Subtropical Forest) * Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands ** West Eurasian Taiga **

East Siberian Taiga The East Siberian taiga ecoregion, in the Taiga and boreal forests biome, is a very large biogeographic region in eastern Russia. Setting This vast ecoregion is located in the heart of Siberia, stretching over 20° of latitude and 50° of longit ...

* Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets **

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...

ic ** Subarctic Birchwoods **

Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula (russian: полуостров Камчатка, Poluostrov Kamchatka, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and west ...

n **

British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles, ...

(British and Irish Forest) **

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...

(West European Forest) ** Boreonemoral (Baltic Lowland) ** Middle European Forest (East European Mixed Forest) ** Pannonian (Danubian Steppe) ** West Anatolian ** Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest ** Oriental Deciduous Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Iberian Highlands ** Mediterranean Sclerophyll * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Sahara ** Arabian Desert (Arabia) ** Anatolian-Iranian Desert (Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe) * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts ** Turanian (Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe) ** Talka-Makan-Gobi Desert **

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Taman ...

an ** Iranian Desert * Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert **

Arctic Desert The Arctic desert ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1101) is a terrestrial ecoregion that covers the island groups of Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Severny Island and Severnaya Zemlya in the Arctic Ocean, above 75 degrees north latitude. The region is covered ...

** Higharctic Tundra ** Lowarctic Tundra * Temperate grasslands ** Atlas Steppe (Atlas Highlands) ** Pontian Steppe (Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe) ** Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Gobi-Manchurian Steppe) * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Scottish Highlands The Highlands ( sco, the Hielands; gd, a’ Ghàidhealtachd , 'the place of the Gaels') is a historical region of Scotland. Culturally, the Highlands and the Lowlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland S ...

** Central European Highlands ** Balkan Highlands ** Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (Caucasus and Kurdistan-Iran Highlands) ** Altai Highlands ** Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands ** Hindu Kush Highlands ** Himalayan Highlands ** Szechwan Highlands * Mixed island systems ** Macaronesian Islands **

Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yona ...

* Lake systems ** Lake Ladoga ** Aral Sea ** Lake Baikal

Region coding

The hierarchy of the scheme is (with early replaced terms in parenthesis): * biogeographic realm (= biogeographic regions and subregions), with 8 categories ** biogeographic province (= biotic province), with 193 categories, each characterized by a major biome or biome-complex *** biome, with 14 types: tropical humid forests (1); subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands (2); temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands (3); tropical dry of deciduous forests (including monsoon forests) or woodlands (4); temperate broad-lead forests or woodlands and subpolar deciduous thickets (5); evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands (6); warm deserts and semideserts (7); cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts (8); tundra communities and barren arctic desert (9); tropical grassland and savannas (10); temperate grasslands (11); mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation (12); mixed island systems (13); lake systems (14). So, for example, the Australian Central Desert province is in the Australasian realm (6), is the 9th biogeographic province in that realm, and its biome falls within "warm deserts and semideserts" (7), so it is coded 6.9.7. The realms and provinces of the scheme are hence coded as follows: * 1.1.2 Sitkan province * 1.2.2. Oregonian province * 1.3.3 Yukon taiga province * 1.4.3 Canadian taiga province * 1.5.5. Eastern forest province * 1.6.5 Austroriparian province * 1.7.6 Californian province * 1.8.7 Sonoran province * 1.9.7 Chihuahuan province * 1.10.7 Tamaulipan province * 1.11.8 Great Basin province * 1.12.9 Aleutian Islands province * 1.13.9 Alaskan tundra province * 1.14.9 Canadian tundra province * 1.15.9 Arctic Archipelago province * 1.16.9 Greenland tundra province * 1.17.9 Arctic desert and icecap province * 1.18.11 Grasslands province * 1.19.12 Rocky Mountains province * 1.20.12 Sierra-Cascade province * 1.21.12 Madrean-Cordilleran province * 1.22.14 Great Lakes province * 2.1.2. Chinese Subtropical Forest province * 2.2.2 Japanese Evergreen Forest province (= Japanese Subtropical Forest) * 2.3.3 West Eurasian Taiga province * 2.4.3 East Siberian Taiga province * 2.5.5 Icelandian province (= Iceland) * 2.6.5 Subarctic Birchwoods province * 2.7.5 Kamchatkan province * 2.8.5 British Islands province (= British + Irish Forest) * 2.9.5 Atlantic province (West European Forest, in part) * 2.10.5 Boreonemoral province (Baltic Lowland, in part) * 2.11.5 Middle European Forest province (= East European Mixed Forest) * 2.12.5 Pannonian province (= Danubian Steppe) * 2.13.5 West Anatolian province * 2.14.5 Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest province (= Manchurian + Japanese Mixed Forest) * 2.15.6 Oriental Deciduous Forest province * 2.16.6 Iberian Highlands province * 2.17.7 Mediterranean Sclerophyll province * 2.18.7 Sahara province * 2.19.7 Arabian Desert province (= Arabia) * 2.20.8 Anatolian-Iranian Desert province (= Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe) * 2.21.8 Turanian province (= Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe) * 2.22.8 Takla-Makan-Gobi Desert steppe province * 2.23.8 Tibetan province * 2.24.9 Iranian Desert province * 2.25.9 Arctic Desert province * 2.26.9 Higharctic Tundra province (= Eurasian Tundra, in part) * 2.27.11 Lowarctic Tundra province (= Eurasian Tundra, in part) * 2.28.11 Atlas Steppe province (= Atlas Highlands) * 2.29.11 Pontian Steppe province (= Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe) * 2.30.11 Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe province (= Gobi + Manchurian Steppe) * 2.31.12 Scottish Highlands Highlands province * 2.32.12 Central European Highlands province * 2.33.12 Balkan Highlands province * 2.34.12 Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (= Caucasus + Kurdistan-Iran) province * 2.35.12 Altai Highlands province * 2.36.12 Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands province * 2.37.12 Hindu Kush Highlands province * 2.38.12 Himalayan Highlands province * 2.39.12 Szechwan Highlands province * 2.40.13 Macaronesian Islands province (= 4 island provinces) * 2.41.13 Ryukyu Islands province * 2.42.14 Lake Ladoga province * 2.43.14 Aral Sea province * 2.44.14 Lake Baikal province * 3.1.1 Guinean Rain Forest province * 3.2.1 Congo Rain Forest province * 3.3.1 Malagasy Rain Forest province * 3.4.4 West African Woodland/savanna province * 3.5.4 East African Woodland/savanna province * 3.6.4 Congo Woodland/savanna province * 3.7.4 Miombo Woodland/savanna province * 3.8.4 South African Woodland/savanna province * 3.9.4 Malagasy Woodland/savanna province * 3.10.4 Malagasy Thorn Forest province * 3.11.6 Cape Sclerophyll province * 3.12.7 Western Sahel province * 3.13.7 Eastern Sahel province * 3.14.7 Somalian province * 3.15.7 Namib province * 3.16.7 Kalahari province * 3.17.7 Karroo province * 3.18.12 Ethiopian Highlands province * 3.19.12 Guinean Highlands province * 3.20.12 Central African Highlands province * 3.21.12 East African Highlands province * 3.22.12 South African Highlands province * 3.23.13 Ascension and St. Helena Islands province * 3.24.13 Comores Islands and Aldabra province * 3.25.13 Mascarene Islands province * 3.26.14 Lake Rudolf province * 3.27.14 Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) province * 3.28.14 Lake Tanganyika province * 3.29.14 Lake Malawi (Nyasa) province * 4.1.1 Malabar Rainforest province * 4.2.1 Ceylonese Rainforest province * 4.3.1 Bengalian Rainforest province * 4.4.1 Burman Rainforest province * 4.5.1 Indochinese Rainforest province * 4.6.1 South Chinese Rainforest province * 4.7.1 Malayan Rainforest province * 4.8.4 Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest province * 4.9.4 Burma Monsoon Forest province * 4.10.4 Thailandian Monsoon Forest province * 4.11.4 Mahanadian province * 4.12.4 Coromandel province * 4.13.4 Ceylonese Monsoon Forest province * 4.14.4 Deccan Thorn Forest province * 4.15.7 Thar Desert province * 4.16.12 Seychelles and Amirantes Islands province * 4.17.12 Laccadives Islands province * 4.18.12 Maldives and Chagos Islands province * 4.19.12 Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands province * 4.20.12 Andaman and Nicobar Islands province * 4.21.12 Sumatra province * 4.22.12 Java province * 4.23.12 Lesser Sunda Islands province * 4.24.12 Celebes province * 4.25.12 Borneo province * 4.26.12 Philippines province * 4.27.12 Taiwan province * 5.1.13 Papuan province * 5.2.13 Micronesian province * 5.3.13 Hawaiian province * 5.4.13 Southeastern Polynesian province * 5.5.13 Central Polynesian province * 5.6.13 New Caledonian province * 5.7.13 East-Melanesian province * 6.1.1 Queensland Coastal province * 6.2.2 Tasmanian province * 6.3.4 Northern Coastal province * 6.4.6 Western Sclerophyll province * 6.5.6 Southern Sclerophyll province * 6.6.6 Eastern Sclerophyll province≠ * 6.7.6 Brigalow province * 6.8.7 Western Mulga province * 6.9.7 Central Desert province * 6.10.7 Southern Mulga/Saltbush province * 6.11.10 Northern Savanna province * 6.12.10 Northern Grasslands province * 6.13.11 Eastern Grasslands and Savannas province * 7.1.2 Neozealandia province * 7.2.9 Maudlandia province * 7.3.9 Marielandia province * 7.4.9 Insulantarctica province * 8.1.1 Campechean province (= Campeche) * 8.2.1 Panamanian province * 8.3.1 Colombian Coastal province * 8.4.1. Guyanese province * 8.5.1 Amazonian province * 8.6.1. Madeiran province * 8.7.1 Serra do mar province (= Bahian coast) * 8.8.2 Brazilian Rain Forest province (= Brazilian Deciduous Forest) * 8.9.2 Brazilian Planalto province (= Brazilian Araucaria Forest) * 8.10.2 Valdivian Forest province (= Chilean Temperate Rain Forest, in part) * 8.11.2 Chilean Nothofagus province (= Chilean Temperate Rain Forest, in part) * 8.12.4 Everglades province * 8.13.4 Sinaloan province * 8.14.4 Guerreran province * 8.15.4 Yucatecan province (= Yucatán) * 8.16.4 Central American province (= Carib-Pacific) * 8.17.4 Venezuelan Dry Forest province * 8.18.4 Venezuelan Deciduous Forest province * 8.19.4 Ecuadorian Dry Forest province * 8.20.4 Caatinga province * 8.21.4 Gran Chaco province * 8.22.5 Chilean Araucaria Forest province * 8.23.6 Chilean Sclerophyll province * 8.24.7 Pacific Desert province (= Peruvian + Atacama Desert) * 8.25.7 Monte (= Argentinian Thorn-scrub) province * 8.26.8 Patagonian province * 8.27.10 Llanos province * 8.28.10 Campos Limpos province (= Guyana highlands) * 8.29.10 Babacu province * 8.30.10 Campos Cerrados province (= Campos) * 8.31.11 Argentinian Pampas province (= Pampas) * 8.32.11 Uruguayan Pampas province * 8.33.12 Northern Andean province (= Northern Andes) * 8.34.12 Colombian Montane province * 8.35.12 Yungas province (= Andean cloud forest) * 8.36.12 Puna province * 8.37.12 Southern Andean province (= Southern Andes) * 8.38.13 Bahamas-Bermudan province (= Bahamas + Bermuda) * 8.39.13 Cuban province * 8.40.13 Greater Aritillean province (= Jamaica + Hispaniola + Puerto Rico) * 8.41.13 Lesser Antillean province (= Lesser Antilles) * 8.42.13 Revilla Gigedo Island province * 8.43.13 Cocos Island province * 8.44.13 Galapagos Islands province * 8.45.13 Fernando de Noronja Island province * 8.46.13 South Trinidade Island province * 8.47.14 Lake Titicaca province

References

Bibliography

* Dassman, Raymond (1976). "Biogeographical Provinces". ''CoEvolution Quarterly'', Number 11, Fall 1976. {{Biomes Biogeography Ecoregions Floristic provinces Floristic regions Landscape ecology Ecology Physical geography

Afrotropical Realm

Antarctic Realm The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 ...

Australasian Realm The Australasian realm is a biogeographic realm that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua New Guinea and th ...

Indomalayan Realm

Nearctic Realm

Neotropical Realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeo ...

Oceanian Realm The Oceanian realm is one of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) biogeographic realms, and is unique in not including any continental land mass. It has the smallest land area of any of the WWF realms. This realm includes the islands of the Pacific Oc ...

Palearctic Realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sib ...

Region coding

See also

References

Bibliography