Beyond CMOS refers to the possible future

digital logic A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a single binary output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate ...

technologies beyond the CMOS scaling limitsExtending the road beyond CMOS. Hutchby 2002
/ref> which limits device density and speeds due to heating effects. ''Beyond CMOS'' is the name of one of the 7 focus groups in ITRS 2.0 (2013) and in its successor, the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems. CPUs using CMOS were released from 1986 (e.g. 12 MHz

Intel 80386 The Intel 386, originally released as 80386 and later renamed i386, is a 32-bit microprocessor introduced in 1985. The first versions had 275,000 transistors CMOS devices sizes continue to shrink – see Intel tick–tock and ITRS : * 22 nanometer Ivy Bridge in 2012 * first

14 nanometer The 14 nm process refers to the MOSFET technology node that is the successor to the 22 nm process, 22nm (or 20nm) node. The 14nm was so named by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Until about 2011, the node following ...

processors shipped in Q4 2014. * In May 2015, Samsung Electronics showed a 300 mm wafer of

10 nanometer In semiconductor fabrication, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) defines the 10 nm process as the MOSFET technology node following the 14 nm node. 10 nm class denotes chips made using process technologies between 10 ...

FinFET A fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) is a multigate device, a MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) built on a substrate where the gate is placed on two, three, or four sides of the channel or wrapped around the channel, ...

chips. It is not yet clear if CMOS transistors will still work below 3 nm. See

3 nanometer In semiconductor manufacturing, the 3 nm process is the next die shrink after the 5 nanometer MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) technology node. , Taiwanese chip manufacturer TSMC plans to put a 3 nm, se ...

Comparisons of technology

About 2010 the Nanoelectronic Research Initiative (NRI) studied various circuits in various technologies. Nikonov benchmarked (theoretically) many technologies in 2012, and updated it in 2014. The 2014 benchmarking included 11 electronic, 8 spintronic, 3 orbitronic, 2

ferroelectric Ferroelectricity is a characteristic of certain materials that have a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. All ferroelectrics are also piezoelectric and pyroelectric, with the ad ...

, and 1 straintronics technology. The 2015 ITRS 2.0 report included a detailed chapter on ''Beyond CMOS'', covering RAM and logic gates.

Some areas of investigation

* tunnel junction devices, eg Tunnel field-effect transistor *

indium antimonide Indium antimonide (InSb) is a crystalline compound made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb). It is a narrow- gap semiconductor material from the III- V group used in infrared detectors, including thermal imaging cameras, FLIR systems ...

transistors * carbon nanotube FET, eg CNT Tunnel field-effect transistor * graphene nanoribbons *

molecular electronics Molecular electronics is the study and application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of electronic components. It is an interdisciplinary area that spans physics, chemistry, and materials science. The unifying feature is use of mo ...

spintronics Spintronics (a portmanteau meaning spin transport electronics), also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-st ...

— many variants * future low-energy electronics technologies, ultra-low dissipation conduction paths, including ** topological materials ** exciton superfluids *

photonics Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in form of photons through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing. Though ...

and optical computing *

superconducting computing Superconducting logic refers to a class of logic circuits or logic gates that use the unique properties of superconductors, including zero-resistance wires, ultrafast Josephson junction switches, and quantization of magnetic flux (fluxoid). Supe ...

** rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ)

Superconducting computing and RSFQ

Superconducting computing Superconducting logic refers to a class of logic circuits or logic gates that use the unique properties of superconductors, including zero-resistance wires, ultrafast Josephson junction switches, and quantization of magnetic flux (fluxoid). Supe ...

includes several beyond-CMOS technologies that use superconducting devices, namely Josephson junctions, for electronic signals processing and computing. One variant called rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ) logic was considered promising by the NSA in a 2005 technology survey despite the drawback that available superconductors require cryogenic temperatures. More energy-efficient superconducting logic variants have been developed since 2005 and are being considered for use in large scale computing.

References

External links

ITRS 2013 edition
*
EMERGING RESEARCH DEVICES SUMMARY
*
Process Integration, Devices and structures summary
Electronic design Digital electronics Logic families Integrated circuits {{electronics-stub

Comparisons of technology

Some areas of investigation

Superconducting computing and RSFQ

See also

References

Further reading

External links