Bhikshuka Upanishad

The ''Bhikshuka Upanishad'' ( sa, भिक्षुक उपनिषत्, IAST: Bhikṣuka Upaniṣad), also known as ''Bhikshukopanishad'', is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism and is written in Sanskrit.

The Upanishad describes four kinds of '' sannyasins'' (Hindu monks), their eating habits and lifestyle. Yoga is the path of spiritual liberation for all four. Of these, the ''Paramahamsa'' monks are discussed in this text at greater length, and described as loners who are patient with everyone, free from dualism in their thoughts, and who meditate on their soul and the Brahman.

Etymology

''Bhikshuka'' means "mendicant" or "monk", and is derived from the root word '' Bhiksu'' meaning "one who subsists entirely on alms".

History

The author of the ''Bhikshuka Upanishad'' is unknown, as is its date of composition. It was probably composed in the late medieval to modern era, most likely in the 14th or 15th century. The text has ancient roots, as its contents are identical in key details to chapter 4 of the ''Ashrama Upanishad'', which is dated to about the 3rd century CE. Both texts mention four types of mendicants with nearly identical life styles. The two texts have a few minor differences. The much older ''Ashrama Upanishad'', for example, mentions that each type aspires to know their self (Atman) for liberation, while the ''Bhikshuka'' specifies that they seek this liberation through a yogic path.

The ''Bhikshuka Upanishad'' is a minor Upanishad attached to the Shukla Yajurveda. It is classified as one of the Sannyasa (renunciation) Upanishads of Hinduism. The text is listed at number 60 in the serial order in the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman, in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads. Some surviving manuscripts of the text are titled ''Bhikshukopanishad'' ().

Contents

''Bhikshuka Upanishad'' consists of a single chapter of five verses. The first verse states that four types of mendicants seek liberation, and these are ''Kutichaka'', ''Bahudaka'', ''Hamsa'' and ''Paramahamsa''. The text describes the frugal lifestyle of all four, and asserts that they all pursue their goal of attaining moksha only through yoga practice. The first three mendicant types are mentioned briefly, while the majority of the text describes the fourth type: ''Paramahamsa'' mendicants.॥ भिक्षुकोपनिषत् ॥
Sanskrit text of Bhiksuka Upanishad, SanskritDocuments Archives (2009)

''Kutichaka'', ''Bahudaka'' and ''Hamsa'' monks

The Upanishad states that ''Kutichaka'' monks eat eight mouthfuls of food a day. Prominent ancient Rishis (sages) who illustrate the ''Kutichaka'' group are Gotama, Bharadwaja, Yajnavalkya, and Vasishta.

The ''Bahudaka'' mendicants carry a water pot and a triple staff walking stick. They wear a topknot hair style and ochre-coloured garments, and wear a sacrificial thread. The ''Bahudaka'' do not eat meat or honey, and beg for their eight mouthfuls of food a day.

The ''Hamsa'' mendicants are constantly on the move, staying in villages for just one night, in towns no more than five nights, and in sacred places for no more than seven nights. The ascetic practice of ''Hamsa'' monks includes daily consumption of the urine and dung of a cow. The ''Hamsa'' monks practice the ''Chandrayana'' cycle in their food eating habit, wherein they vary the amount of food they eat with the lunar cycle. They eat a single mouthful of food on the day after the dark new moon night, increase their food intake by an extra mouthful each day as the size of the moon increases, and reach the maximum fifteen mouthfuls of food for the day after full moon night. Thereafter, they decrease their food intake by a mouthful each day until they reach the new moon night and begin the cycle again with one mouthful the following day.KN Aiyar, ''Thirty Minor Upanishads'', University of Toronto Archives, , p. 132 footnote 3

''Paramahamsa'' monks

The ''Bhikshuka Upanishad'' illustrates the ''Paramahamsa'' (literally, "highest wandering birds") mendicants with a list of names. The list includes Samvartaka, Aruni, Svetaketu, Jadabharata, Dattatreya, Shuka, Vamadeva, and Haritaka.KN Aiyar, ''Thirty Minor Upanishads'', University of Toronto Archives, , pp. 132–133 They eat only eight mouthfuls of food a day and prefer a life away from others. They live clothed, naked or in rags.

The Upanishad dedicates the rest of the verses to describing the beliefs of the ''Paramhamsa'' monks. For example,

The ''Paramhamsa'' monks, who are loners, are to be found in deserted houses, in temples, straw huts, on ant hills, sitting under a tree, on sand beds near rivers, in mountain caves, near waterfalls, in hollows inside trees, or in wide open fields. The Upanishad states that these loners have advanced far in their path of reaching Brahman – they are pure in mind, they are the ''Paramahamsas''.

Influence

The classification of mendicants in the ''Bhikshuka Upanishad'', their moderate eating habits and their simple lifestyles, is found in many Indian texts such as the ''Mahabharata'' sections 1.7.86–87 and 13.129.

Gananath Obeyesekere, an Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at the Princeton University, states that the beliefs championed and attributed in ''Bhikshuka Upanishad'' are traceable to Vedic literature such as ''Jaiminiya Brahmana''. These views are also found in other Upanishads such as the ''Narada-parivrajakopanishad'' and ''Brhat-Sannyasa Upanishad''. In all these texts, the renouncer is accepted to be one who, in pursuit of spirituality, was "no longer part of the social world and is indifferent to its mores".

A test or marker of this state of existence is where "right and wrong", socially popular "truths or untruths", everyday morality, and whatever is happening in the world makes no difference to the monk, where after abandoning the "truths and untruths, one abandons that by which one abandons". The individual is entirely driven by his soul, which he sees to be the Brahman.Gananath Obeyesekere (2005), ''Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study'', Motilal Banarsidass, , pp. 99–102Oliver Freiberger (2009), ''Der Askesediskurs in der Religionsgeschichte'', Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, , p. 124 with footnote 136, 101–104 with footnote 6 (in German)

See also

*Asceticism
* Jabala Upanishad
*Paramahamsa Upanishad

References

Bibliography

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{{Mukhya Upanishads

Upanishads