Bhajan refers to any devotional song with a religious theme or spiritual ideas, specifically among Indian religions, in any language. The term bhajanam (Sanskrit: भजनम्) means ''reverence'' and originates from the root word ''bhaj'' (Sanskrit: भज्), which means ''to revere'', as in 'Bhaja Govindam' (''Revere Govinda'')''. ''The term bhajana also means ''sharing''. The term 'bhajan' is also commonly used to refer a group event, with one or more lead singers, accompanied with music, and sometimes dancing. Normally, bhajans are accompanied by percussion instruments such as ''tabla'', dholak or a tambourine. Handheld small cymbals (''kartals'') are also commonly used to maintain the beat. A bhajan may be sung in a temple, in a home, under a tree in the open, near a river bank or a place of historic significance.Anna King, John Brockington, ''The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions'', Orient Longman 2005, p 179. Having no prescribed form, or set rules, bhajans are normally lyrical and based on melodic ragas. It belongs to a genre of music and arts that developed during the Bhakti movement. It is found in the various traditions of Hinduism as well as Jainism. Within Hinduism, bhajans are particularly prevalent in Vaishnavism. Ideas from scriptures, legendary epics, the teachings of saints and loving devotion to a deity are typical subjects in bhajans. Bhajans have been widely composed anonymously and shared as a musical and arts tradition. Genres such as Nirguni, Gorakhanathi, Vallabhapanthi, Ashtachhap, Madhura-bhakti and the traditional South Indian form Sampradya Bhajan each have their own repertoire and methods of singing.

Etymology

The Sanskrit word ''bhajan'' or ''bhajana'' is derived from the root , which means "divide, share, partake, participate, to belong to". The word also connotes "attachment, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to something as a spiritual, religious principle or means of salvation".

Hinduism

Historical roots

In Hinduism, ''Bhajan'' and its Bhakti term ''Kirtan'', have roots in the ancient metric and musical traditions of the Vedic era, particularly the Samaveda. The Samaveda Samhita is not meant to be ''read'' as a text, but sung as it is like a musical score sheet that must be ''heard''.Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, , pages 107-112 Other late Vedic texts mention the two scholars ''Shilalin'' (IAST: Śilālin) and ''Krishashva'' (IAST: Kṛśaśva), credited to be pioneers in the studies of ancient drama, singing and dance. The art schools of Shilalin and Krishashva may have been associated with the performance of Vedic rituals, which involved story telling with embedded ethical values. The Vedic traditions integrated rituals with performance arts, such as a dramatic play, where not only praises to gods were recited or sung, but the dialogues were part of a dramatic representation and discussion of spiritual themes.ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, , pages 45–47 The Vedas and Upanishads celebrate ''Nada-Brahman'', where certain sounds are considered elemental, triggering emotional feelings without necessarily having a literal meaning, and this is deemed a sacred, liminal experience of the primeval ultimate reality and supreme truth. This supreme truth is considered as full of bliss and ''rasa'' (emotional taste) in the Hindu thought, and melodic sound is considered a part of human spiritual experience. Devotional music genres such as ''Bhajan'' are part of a tradition that emerged from these roots.

Hindu Bhajans

A ''Bhajan'' in Hindu traditions is an informal, loosely structured devotional song with music in a regional language. They are found all over India and Nepal, but are particularly popular among the Vaishnavism, Vaishnav traditions such as those driven by devotion to avatars of Vishnu such as Krishna, Rama, Vitthal and Narayana (often with their consorts). In Southern India, Bhajanais follow a tradition (Sampradaya) called the ''Dakshina Bharatha Sampradaya Bhajanai''. This involves a tradition that has been followed for the last several centuries and includes Songs/Krithis/Lyrics from great composers all over India encompassing many Indian languages. A ''Bhajan'' may be sung individually, but more commonly together as a choral event wherein the lyrics include religious or spiritual themes in the local language. Bhajans often describe loving devotion to a deity, legends from the Epics or the Puranas, compositions of Bhakti movement saints, or spiritual themes from Hindu scriptures. The Bhajans in many Hindu traditions are a form of congregational singing and bonding, that gives the individual an opportunity to share in the music-driven spiritual and liturgical experience as well as the community a shared sense of identity, wherein people share food, meet and reconnect. B''hajans'' have played a significant role in community organization in 19th and 20th century colonial era, when Indian workers were brought to distant lands such as Trinidad, Fiji and South Africa as cheap labor on plantations. Some ''Bhajans'' are centuries old, popular on a pan-regional basis, passed down as a community tradition, while others are newly composed. Everyone in the Hindu tradition are free to compose a ''Bhajan'' with whatever ideas or in praise of any deity of their wish. But since they are sung, they typically follow meters of classical Indian music, the raga and the tala to go with the musical instruments. They are sung in open air, inside temples such as those of Swaminarayan movement, in Vaishnava monasteries, during festivals or special events, and at pilgrimage sites. There are some terms related to bhajan. Bhajansimran and Bhajankirtan help a disciple to achieve the higher reverence towards God.

Bhajan versus Kirtan in the Hindu traditions

A ''Bhajan'' is closely related to ''Kirtan'', with both sharing common aims, subjects, musical themes and being devotional performance arts. A ''Bhajan'' is more free in form, and can be singular melody that is performed by a single singer with or without one and more musical instruments. ''Kirtan'', in contrast, differs in being a more structured team performance, typically with a Call and response (music), call and response musical structure, similar to an intimate conversation or gentle sharing of ideas, and it includes two or more musical instruments, with roots in the Sanskrit prosody, prosody principles of the Vedic era. Many ''Kirtan'' are structured for more audience participation, where the singer calls a spiritual chant, a hymn, a mantra or a theme, the audience then responds back by repeating the chant or by chanting back a reply of their shared beliefs. A ''Bhajan'', in contrast, is either experienced in silence or a "sing along".

Jainism

''Stavan'' is a form of popular and historically pervasive genre of devotional music in Jainism. The subject of a ''Stavan'' varies, ranging from praise of Jina, Jain religious ideas and its philosophy, in a manner similar to Bhakti Bhajans. Jainism rejects any Creator god, but accepts protector deities and rebirth of souls as heavenly beings, and its devotional singing traditions integrate these beliefs. ''Stavan'' may include dancing and worship rituals. Known as ''Bhajan'' in north and west Indian regional languages, a ''Stavan'' is typically sung as folk melodies by groups of Jain women, and are a formal part of ceremonies and celebrations within Jainism.

Sikhism

The Sikh tradition places major emphasis on devotional worship to one formless God, and ''Bhajans'' are a part of this worship. A more common form of community singing is called ''Shabad Kirtan'' in Sikhism. A ''Shabad Kirtan'' is performed by professional religious musicians, wherein ''bani'' ('word', or 'hymns') from the Sikh scripture are sung to a certain raga and tala.

Modern composers and singers of Bhajans

A modern Bhajan has no fixed form: it may be as simple as a mantra or kirtan or as sophisticated as the dhrupad, ''thumri'' or ''Kriti (music), kriti'' with music based on Indian classical music, classical ragas and Tala (music), talas. Vishnu Digambar Paluskar, V. D. Paluskar and Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, V. N. Bhatkhande have combined Indian classical music with bhajan. Pandit Kumar Gandharva made famous the Nirguni Bhajans of Sant Kabir and Malwa Region. The dancer Mallika Sarabhai has produced performances based on bhajans. Abhinaya Chakravathi Sri JS Eswara Prasad Rao of Hyderabad, who is the disciple of AL Krishnamurthy Bhagavathar, Pudukkottai system, has produced performances based on Sampradaya bhajans under the title "Nitrya Sankeerthnam". Bhajans of Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism traditions, Vedic mantras and Yoga chants have been composed, published in Western musical sheet format or recorded by western singers such as Krishna Das (singer), Krishna Das, Deva Premal, Andy Desmond, Miten, and by various West Indies singers influenced by East Indian heritage. The ''Stavan'' compositions and literature of the Jainism tradition are extensive, with a historic overview provided by ''Sri Sudhara Stavan Sangrah'', traditionally preserved in "puja box" by Jain families. It is vectored text with Jain lyrics and is canonically inspired. Kripalu Maharaj is one of the modern era bhakti leaders and bhajan-kirtan composers. He has composed eleven thousand one hundred and eleven ''doha'' (couplets) on the ''Lila (Hinduism), leela'' of Radha Krishna, Radha and Krishna, and the bhakti, devotional philosophy called ''Radha Govind Geet''; 1008 ''pad'' (songs) called ''Prem Ras Madira''; hundreds of ''kirtan'' in the form of ''Yugal Shatak'' and ''Yugal Ras'' and twelve ''pad'' which fully describe the beauty and the decorations of Krishna, and thirteen ''pad'' which describe the beauty and the decorations of Radha called ''Shree Krishn Dwadashi'' and ''Shree Radha Trayodashi''. Renditions of Shree Maharaji's ''bhajans'' and ''kirtans'' have been recorded by well-known singers in India such as Manna Dey, Ajnish, Anuradha Paudwal and Anup Jalota.
Sampradaya Bhajanai, Birmingham, UK
'. 14 July 2017. How to perform Dakshina Bharatha Sampradaya Bhajanai with English Lyrics. In the olden days, sant (religion), Sants such as Mirabai, Surdas, and Narsinh Mehta composed several bhajans that are universally sung even today.

References

Bibliography

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External links

{{Religious music Hindu prayer and meditation Bhakti movement Indian styles of music Hindu music Articles containing video clips Puja (Hinduism) Kirtan Bhajan Hindu mantras Chants