Benishangul-Gumuz

Benishangul-Gumuz ( am, ቤንሻንጉል ጉሙዝ, Benšangul Gumuz) is a regional state in northwestern Ethiopia to the border of Sudan. It was previously known as Region 6. The region's capital is Assosa. Following the adoption of the 1995 constitution, the region was created from the westernmost portion of the Gojjam province (the part north of the Abay River), and the northwestern portion of the Welega Province (the part south of the Abay). The name of the region comes from two peoples – Berta (also called Benishangul) and Gumuz.

The region has faced major challenges to economic development, due to lack of transportation and communications infrastructure. The Abay River (Blue Nile) divides Benishangul-Gumuz, and there was no bridge crossing it until 2012. The major road that connects the Metekel Zone and the Assosa Zone was built by the China Construction Company in 2012. The road has a 365-meter bridge that crosses the Abay. Nowadays it is simple to travel between the regional capital of Assosa and Gilgil Beles, the capital of the Metekel Zone. Previously one had to travel through Wollega and Gojjam in the neighboring regions of Oromia and Amhara, a distance of 1,250 kilometers, but it is now around 378 kilometers on the new road and bridge. Conditions for travel within zones varies, but is often poor and subject to disruption by the rainy season. On 28 July 2009, the Regional Rural Roads Authority reported that over the previous year almost 600 of the 800 kilometers of local all-weather roads had been upgraded at a cost of 11.5 million birr, and an additional 447 kilometers of roads constructed.

Demographics

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the Benishangul-Gumuz region has a total population of 784,345, consisting of 398,655 men and 385,690 women; urban inhabitants number 105,926 or 13.51% of the population. With an estimated area of 49,289.46 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 15.91 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 174,445 households were counted, which results in an average for the region of 4.5 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.6 and rural households 4.7 people. The ethnic groups include the Amhara (25.41%), Berta (21.69%), Gumuz (20.88%), Oromo (13.55%), Shinasha (7.73%) and Agaw-Awi (4.22%). Main languages are the Berta (25.15%), Amharic (22.46%), Gumuz (20.59%), Oromo (17.69%), Shinasha (4.58%) and Awngi (4.01%). Concerning religion, 44.7% were Orthodox Christians, 33.3% Muslim, 13.53% were Protestant, and 7.09% practiced traditional beliefs. It had a projected population of 1,127,001 in 2018.

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 460,459 of which 233,013 were men and 227,446 were women. Rural population was 424,432, while the urban population was 36,027.

According to the CSA, , 27.23% of the total population had access to safe drinking water, of whom 22.35% were rural inhabitants and 58.53% were urban. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Benishangul-Gumuz include the following: 19.1% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 47.4% and for women 23.2%; and the regional infant mortality rate is 84 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is greater than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.

There are 2 refugee camps and 1 transit center, housing 36,440 refugees from Sudan and South Sudan, located in Benishangul-Gumuz region.

Religion

Ethnic groups

Some of ethnic groups native to the Benishangul-Gumuz region are:
** Berta, mostly in Assosa Zone
** Kwama, mostly in Mao-Komo special woreda
** Shinasha, mostly in Metekel Zone
** Amhara people,mostly in Metekel Zone
** Agew people, mostly in Metekel Zone
** Mao, mostly in Mao-Komo special woreda
** Bambasi, mostly in Bambasi (woreda)

History

Like the Gambela Region, Benishangul-Gumuz is historically closely linked to neighbouring areas of Sudan, and to a lesser extent to the Ethiopian Highlands. These regions served as slave-hunting grounds since Aksumite times, and their Nilosaharan-speaking inhabitants were pejoratively called Shanqella (Šanqəlla, also Shanqila, Shankella) by the highland Ethiopians.John Young: ''Along Ethiopia's Western Frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in Transition'', in: ''The Journal of Modern African Studies'', Vol. 37/2, Juni 1999 Besides slaves, gold was traditionally an important export of Benishangul.Alessandro Triulzi: ''Beni Šangul'', in: Siegbert Uhlig (Hrsg.): ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', Band 1, 2003, ISBN 3-447-04746-1

Little is known about its history before the 19th century.Alessandro Triulzi, "Trade, Islam, and the Mahdia in Northwestern Wallaggā, Ethiopia", ''The Journal of African History'', 16 (1975), pp. 55–71 Archaeologists have found sites that they date to the end of the 1st millennium BC or the beginning of the 1st millennium AD and assign them to the forerunners of today's Komuz-speaking ethnic groups. Finds attributing them to the Berta date from the 17th to 20th centuries and are mainly located on mountains, hills and in rocky areas that are easy to defend. It was not until the mid-20th century that Berta also settled in the lowlands, as slave hunts and armed conflict had ended.

The area lay as a "buffer zone" or "no man's land" between southern Sannar and Damot in the highlands. The Ethiopian Emperor Susenyos invaded the area in 1617/18, and it fell to the Funj in 1685.
According to Negasso Gidada, Oromo penetration into the region began in the mid-18th century.

In the first quarter of the 19th century, Arab traders arrived from Sannar, which was occupied by Ottoman Egypt from 1821. They mixed with families from the Berta upper class and thus gained political influence. By the middle of the century, the ''waṭāwiṭ'', the descendants of Arabs and Berta, had become the new ruling class. They also began to spread Islam among the Berta. Various trade routes met in Benishangul, and local gold and Ethiopian ''amole'' (salt bars) were exchanged for slaves, cattle, horses, iron, civet, musk, coffee, ivory and honey (which also came from the Oromo areas of Sibu and Leeqaa). Luxury goods such as textiles and glass beads were imported via Sudan.

Later in the 19th century, Benishangul was affected by the Mahdi uprising. In the late 19th century, Ethiopia, under Menelik II, annexed the Sultanates of Beni Shangul and Gubba (Qubba in Arabic). In 1898, Asosa became the political and economic capital.Alessandro Triulzi: ''Asosa'', in: Siegbert Uhlig (Hrsg.): ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', Band 1, 2003, ISBN 3-447-04746-1 Until the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in the mid-1930s, the area supplied gold and slaves to the central government on a large scale. Slaves were also smuggled into Sudan across the border, which was established in 1902.

Under the regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam, who ruled Ethiopia from 1974, some 250,000 drought- and famine-stricken peasants from the highlands—mostly Amharas from Wollo province—were relocated to Benishangul-Gumuz from 1979 and especially in the mid-1980s.

Resistance to the Mengistu regime here came mainly from the Berta. In addition, the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) - supported by the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, which in the meantime had advanced far south from Eritrea - also fought for the area in the Ethiopian civil war in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The OLF tried to incorporate the local population as "black Oromo", but met with little support. The Berta rebels instead allied with the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which overthrew the Mengistu regime in 1991 with the coalition EPRDF. As the Berta People's Liberation MovementPaulos Chanie, "Clientelism and Ethiopia's post-1991 decentralisation", ''Journal of Modern African Studies'' 45/3 (2007) or Benishangul People's Liberation Movement (BPLM), they - like the Gambella People's Liberation Movement of the Anuak in Gambella - were not accepted as full members of the EPRDF, but became regional partners of the new ruling coalition.

In 2019, the Metekel conflict began. In December 2019, about 200 people were killed in the Metekel massacre.

Agriculture

The CSA of Ethiopia estimated in 2005 that farmers in Benishangul-Gumuz had a total of 307,820 head of cattle (representing 0.79% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 65,800 sheep (0.38%), 244,570 goats (1.88%), 1,770 mules (1.2%), 37,520 asses (1.5%), 732,270 poultry of all species (2.37%), and 166,130 beehives (3.82%).

Over 60% of this region is covered with forest, including bamboo, eucalyptus and rubber trees, incense and gum forests as well as the indigenous species. However, due to increased population which has led to the widespread destruction of the canopy, authorities announced a campaign on 8 June 2007 to plant 1.5 million seedlings over the next two months to replenish this resource.

Chief Administrator of the Region

(This list is based on information fro
Worldstatesmen.org
John Young, and the Ethiopian News Agency website"Benishangul Gumuz State Council appoints Ahmed Nasir as chief of state"
Ethiopian News Agency, 4 November 2008)

Administrative zones

Like other regions in Ethiopia, Benishangul-Gumuz is subdivided into administrative zones.
*Asosa
* Kamashi
* Metekel

See also

* List of districts in the Benishangul-Gumuz region
* Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

Notes

External links

Map of Benishangul-Gumuz Region at UN-OCHA

Map of Benishangul-Gumuz Region at DPPA of Ethiopia


Official Ethiopian Government List of Members

{{Authority control

Ethiopian Highlands
Regions of Ethiopia
States and territories established in 1992