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Belfast Castle (Irish language, Irish: ''Caisleán Bhéal Feirste''Ireland Highlights: Belfast Castle. https://www.irelandhighlights.com/info/belfast-castle/ ) is a mansion located in Cave Hill Country Park in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in a prominent position above sea level. Its location provides unobstructed views over the City status in Ireland, City of Belfast and Belfast Lough.Discover Northern Ireland: Belfast Castle Estate. https://discovernorthernireland.com/things-to-do/belfast-castle-estate-p676051 There have been several different structures called 'Belfast Castle' over the centuries, located on different sites. 'Belfast: The hidden castles under the city's shops' (BBC Northern Ireland, 28 August 2022). https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-62167256 The current 'castle' is a Victorian architecture, Victorian structure, built between 1867 and 1870 on the slopes of Cavehill, Cave Hill, and is List of Grade B+ listed buildings in County Antrim, listed as being Grade B+.Charles Brett, C.E.B. Brett, ''Buildings of Belfast, 1700-1914'', p. 46. Friar's Bush Press, Belfast, 1985 (paperback, revised edition; originally published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1967).W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', pp. 37-38. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983). The main entrance into the Belfast Castle Demesne is now where Innisfayle Park meets Downview Park West, just off the Antrim Road (part of the A6 road (Northern Ireland), A6). The original main entrance into the current demesne was formerly on the Antrim Road itself, where Strathmore Park now meets the Antrim Road.Culture Northern Ireland: The Buildings of the Belfast Castle Estate - ''The Chapel of the Resurrection'' and ''The Gate Lodges''. https://www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/buildings-belfast-castle-estate
The medieval Belfast Castle was eventually seized by a branch of the powerful ''Uí Néill'' (O'Neill) dynasty of the ''Branches of the Cenél nEógain, Cénel nEógain'', probably at the end of the fourteenth-century or the beginning of the fifteenth century.Rachel Tracey and Audrey Horning, 'Ulster plantation towns: an archaeology of rhetoric and reality' in Brendan Scott (Editor), ''Society and Administration in Ulster's Plantation Towns'', p. 17. Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2019. The ''Uí Néill'' almost certainly had Belfast Castle rebuilt at some stage, probably as a Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic towerhouse, either building on the same site as the Norman castle or else building their towerhouse very near to that site. This branch of the ''Uí Néill'' carved out a ''túath'' or Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic territory for themselves in South County Antrim, Antrim and North County Down, Down which became known as ''Clann Aedha Buídhe'' (Clandeboye).Philip Robinson, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 2: Carrickfergus'', p. 2. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 1986. The ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye maintained Belfast Castle as one of their main residences, with the castle and its surrounding ''túath'' largely remaining in their hands throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, with a few brief exceptions.
The castle was briefly taken in 1476 by Éinri mac Eoghain Ó Néill (known in English language, English as Henry O'Neill), ''Rí na Tír Eoghain'' (List of rulers of Tyrone, King of Tyrone), usually known during his lifetime as 'the Great O'Neill', when he 'attacked the castle of Belfast which he took and demolished'.Jonathan Bardon, ''Belfast: An Illustrated History'', p. 5. The Blackstaff Press, Dundonald, County Down, Dundonald, Belfast, 1983 (reprint with corrections; originally published in 1982). The rebuilt castle was again briefly seized from the ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye in 1489, this time by Hugh Roe O'Donnell (died 1505), Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill (Red Hugh O'Donnell), ''Rí na Tír Chonaill'' (King of Tír Chonaill), an immensely powerful Gaelic ruler from the west of Ulster. Ó Domhnaill, whose chief residence was Donegal Castle in Donegal Town, had invaded Clandeboye with his army and 'took and demolished the Castle of Belfast, and then returned safe to his house loaded with immense spoils'.
In the early sixteenth-century, Belfast Castle was seized on three different occasions by two senior-ranking members of the Duke of Leinster, House of Kildare, part of the wider FitzGerald dynasty, Geraldine dynasty. The castle was briefly occupied twice by the forces of Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, The 8th Earl of Kildare, the Lord Deputy of Ireland and the leading Geraldine at the time. Lord Kildare seized the castle and sacked Belfast in 1503 and again in 1512. His son and heir, Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, The 9th Earl of Kildare (often known as ''Gearóid Óg''), also seized the castle in 1523. Gearóid Óg, Lord Kildare, had succeeded his father as Lord Deputy of Ireland in September 1513, also succeeding his father as the Geraldine leader at the same time. After briefly taking Belfast Castle from Hugh O'Neill (d. 1524), Aodh Ó Néill (Hugh O'Neill), List of rulers of Clandeboye#Lords of Clandeboye, Lord of Clandeboye, in 1523, this Lord Kildare reported to Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII: 'I brake a castell of his, called Belfast, and burned 24 myle of his country [''sic'']'.
Belfast Castle was briefly seized by Kingdom of England, English forces in 1552, when the castle was possibly rebuilt on the orders of Sir James Croft, who was the Lord Deputy of Ireland at the time. Another occasion when Belfast Castle was briefly seized from the ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye was in the 1570s, when English forces, initially under the command of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, The 1st Earl of Essex, occupied the castle for a few years during the short-lived Enterprise of Ulster.
The the Crown, English Crown finally seized Belfast Castle from the ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye during the Nine Years' War (Ireland), Nine Years' War in the 1590s, when the castle was occupied by Kingdom of England, English troops. In June 1597, the forces of Shane McBrian O'Neill, List of rulers of Clandeboye#Lords of Lower Clandeboye, 1556—1600, Lord of Lower Clandeboye and son and successor of Brian McPhelim O'Neill, Sir Brian mac Feidhlimidh Ó Néill, forcibly took the castle back from English control, apparently putting to the sword most of the English garrison there.Jonathan Bardon, ''Belfast: An Illustrated History'', p. 8. The Blackstaff Press, Dundonald, County Down, Dundonald, Belfast, 1983 (reprint with corrections; originally published in 1982). English forces, under the command of Sir John Chichester, soon marched north to retake Belfast Castle from the ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye, which they did in July 1597. Chichester reported back to his superiors that his forces had retaken the castle 'without anie loss to us, and put those wee found in yt to the sworde [''sic'']'. Chichester then placed Belfast Castle and its surrounding settlement under the command of Ralph Lane, Sir Ralph Lane, the Elizabethan adventurer. Lane, the then Muster Master-General, had previously served, over a decade earlier, as Governor of the ill-fated Roanoke Colony in what is now North Carolina.
Sir John Chichester, who had been appointed as Governor of Carrickfergus Castle, soon fell out with the previously neutral MacDonnell of Antrim, MacDonnells of the Glens. In a battle fought later in 1597 against the MacDonnells at Altfrackyn (also known as Aldfreck), a townland just north of Ballycarry, the English were defeated, with 180 of their soldiers being killed.Culture Northern Ireland: A History of Carrickfergus - ''Plantation''. https://www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/history-carrickfergus Chichester was killed by the MacDonnells during or immediately after this battle, possibly by being Decapitation, beheaded.Culture Northern Ireland: The Chichester Family. https://www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/chichester-family Sir John Chichester was the fifth son of John Chichester (died 1569), Sir John Chichester of North Devon, and he was the younger brother of Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, The 1st Baron Chichester.Jonathan Bardon, ''Belfast: An Illustrated History'', p. 10. The Blackstaff Press, Dundonald, County Down, Dundonald, Belfast, 1983 (reprint with corrections; originally published in 1982).
By 1603, Belfast Castle, which was probably a Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic towerhouse by this time, was in ruins, largely as a result of the Nine Years' War (Ireland), Nine Years' War. In July 1603, Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, Sir Arthur Chichester (1563-1625; later created, in 1613, The 1st Baron Chichester), then Governor of Carrickfergus Castle, offered to rebuild Belfast Castle if he was 'granted' Belfast and its surrounding lands by the Crown. Chichester, who had been one of the most ruthless English commanders in Ireland during the Nine Years' War, received a King's letter in August 1603, which officially put him in charge of Belfast Castle and its surrounding lands. In a patent dated 5 November 1603, the Crown granted to Sir Arthur Chichester 'The Castle of Bealfaste or Belfast, with the Appurtenants and Hereditaments, Spiritual and Temporal, situate in the Lower Clandeboye, late in the possession or custody of Ralph Lane, Sir Ralph Lane Knt., deceased'. A new grant of the castle and its surrounding lands was made by the Crown the following year, in May 1604, again to Chichester, who would serve as Lord Deputy of Ireland between 1605 and 1616.
Sir Arthur Chichester was also 'granted' a vast estate in Inishowen in County Donegal, over in the north-west of Ulster, in 1608 or 1609. This huge estate covered almost all of Inishowen, and had been seized by the Crown from the ''O'Doherty family, Ó Dochartaigh'' (O'Doherty) clan in the aftermath of O'Doherty's Rebellion, the rebellion of Cahir O' Doherty, Sir Cathaoir Ruadh Ó Dochartaigh (Sir Cahir Rua O'Doherty), Lord of Inishowen, in 1608. Chichester, as Lord Deputy of Ireland, ensured that the huge ''Ó Dochartaigh'' lands in Inishowen were granted to himself.Martina O'Donnell, 'Settlement and Society in the Barony of East Inishowen, 1850' in William Nolan, Liam Ronayne and Mairead Dunlevy (Editors), ''Donegal: History and Society'', p. 514. Geography Publications, Dublin, 1995 (reprinted 2002). However, very little of this Inishowen estate was ever run directly by the head of the Chichester family; from the early seventeenth century onwards, almost all of this vast estate was sublet by the Chichesters to several lesser landlords, often described as 'middlemen', on very long-term leases. Most of this huge Inishowen estate was eventually sold off by the Chichester family via the Encumbered Estates' Court, Encumbered Estates Court in the 1850s and later in the nineteenth century.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 36. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).
When the head of the Chichester family was advanced in the Peerage of Ireland to being an earl in 1647, they took the title Earl of Donegall due to the family's ownership of this vast estate in Inishowen. The head of the family was further advanced in the Peerage of Ireland to being Marquess of Donegall in July 1791.
Sir Arthur Chichester, one of the main architects of the Plantation of Ulster, had Belfast Castle largely rebuilt in the early 1610s, mainly in brick.Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 12: Belfast - Part I, to 1840'', p. 2. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2003. It is almost certain that Chichester had his 'Plantation' castle built on the site of the Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic ''Uí Néill'' towerhouse. Chichester may even have incorporated parts of the ''Uí Néill'' structure into his new castle. However, when in Ulster, Lord Chichester, as he later became, usually resided at Joymount House in nearby Carrickfergus rather than at the 'Plantation-era' Belfast Castle. Lord Chichester had only one child with his wife, a son, who died in infancy. Thus, upon his own death in February 1625, Arthur, Lord Chichester, was succeeded in his estates and properties (but not in the peerage) by his younger brother Edward (1568-1648), who was created Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester, The 1st Viscount Chichester later in that same year. The Chichester family (later also known as the Donegall family) were to own the town of Belfast from around 1603 up until the early 1850s, when their Belfast estate was largely broken up and sold off.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', pp. 36-37. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).
On the 24 April 1708, the 'Plantation-era' Belfast Castle, which had been built for Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, Lord Chichester, accidentally burnt down, killing three sisters and one servant of The 4th Earl of Donegall (1695-1757). This castle was never rebuilt.Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 12: Belfast - Part I, to 1840'', p. 4. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2003. Following this fire, the senior line of the Donegall family (also known as the Chichester family) left Belfast. The head of the Donegall family would not live in Belfast again for almost a century, until George Chichester, 2nd Marquess of Donegall, The 2nd Marquess of Donegall (1769-1844) settled in Belfast in 1802, establishing his main residence there.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 27. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).
Lord Donegall thus had to find an alternative residence for himself and his family. He settled at what became known as Donegall House, a large terraced house on the corner of what is now Donegall Place and Donegall Square North, only a few hundred yards from the original site of Belfast Castle, right in the centre of the town of BelfastRaymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 12: Belfast - Part I, to 1840'', p. 7. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2003. (it did not officially become a city until November 1888). The 2nd Marquess of Donegall became the first head of his family in almost a century to actually live in Belfast. Since 1708, the Earls and, later, Marquess of Donegall, Marquesses of Donegall had mainly lived over in Great Britain, usually living in London.
The 2nd Marquess of Donegall also maintained a country residence called Ormeau Cottage on the Ormeau Demesne (which later became Ormeau Park). At that time, the Ormeau Demesne was on the south-eastern edge of Belfast, being in Ballynafeigh on the County Down side of the River Lagan. In the 1820s, Lord Donegall had Ormeau Cottage greatly extended in size, turning it into a mansion called Ormeau House.W.A. Maguire, ''Living like a Lord: The Second Marquis of Donegall, 1769-1844'', pp. 74-75. The Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast, 2002 (originally published by The Appletree Press and The Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies, Belfast, 1984). This country house was built in the Tudor Revival architecture, Tudor Revival architectural style and was designed by William Vitruvius Morrison.
Lord Donegall sold off Donegall House in the centre of Belfast in the early 1820s, establishing his main residence at Ormeau House thereafter. Donegall House was converted into being The Royal Hotel in 1824. Ormeau House, where The 2nd Marquess of Donegall died in October 1844, was eventually demolished in the late 1860s.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 38. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).
It was The 3rd Marquess of Donegall who finally sold off almost all of his family's Belfast estate in the 1850s.Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 17: Belfast - Part II, 1840 to 1900'', p. 2. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2007. This left, of the 'Belfast estate', only the Ormeau Demesne and most of Cavehill, Cave Hill in the ownership of Lord Donegall. Curiously, it was only when he no longer owned Belfast that Lord Donegall became interested in actually living there.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 37. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983). He decided to build what has been described as a new 'princely mansion' for himself in the 1860s on what was then the northern edge of Belfast, just over a decade after the Great Famine (Ireland), Great Famine had ended. This new residence was called Belfast Castle, in a nod to family history, even though it was built on a completely different site from the original castle site, which had been located right in the centre of Belfast. By the 1860s, nothing remained above ground of the earlier 'Belfast Castles'.
The new, Victorian architecture, Victorian castle was built in the Scottish Baronial architecture, Scots Baronial architectural style and was designed by the Belfast firm of Lanyon, Lynn and Lanyon. However, there is some debate over who in the firm actually designed the new Belfast Castle. Although popularly attributed to Sir Charles Lanyon, some architectural historians believe that the castle was actually designed by either his business partner, and former apprentice, William Henry Lynn, W.H. Lynn, or by Sir Charles's other business partner, his son John Lanyon.Natural Stone Database: Buildings - Belfast Castle, Antrim Road, Belfast. http://www.stonedatabase.com/buildings.cfm?bk=2616 ''Grace's Guide To British Industrial History'': John Lanyon (1900 obituary). https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/John_Lanyon
The new Belfast Castle was built on what had been the Donegall family's Deer park (England), deerpark on the slopes of Cavehill, Cave Hill, a location which was, at that time, on the northern outskirts of Belfast, just off the Antrim Road. The 'castle' (in reality a Victorian country house) was mainly constructed between 1867 and 1870, and was built using pink Scrabo sandstone from the north of County Down, along with Giffnock sandstone dressings imported from Renfrewshire (historic), Renfrewshire, all on a rock-faced basalt plinth. This Victorian castle, which has been described by Sir Charles Brett as 'a rugged and determined exercise in the fullness of the Scottish Baronial style, perched on a highly romantic site with a superb view', remains standing and in use to the present day.
Construction cost well over the Pound sterling, £11,000 set aside to pay for the project, forcing Lord Donegall to seek financial assistance from Baron Ashley (1831-1886), his son-in-law, in order to complete the new castle. Lord Ashley (who later became Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 8th Earl of Shaftesbury) had married Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom, Lady Harriet Chichester (1836-1898), the only surviving child of Lord Donegall, in August 1857. Of Lord Donegall's three children, all by his first wife - two sons and one daughter - Lady Harriet was the only one to have had children of her own and to have outlived her father. Thus, she and her husband eventually inherited the castle and the rest of the Donegall family's vast estates in October 1883, upon the death of her father, the 3rd Marquess, while the Marquess of Donegall, marquessate was inherited by her elderly uncle, the former Church of Ireland Dean of Raphoe, who became Edward Chichester, 4th Marquess of Donegall, The 4th Marquess of Donegall. Lord Shaftesbury, his wife Harriet, Countess of Shaftesbury, and her Chichester ancestors are commemorated in the form of Belfast street names, much like how the original castles are remembered.
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 8th Earl of Shaftesbury died in April 1886, only two and a half years after he and his wife had inherited Belfast Castle. He had only succeeded Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, his famous father in the Earl of Shaftesbury, earldom in October 1885. Upon his death, the 8th Earl was succeeded by his then sixteen-year-old son, who now became Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury (1869-1961). Of all the private owners of the new Belfast Castle, the 9th Earl was to own it the longest, presiding over the castle until January 1934. A prominent Irish Unionism, Unionist, the 9th Earl was to involve himself very much in local affairs, going on to become Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1907.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 39. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).David Cannadine, ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy'', p. 563. Penguin Books, London, 2005 (originally published by Yale University Press, London, 1990). He also served as: Lord Lieutenant of Belfast from 1904 to 1911; Lord Lieutenant of Antrim from 1911 to 1916; and Chancellor (education), Chancellor of The Queen's University of Belfast from 1909 to 1923.
As a young man, Lord Shaftesbury spent much of his time at Belfast Castle, often living there when he was not in London. He and his wife, Constance Ashley-Cooper, Countess of Shaftesbury, Constance, Countess of Shaftesbury (1875-1957), were also very involved with charitable causes in Belfast, often holding events in the grounds of Belfast Castle in order to raise money for local charities. It was Lord Shaftesbury who had the Baroque stone staircase added to the garden façade of the castle in 1894.Charles Brett, C.E.B. Brett, ''Buildings of Belfast, 1700-1914'', pp. 46-47. Friar's Bush Press, Belfast, 1985 (paperback, revised edition; originally published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1967). The architect of this elaborate, serpentine outdoor staircase is unknown.
The vast country estates of the Donegall family, which had been inherited by the Shaftesbury family in October 1883, were largely broken up and sold off under The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury during the 1890s and during the first decade of the twentieth century. While the town of Belfast had been sold off by George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, The 3rd Marquess of Donegall back in the 1850s, the Donegall family continued to own a large estate in County Antrim and large parts of Inishowen until these passed to the Shaftesburys in October 1883. Under the various Land Acts (Ireland), Land Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, British Parliament during the 1880s, 1890s and early twentieth century (especially under the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903, Wyndham Land Act of 1903), the huge country estates in Ireland, including those of the Shaftesbury family in Ulster, were broken up and sold off, mainly being sold to the tenant farmers who actually lived on and farmed the land.
In his later years, Lord Shaftesbury spent less and less time at Belfast Castle, particularly after the outbreak of the First World War.''A Pictorial and Descriptive Guide to Belfast and Northern Ireland'' (Seventh Edition - Revised), p. 90. Ward, Lock and Company, London, 1938. Running the castle became ever more of a financial burden to the Shaftesbury family, especially after what remained of their County Antrim estate was sold off, under the terms of the Land Acts, in the 1890s and the years immediately before 1914. The castle and its surrounding demesne was eventually gifted to the City status in Ireland, City of Belfast by Lord Shaftesbury in January 1934.
The Chapel of the Resurrection was also built for George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, The 3rd Marquess of Donegall in the late 1860s, at the same time as the new Belfast Castle.The Mausolea and Monuments Trust: Belfast Castle Mortuary Chapel. http://www.mmtrust.org.uk/mausolea/view/486/Belfast_Castle_Mortuary_Chapel The chapel was built in the Decorated GothicNatural Stone Database: Buildings - Chapel of the Resurrection, Innisfayle Park, Antrim Road, Belfast. http://www.stonedatabase.com/buildings.cfm?bk=2617 version of the Gothic Revival style and was constructed in the demesne of the new castle, just off the Antrim Road. This Church of Ireland chapel was originally designed and built as a mortuary chapel and new mausoleum for the Donegall family, specifically being built as a memorial to Frederick Richard, Earl of Belfast (1827-1853), the son and heir apparent of The 3rd Marquess of Donegall. Lord Belfast had died in Naples, aged 25, from scarlatina in February 1853. It seems that this small chapel was converted in 1891 into being a family chapel for regular worship, while also remaining as a family mausoleum.
As with Belfast Castle itself, there is some debate over who actually designed the Chapel of the Resurrection. The designs for the chapel came out of the office of Lanyon, Lynn and Lanyon. Some architectural historians believe that the chapel, like the castle, was designed by either William Henry Lynn, W.H. Lynn or John Lanyon.Charles Brett, C.E.B. Brett, ''Buildings of Belfast, 1700-1914'', p. 47 and p. 47n. Friar's Bush Press, Belfast, 1985 (paperback, revised edition; originally published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1967).
Harriet, Countess of Shaftesbury (1836-1898), the wife of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, later commissioned a sculpture to commemorate her brother, Lord Belfast, and her mother, Harriet, Marchioness of Donegall (1822-1860), the daughter of Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Glengall, The 1st Earl of Glengall and the first wife of The 3rd Marquess of Donegall. The sculpture, which was originally located in the Chapel of the Resurrection, was carved in white marble, and it depicts the young Lord Belfast lying on a sofa, dying from scarlatina, being mourned by his lace-capped mother, Lady Donegall. The sculpture was carved by Patrick McDowell, Royal Academy of Arts, R.A., the well-known Belfast artist. Following the closure of the chapel in 1972, the sculpture was moved to the foyer of Belfast City Hall, where it remains ''in situ''.
The Chapel of the Resurrection, like Belfast Castle and the rest of its surrounding demesne, was inherited by the Shaftesbury family in October 1883. The chapel ceased to be privately owned in 1938, when Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury handed the chapel over to the Church of Ireland Diocese of Down, Connor and Dromore, after which the building was used for public worship. In January 1945, the Church of Ireland Diocese of Connor (Church of Ireland), Diocese of Connor replaced the Diocese of Down, Connor and Dromore in this part of Belfast.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the chapel and the lands surrounding it were detached from the Belfast Castle Demesne. These lands were redeveloped as housing estates, mainly in the 1950s and 1960s, leaving the chapel marooned in the middle of these new estates. The last service in the chapel was held in 1972, after which the building was closed. Following its closure, the chapel suffered extensive vandalism throughout the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and first two decades of the twenty-first-century, with all of the glass in the building's windows either being removed or destroyed. The graves of the deceased in the chapel were also desecrated by vandals during these years.
Having been derelict for almost fifty years, the chapel was eventually converted into luxury flats, with work being completed in 2020. Now called The Chapel, the building is part of a new housing development called Donegall Park Gardens, just off Innisfayle Park.
History
Medieval and Early Modern Castle
A castle had been erected at ''Béal Feirste'' (Belfast) by the 1220s, probably to guard the important ford across the River Lagan.Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 12: Belfast - Part I, to 1840'', p. 1. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2003. This medieval castle may have been built by the Normans in Ireland, Normans, who invaded East Ulster in the late twelfth century. These Norman invaders carved out a territory for themselves which was centred on Carrickfergus, this territory later becoming known as the Earldom of Ulster. By 1333, a small settlement is thought to have developed around the castle at Belfast. This original 'Belfast Castle', located on what later became the County Antrim side of the River Lagan, was probably in the area now bounded by Donegall Place, Castle Place, Cornmarket, and Castle Lane in the centre of what is now Belfast City Centre.Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 17: Belfast - Part II, 1840 to 1900'', Map 5: 'Belfast to '. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2007. Although originally built in either the late twelfth-century or the early thirteenth-century, this castle was 'rebuilt' on several occasions between the 1220s and the 1550s, possibly being 'rebuilt' on the same site or on an adjacent site. This original, medieval castle was almost certainly on, or very near, the same site as the much later 'Plantation of Ulster, Plantation-era' castle developed for Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, Lord Chichester. This original High Middle Ages, High Medieval, Late Middle Ages, Late Medieval and Early modern Europe, Early Modern castle site was on the southern bank of the River Farset (which now flows beneath High Street), being located on a sliver of land that was bounded by the Farset to the north and the River Owenvara (Blackstaff River) to the south.Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 12: Belfast - Part I, to 1840'', p. 2 (Fig. 1: 'Site of Belfast') and p. 3 (Fig. 2: 'Late medieval Belfast'). Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2003. Both the River Farset and the River Owenvara (Irish language, Irish: ''Abhainn Bheara'', meaning 'River of the Staff', usually known nowadays in English language, English as the Blackstaff River) emptied into the River Lagan just to the east of this castle site.
The medieval Belfast Castle was eventually seized by a branch of the powerful ''Uí Néill'' (O'Neill) dynasty of the ''Branches of the Cenél nEógain, Cénel nEógain'', probably at the end of the fourteenth-century or the beginning of the fifteenth century.Rachel Tracey and Audrey Horning, 'Ulster plantation towns: an archaeology of rhetoric and reality' in Brendan Scott (Editor), ''Society and Administration in Ulster's Plantation Towns'', p. 17. Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2019. The ''Uí Néill'' almost certainly had Belfast Castle rebuilt at some stage, probably as a Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic towerhouse, either building on the same site as the Norman castle or else building their towerhouse very near to that site. This branch of the ''Uí Néill'' carved out a ''túath'' or Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic territory for themselves in South County Antrim, Antrim and North County Down, Down which became known as ''Clann Aedha Buídhe'' (Clandeboye).Philip Robinson, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 2: Carrickfergus'', p. 2. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 1986. The ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye maintained Belfast Castle as one of their main residences, with the castle and its surrounding ''túath'' largely remaining in their hands throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, with a few brief exceptions.
The castle was briefly taken in 1476 by Éinri mac Eoghain Ó Néill (known in English language, English as Henry O'Neill), ''Rí na Tír Eoghain'' (List of rulers of Tyrone, King of Tyrone), usually known during his lifetime as 'the Great O'Neill', when he 'attacked the castle of Belfast which he took and demolished'.Jonathan Bardon, ''Belfast: An Illustrated History'', p. 5. The Blackstaff Press, Dundonald, County Down, Dundonald, Belfast, 1983 (reprint with corrections; originally published in 1982). The rebuilt castle was again briefly seized from the ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye in 1489, this time by Hugh Roe O'Donnell (died 1505), Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill (Red Hugh O'Donnell), ''Rí na Tír Chonaill'' (King of Tír Chonaill), an immensely powerful Gaelic ruler from the west of Ulster. Ó Domhnaill, whose chief residence was Donegal Castle in Donegal Town, had invaded Clandeboye with his army and 'took and demolished the Castle of Belfast, and then returned safe to his house loaded with immense spoils'.
In the early sixteenth-century, Belfast Castle was seized on three different occasions by two senior-ranking members of the Duke of Leinster, House of Kildare, part of the wider FitzGerald dynasty, Geraldine dynasty. The castle was briefly occupied twice by the forces of Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, The 8th Earl of Kildare, the Lord Deputy of Ireland and the leading Geraldine at the time. Lord Kildare seized the castle and sacked Belfast in 1503 and again in 1512. His son and heir, Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, The 9th Earl of Kildare (often known as ''Gearóid Óg''), also seized the castle in 1523. Gearóid Óg, Lord Kildare, had succeeded his father as Lord Deputy of Ireland in September 1513, also succeeding his father as the Geraldine leader at the same time. After briefly taking Belfast Castle from Hugh O'Neill (d. 1524), Aodh Ó Néill (Hugh O'Neill), List of rulers of Clandeboye#Lords of Clandeboye, Lord of Clandeboye, in 1523, this Lord Kildare reported to Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII: 'I brake a castell of his, called Belfast, and burned 24 myle of his country [''sic'']'.
Belfast Castle was briefly seized by Kingdom of England, English forces in 1552, when the castle was possibly rebuilt on the orders of Sir James Croft, who was the Lord Deputy of Ireland at the time. Another occasion when Belfast Castle was briefly seized from the ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye was in the 1570s, when English forces, initially under the command of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, The 1st Earl of Essex, occupied the castle for a few years during the short-lived Enterprise of Ulster.
The the Crown, English Crown finally seized Belfast Castle from the ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye during the Nine Years' War (Ireland), Nine Years' War in the 1590s, when the castle was occupied by Kingdom of England, English troops. In June 1597, the forces of Shane McBrian O'Neill, List of rulers of Clandeboye#Lords of Lower Clandeboye, 1556—1600, Lord of Lower Clandeboye and son and successor of Brian McPhelim O'Neill, Sir Brian mac Feidhlimidh Ó Néill, forcibly took the castle back from English control, apparently putting to the sword most of the English garrison there.Jonathan Bardon, ''Belfast: An Illustrated History'', p. 8. The Blackstaff Press, Dundonald, County Down, Dundonald, Belfast, 1983 (reprint with corrections; originally published in 1982). English forces, under the command of Sir John Chichester, soon marched north to retake Belfast Castle from the ''Uí Néill'' of Clandeboye, which they did in July 1597. Chichester reported back to his superiors that his forces had retaken the castle 'without anie loss to us, and put those wee found in yt to the sworde [''sic'']'. Chichester then placed Belfast Castle and its surrounding settlement under the command of Ralph Lane, Sir Ralph Lane, the Elizabethan adventurer. Lane, the then Muster Master-General, had previously served, over a decade earlier, as Governor of the ill-fated Roanoke Colony in what is now North Carolina.
Sir John Chichester, who had been appointed as Governor of Carrickfergus Castle, soon fell out with the previously neutral MacDonnell of Antrim, MacDonnells of the Glens. In a battle fought later in 1597 against the MacDonnells at Altfrackyn (also known as Aldfreck), a townland just north of Ballycarry, the English were defeated, with 180 of their soldiers being killed.Culture Northern Ireland: A History of Carrickfergus - ''Plantation''. https://www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/history-carrickfergus Chichester was killed by the MacDonnells during or immediately after this battle, possibly by being Decapitation, beheaded.Culture Northern Ireland: The Chichester Family. https://www.culturenorthernireland.org/features/heritage/chichester-family Sir John Chichester was the fifth son of John Chichester (died 1569), Sir John Chichester of North Devon, and he was the younger brother of Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, The 1st Baron Chichester.Jonathan Bardon, ''Belfast: An Illustrated History'', p. 10. The Blackstaff Press, Dundonald, County Down, Dundonald, Belfast, 1983 (reprint with corrections; originally published in 1982).
Clandeboye Massacre
In October 1574, during the Enterprise of Ulster, Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, The 1st Earl of Essex and his retinue were invited to a feast at Belfast Castle by Brian McPhelim O'Neill, Sir Brian mac Feidhlimidh Ó Néill (Sir Brian McPhelim O'Neill), List of rulers of Clandeboye#Lords of Lower Clandeboye, 1556—1600, Lord of Lower Clandeboye.Jonathan Bardon, ''The Plantation of Ulster'', p. 3. Gill (publisher), Gill Books, Dublin, 2012 (paperback edition).Jonathan Bardon, ''Belfast: An Illustrated History'', p. 7. The Blackstaff Press, Dundonald, County Down, Dundonald, Belfast, 1983 (reprint with corrections; originally published in 1982). The feast was to celebrate a newly signed peace agreement between the the Crown, English Crown and Sir#Entitlement to formal honorific address by region, Sir Brian. After three days and nights of feasting and celebrations inside Belfast Castle, the English soldiers accompanying Lord Essex suddenly set upon and murdered most of the family and retainers of Sir Brian inside the castle. It seems this massacre was ordered by Essex himself. This event is usually known as the Clandeboye massacre, Clandeboye Massacre. The castle was then seized by Essex and his English forces. Sir Brian mac Feidhlimidh Ó Néill was not killed during this massacre. Instead, Sir Brian, along with his wife and his brother, were arrested by Lord Essex and, later in 1574, all three were executed in Dublin.Plantation Castle
By 1603, Belfast Castle, which was probably a Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic towerhouse by this time, was in ruins, largely as a result of the Nine Years' War (Ireland), Nine Years' War. In July 1603, Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, Sir Arthur Chichester (1563-1625; later created, in 1613, The 1st Baron Chichester), then Governor of Carrickfergus Castle, offered to rebuild Belfast Castle if he was 'granted' Belfast and its surrounding lands by the Crown. Chichester, who had been one of the most ruthless English commanders in Ireland during the Nine Years' War, received a King's letter in August 1603, which officially put him in charge of Belfast Castle and its surrounding lands. In a patent dated 5 November 1603, the Crown granted to Sir Arthur Chichester 'The Castle of Bealfaste or Belfast, with the Appurtenants and Hereditaments, Spiritual and Temporal, situate in the Lower Clandeboye, late in the possession or custody of Ralph Lane, Sir Ralph Lane Knt., deceased'. A new grant of the castle and its surrounding lands was made by the Crown the following year, in May 1604, again to Chichester, who would serve as Lord Deputy of Ireland between 1605 and 1616.
Sir Arthur Chichester was also 'granted' a vast estate in Inishowen in County Donegal, over in the north-west of Ulster, in 1608 or 1609. This huge estate covered almost all of Inishowen, and had been seized by the Crown from the ''O'Doherty family, Ó Dochartaigh'' (O'Doherty) clan in the aftermath of O'Doherty's Rebellion, the rebellion of Cahir O' Doherty, Sir Cathaoir Ruadh Ó Dochartaigh (Sir Cahir Rua O'Doherty), Lord of Inishowen, in 1608. Chichester, as Lord Deputy of Ireland, ensured that the huge ''Ó Dochartaigh'' lands in Inishowen were granted to himself.Martina O'Donnell, 'Settlement and Society in the Barony of East Inishowen, 1850' in William Nolan, Liam Ronayne and Mairead Dunlevy (Editors), ''Donegal: History and Society'', p. 514. Geography Publications, Dublin, 1995 (reprinted 2002). However, very little of this Inishowen estate was ever run directly by the head of the Chichester family; from the early seventeenth century onwards, almost all of this vast estate was sublet by the Chichesters to several lesser landlords, often described as 'middlemen', on very long-term leases. Most of this huge Inishowen estate was eventually sold off by the Chichester family via the Encumbered Estates' Court, Encumbered Estates Court in the 1850s and later in the nineteenth century.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 36. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).
When the head of the Chichester family was advanced in the Peerage of Ireland to being an earl in 1647, they took the title Earl of Donegall due to the family's ownership of this vast estate in Inishowen. The head of the family was further advanced in the Peerage of Ireland to being Marquess of Donegall in July 1791.
Sir Arthur Chichester, one of the main architects of the Plantation of Ulster, had Belfast Castle largely rebuilt in the early 1610s, mainly in brick.Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 12: Belfast - Part I, to 1840'', p. 2. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2003. It is almost certain that Chichester had his 'Plantation' castle built on the site of the Gaelic Ireland, Gaelic ''Uí Néill'' towerhouse. Chichester may even have incorporated parts of the ''Uí Néill'' structure into his new castle. However, when in Ulster, Lord Chichester, as he later became, usually resided at Joymount House in nearby Carrickfergus rather than at the 'Plantation-era' Belfast Castle. Lord Chichester had only one child with his wife, a son, who died in infancy. Thus, upon his own death in February 1625, Arthur, Lord Chichester, was succeeded in his estates and properties (but not in the peerage) by his younger brother Edward (1568-1648), who was created Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester, The 1st Viscount Chichester later in that same year. The Chichester family (later also known as the Donegall family) were to own the town of Belfast from around 1603 up until the early 1850s, when their Belfast estate was largely broken up and sold off.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', pp. 36-37. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).
On the 24 April 1708, the 'Plantation-era' Belfast Castle, which had been built for Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, Lord Chichester, accidentally burnt down, killing three sisters and one servant of The 4th Earl of Donegall (1695-1757). This castle was never rebuilt.Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 12: Belfast - Part I, to 1840'', p. 4. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2003. Following this fire, the senior line of the Donegall family (also known as the Chichester family) left Belfast. The head of the Donegall family would not live in Belfast again for almost a century, until George Chichester, 2nd Marquess of Donegall, The 2nd Marquess of Donegall (1769-1844) settled in Belfast in 1802, establishing his main residence there.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 27. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).
Donegall House and Ormeau House
When George Chichester, 2nd Marquess of Donegall, The 2nd Marquess of Donegall settled in Belfast in 1802, what remained of the 'Plantation-era' Belfast Castle had long been a ruin, having been destroyed by a fire almost a century before, in April 1708. This 'Plantation of Ulster, Plantation' castle had almost certainly been built on, or very near, the site of the 'Norman' Belfast Castle, which was the original medieval castle. It certainly seems that the 'Plantation' castle was, at the very least, built on the site of the ''Uí Néill'' towerhouse, which had probably replaced the Norman castle. By 1802, these original castle sites had partially been built upon with other buildings.
Lord Donegall thus had to find an alternative residence for himself and his family. He settled at what became known as Donegall House, a large terraced house on the corner of what is now Donegall Place and Donegall Square North, only a few hundred yards from the original site of Belfast Castle, right in the centre of the town of BelfastRaymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 12: Belfast - Part I, to 1840'', p. 7. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2003. (it did not officially become a city until November 1888). The 2nd Marquess of Donegall became the first head of his family in almost a century to actually live in Belfast. Since 1708, the Earls and, later, Marquess of Donegall, Marquesses of Donegall had mainly lived over in Great Britain, usually living in London.
The 2nd Marquess of Donegall also maintained a country residence called Ormeau Cottage on the Ormeau Demesne (which later became Ormeau Park). At that time, the Ormeau Demesne was on the south-eastern edge of Belfast, being in Ballynafeigh on the County Down side of the River Lagan. In the 1820s, Lord Donegall had Ormeau Cottage greatly extended in size, turning it into a mansion called Ormeau House.W.A. Maguire, ''Living like a Lord: The Second Marquis of Donegall, 1769-1844'', pp. 74-75. The Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast, 2002 (originally published by The Appletree Press and The Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies, Belfast, 1984). This country house was built in the Tudor Revival architecture, Tudor Revival architectural style and was designed by William Vitruvius Morrison.
Lord Donegall sold off Donegall House in the centre of Belfast in the early 1820s, establishing his main residence at Ormeau House thereafter. Donegall House was converted into being The Royal Hotel in 1824. Ormeau House, where The 2nd Marquess of Donegall died in October 1844, was eventually demolished in the late 1860s.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 38. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).
Victorian Castle
George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, The 3rd Marquess of Donegall (1797-1883), in stark contrast to George Chichester, 2nd Marquess of Donegall, his father, did not spend much of his adult life living in Belfast or anywhere else in Ireland. The 3rd Marquess joined the British Army as an officer when he was a young man. After his military service was over, he mainly lived in Great Britain, where he was very involved in politics at Westminster. He was known as the Earl of Belfast, a Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom, courtesy title, between January 1799 and October 1844, when he succeeded his father in the Marquess of Donegall, marquessate. The 3rd Marquess would serve at Westminster as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard from February 1848 until February 1852 in the First Russell Ministry, first government of John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Lord John Russell, while the Great Famine (Ireland), Great Famine was still ravaging Ireland.
It was The 3rd Marquess of Donegall who finally sold off almost all of his family's Belfast estate in the 1850s.Stephen A. Royle, ''Irish Historic Towns Atlas Number 17: Belfast - Part II, 1840 to 1900'', p. 2. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2007. This left, of the 'Belfast estate', only the Ormeau Demesne and most of Cavehill, Cave Hill in the ownership of Lord Donegall. Curiously, it was only when he no longer owned Belfast that Lord Donegall became interested in actually living there.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 37. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983). He decided to build what has been described as a new 'princely mansion' for himself in the 1860s on what was then the northern edge of Belfast, just over a decade after the Great Famine (Ireland), Great Famine had ended. This new residence was called Belfast Castle, in a nod to family history, even though it was built on a completely different site from the original castle site, which had been located right in the centre of Belfast. By the 1860s, nothing remained above ground of the earlier 'Belfast Castles'.
The new, Victorian architecture, Victorian castle was built in the Scottish Baronial architecture, Scots Baronial architectural style and was designed by the Belfast firm of Lanyon, Lynn and Lanyon. However, there is some debate over who in the firm actually designed the new Belfast Castle. Although popularly attributed to Sir Charles Lanyon, some architectural historians believe that the castle was actually designed by either his business partner, and former apprentice, William Henry Lynn, W.H. Lynn, or by Sir Charles's other business partner, his son John Lanyon.Natural Stone Database: Buildings - Belfast Castle, Antrim Road, Belfast. http://www.stonedatabase.com/buildings.cfm?bk=2616 ''Grace's Guide To British Industrial History'': John Lanyon (1900 obituary). https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/John_Lanyon
The new Belfast Castle was built on what had been the Donegall family's Deer park (England), deerpark on the slopes of Cavehill, Cave Hill, a location which was, at that time, on the northern outskirts of Belfast, just off the Antrim Road. The 'castle' (in reality a Victorian country house) was mainly constructed between 1867 and 1870, and was built using pink Scrabo sandstone from the north of County Down, along with Giffnock sandstone dressings imported from Renfrewshire (historic), Renfrewshire, all on a rock-faced basalt plinth. This Victorian castle, which has been described by Sir Charles Brett as 'a rugged and determined exercise in the fullness of the Scottish Baronial style, perched on a highly romantic site with a superb view', remains standing and in use to the present day.
Construction cost well over the Pound sterling, £11,000 set aside to pay for the project, forcing Lord Donegall to seek financial assistance from Baron Ashley (1831-1886), his son-in-law, in order to complete the new castle. Lord Ashley (who later became Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 8th Earl of Shaftesbury) had married Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom, Lady Harriet Chichester (1836-1898), the only surviving child of Lord Donegall, in August 1857. Of Lord Donegall's three children, all by his first wife - two sons and one daughter - Lady Harriet was the only one to have had children of her own and to have outlived her father. Thus, she and her husband eventually inherited the castle and the rest of the Donegall family's vast estates in October 1883, upon the death of her father, the 3rd Marquess, while the Marquess of Donegall, marquessate was inherited by her elderly uncle, the former Church of Ireland Dean of Raphoe, who became Edward Chichester, 4th Marquess of Donegall, The 4th Marquess of Donegall. Lord Shaftesbury, his wife Harriet, Countess of Shaftesbury, and her Chichester ancestors are commemorated in the form of Belfast street names, much like how the original castles are remembered.
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 8th Earl of Shaftesbury died in April 1886, only two and a half years after he and his wife had inherited Belfast Castle. He had only succeeded Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, his famous father in the Earl of Shaftesbury, earldom in October 1885. Upon his death, the 8th Earl was succeeded by his then sixteen-year-old son, who now became Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury (1869-1961). Of all the private owners of the new Belfast Castle, the 9th Earl was to own it the longest, presiding over the castle until January 1934. A prominent Irish Unionism, Unionist, the 9th Earl was to involve himself very much in local affairs, going on to become Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1907.W.A. Maguire, 'Lords and landlords - the Donegall Family' in J. C. Beckett, J.C. Beckett ''et al.'', ''Belfast: The Making of the City'', p. 39. Lagan Books, Belfast, 2003 (originally published by The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1983).David Cannadine, ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy'', p. 563. Penguin Books, London, 2005 (originally published by Yale University Press, London, 1990). He also served as: Lord Lieutenant of Belfast from 1904 to 1911; Lord Lieutenant of Antrim from 1911 to 1916; and Chancellor (education), Chancellor of The Queen's University of Belfast from 1909 to 1923.
As a young man, Lord Shaftesbury spent much of his time at Belfast Castle, often living there when he was not in London. He and his wife, Constance Ashley-Cooper, Countess of Shaftesbury, Constance, Countess of Shaftesbury (1875-1957), were also very involved with charitable causes in Belfast, often holding events in the grounds of Belfast Castle in order to raise money for local charities. It was Lord Shaftesbury who had the Baroque stone staircase added to the garden façade of the castle in 1894.Charles Brett, C.E.B. Brett, ''Buildings of Belfast, 1700-1914'', pp. 46-47. Friar's Bush Press, Belfast, 1985 (paperback, revised edition; originally published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1967). The architect of this elaborate, serpentine outdoor staircase is unknown.
The vast country estates of the Donegall family, which had been inherited by the Shaftesbury family in October 1883, were largely broken up and sold off under The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury during the 1890s and during the first decade of the twentieth century. While the town of Belfast had been sold off by George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, The 3rd Marquess of Donegall back in the 1850s, the Donegall family continued to own a large estate in County Antrim and large parts of Inishowen until these passed to the Shaftesburys in October 1883. Under the various Land Acts (Ireland), Land Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, British Parliament during the 1880s, 1890s and early twentieth century (especially under the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903, Wyndham Land Act of 1903), the huge country estates in Ireland, including those of the Shaftesbury family in Ulster, were broken up and sold off, mainly being sold to the tenant farmers who actually lived on and farmed the land.
In his later years, Lord Shaftesbury spent less and less time at Belfast Castle, particularly after the outbreak of the First World War.''A Pictorial and Descriptive Guide to Belfast and Northern Ireland'' (Seventh Edition - Revised), p. 90. Ward, Lock and Company, London, 1938. Running the castle became ever more of a financial burden to the Shaftesbury family, especially after what remained of their County Antrim estate was sold off, under the terms of the Land Acts, in the 1890s and the years immediately before 1914. The castle and its surrounding demesne was eventually gifted to the City status in Ireland, City of Belfast by Lord Shaftesbury in January 1934.
Belfast Castle and Demesne since 1934
In the years after it was given to the city, there was some debate about what Belfast Castle should be used for. The publicity manager at the time felt that the castle should either be re-purposed into a tea and dance room, or perhaps a museum and art gallery with refreshment rooms. The castle was just the beginning. The publicity manager also made plans for the grounds and demesne to include an open-air theatre, clay pigeon shooting, archery, tennis courts, bowling greens, squash courts, and mini golf. With such an ambitious project, a sub-committee estimated that the minimum possible cost would be £160,000 before considering the cost of employing grounds keepers and the cost of restoring the building. After the Second World War, a large amount of housing was built on the lands of the Belfast Castle Demesne that bordered the Antrim Road. These housing estates, all built in the 1950s and 1960s, included Innisfayle Park, Downview Park West and Strathmore Park. The building of these housing estates greatly reduced the castle's demesne in size. To facilitate the building of this housing, almost all of the castle's demesne wall along the Antrim Road was demolished. This construction in the mid-twentieth-century left both the Chapel of the Resurrection and the former Main Gate Lodge marooned in the middle of housing estates, no longer being part of the castle's demesne. Since 1945, the castle has been a popular venue for weddings, afternoon teas, and other such events.Chapel of the Resurrection
The Chapel of the Resurrection was also built for George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, The 3rd Marquess of Donegall in the late 1860s, at the same time as the new Belfast Castle.The Mausolea and Monuments Trust: Belfast Castle Mortuary Chapel. http://www.mmtrust.org.uk/mausolea/view/486/Belfast_Castle_Mortuary_Chapel The chapel was built in the Decorated GothicNatural Stone Database: Buildings - Chapel of the Resurrection, Innisfayle Park, Antrim Road, Belfast. http://www.stonedatabase.com/buildings.cfm?bk=2617 version of the Gothic Revival style and was constructed in the demesne of the new castle, just off the Antrim Road. This Church of Ireland chapel was originally designed and built as a mortuary chapel and new mausoleum for the Donegall family, specifically being built as a memorial to Frederick Richard, Earl of Belfast (1827-1853), the son and heir apparent of The 3rd Marquess of Donegall. Lord Belfast had died in Naples, aged 25, from scarlatina in February 1853. It seems that this small chapel was converted in 1891 into being a family chapel for regular worship, while also remaining as a family mausoleum.
As with Belfast Castle itself, there is some debate over who actually designed the Chapel of the Resurrection. The designs for the chapel came out of the office of Lanyon, Lynn and Lanyon. Some architectural historians believe that the chapel, like the castle, was designed by either William Henry Lynn, W.H. Lynn or John Lanyon.Charles Brett, C.E.B. Brett, ''Buildings of Belfast, 1700-1914'', p. 47 and p. 47n. Friar's Bush Press, Belfast, 1985 (paperback, revised edition; originally published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1967).
Harriet, Countess of Shaftesbury (1836-1898), the wife of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 8th Earl of Shaftesbury, later commissioned a sculpture to commemorate her brother, Lord Belfast, and her mother, Harriet, Marchioness of Donegall (1822-1860), the daughter of Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Glengall, The 1st Earl of Glengall and the first wife of The 3rd Marquess of Donegall. The sculpture, which was originally located in the Chapel of the Resurrection, was carved in white marble, and it depicts the young Lord Belfast lying on a sofa, dying from scarlatina, being mourned by his lace-capped mother, Lady Donegall. The sculpture was carved by Patrick McDowell, Royal Academy of Arts, R.A., the well-known Belfast artist. Following the closure of the chapel in 1972, the sculpture was moved to the foyer of Belfast City Hall, where it remains ''in situ''.
The Chapel of the Resurrection, like Belfast Castle and the rest of its surrounding demesne, was inherited by the Shaftesbury family in October 1883. The chapel ceased to be privately owned in 1938, when Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury handed the chapel over to the Church of Ireland Diocese of Down, Connor and Dromore, after which the building was used for public worship. In January 1945, the Church of Ireland Diocese of Connor (Church of Ireland), Diocese of Connor replaced the Diocese of Down, Connor and Dromore in this part of Belfast.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the chapel and the lands surrounding it were detached from the Belfast Castle Demesne. These lands were redeveloped as housing estates, mainly in the 1950s and 1960s, leaving the chapel marooned in the middle of these new estates. The last service in the chapel was held in 1972, after which the building was closed. Following its closure, the chapel suffered extensive vandalism throughout the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and first two decades of the twenty-first-century, with all of the glass in the building's windows either being removed or destroyed. The graves of the deceased in the chapel were also desecrated by vandals during these years.
Having been derelict for almost fifty years, the chapel was eventually converted into luxury flats, with work being completed in 2020. Now called The Chapel, the building is part of a new housing development called Donegall Park Gardens, just off Innisfayle Park.
Main Gate Lodge
The Gate Lodge at what was formerly the main entrance into the Belfast Castle Demesne still stands. Designed by John Lanyon, the son and business partner of Sir Charles Lanyon, the Gate Lodge is located on the Antrim Road.J.A.K. Dean, ''The Gate Lodges of Ulster: A Gazetteer'', Book frontispiece, frontispiece and title page and p. 4. Ulster Architectural Heritage Society (U.A.H.S.), Belfast, 1994. It has been described by the architectural historian Dixie Dean as a 'High Victorian Picturesque essay'. The lodge was principally designed and built in the Scottish Baronial architecture, Scots Baronial style, just like Belfast Castle itself, and was constructed for George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, The 3rd Marquess of Donegall in the late 1860s, at the same time as both the castle and the Chapel of the Resurrection. The lodge was built in uncoursed squared quarry-faced sandstone, honey coloured with pink ashlar dressings.J.A.K. Dean, ''The Gate Lodges of Ulster: A Gazetteer'', p. 5. Ulster Architectural Heritage Society (U.A.H.S.), Belfast, 1994. The grand, octagonal stone carriageway piers that once stood to one side of the Gate Lodge were demolished in the mid-twentieth century, as was the attached wall surrounding the demesne. The Gate Lodge is now occupied by a dental practice, and is located where Strathmore Park meets the Antrim Road. Like the former Chapel of the Resurrection, the Gate Lodge is now surrounded by modern housing and is no longer part of the present-day Belfast Castle Demesne.Location
Belfast Castle is located 400 feet (121.92 metres) above sea level on Cavehill, Cave Hill, overlooking Belfast in County Antrim in the east of Ulster.Facilities
Belfast Castle is open to the public daily with a visitor centre, antique shop, Millennium Herb Garden, restaurant, and a playground. Visitors can see a bedroom, set up in the style of the 1920s, so visitors can see a 'snapshot in time' of what the castle looked like at the end of its life as a private residence. The Cavehill Visitor Centre is located inside the castle. While it is open to the public daily, reservations can be made for a private room to host weddings, business meetings, and parties.Structure
Since the construction of the current Belfast Castle in the late 1860s, its sandstone walls and towers have been restored. The castle was designed and built in the Victorian architecture, Victorian version of the Scottish baronial architecture, Scots Baronial style, which was an architectural style that originally developed out of French-inspired Gothic architecture, Gothic styles during the Renaissance in Scotland in the sixteenth century. Scots Baronial style castles were typically built on asymmetrical plans and included high roofs, towers, and turrets to display the owner's status. The new Belfast Castle was constructed in the late 1860s using pink Scrabo sandstone from near Newtownards in the north of County Down, along with Giffnock sandstone dressings from Renfrewshire (historic), Renfrewshire and a rock-faced basalt plinth. One of the castle's most iconic features is the winding stone staircase on the garden façade, whose greyish-brown colour stands out against the burnt sienna sandstone and brick red detail. This serpentine outdoor staircase was installed for Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury in 1894. As in the twentieth-century, many of the rooms have been turned into public tea rooms or are available to be reserved for private functions.Restoration
Belfast Castle was closed in 1978 for a restoration and refurbishing effort. The architecture partnership of Hewitt and Haslam oversaw and carried out the over £2 million project, with the castle and demesne reopening on Armistice Day, 11 November 1988. Since then, it has once again become a popular spot for weddings and other celebrations as well as for business meetings. Another example of events held at the castle was the 2015 Belfast Castle Hospice Walk, held by the Northern Ireland Hospice to benefit local charities and those living with terminal illnesses. The castle underwent another round of refurbishment in May 2003.References
{{Authority control Buildings and structures in Belfast Parks in Belfast Gardens in Belfast Castles in County Antrim Scottish baronial architecture Gothic Revival architecture in Northern Ireland Tourist attractions in Belfast Grade B+ listed buildings Register of Parks, Gardens and Demesnes of Special Historic Interest