Beaux-Arts architecture ( , ) was the academic

architectural style An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. It is a sub-class of style in the visual arts generally, and most styles in architecture relate closely ...

taught at the

École des Beaux-Arts École des Beaux-Arts (; ) refers to a number of influential art schools in France. The term is associated with the Beaux-Arts style in architecture and city planning that thrived in France and other countries during the late nineteenth centur ...

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the

19th century The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 ( MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 ( MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolish ...

. It drew upon the principles of

French neoclassicism Neoclassicism is a movement in architecture, design and the arts which was dominant in France between about 1760 to 1830. It emerged as a reaction to the frivolity and excessive ornament of the baroque and rococo styles. In architecture it featur ...

, but also incorporated

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ide ...

and

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including ...

elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass. It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century.

History

The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of the Style Louis XIV, and then

beginning with Style Louis XV and

Style Louis XVI Louis XVI style, also called ''Louis Seize'', is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1793), just before the French Revolution. It saw the final phase of t ...

. French architectural styles before the

French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...

were governed by Académie royale d'architecture (1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. The Academy held the competition for the

Grand Prix de Rome The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them t ...

in architecture, which offered prize winners a chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome. The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the Academy, Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban,

Henri Labrouste Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste () (11 May 1801 – 24 June 1875) was a French architect from the famous École des Beaux-Arts school of architecture. After a six-year stay in Rome, Labrouste established an architectural training worksh ...

and Léon Vaudoyer, who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...

and the

. Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian

Prosper Mérimée Prosper Mérimée (; 28 September 1803 – 23 September 1870) was a French writer in the movement of Romanticism, and one of the pioneers of the novella, a short novel or long short story. He was also a noted archaeologist and historian, and a ...

, and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of '' The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'' by Victor Hugo. Their declared intention was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character." The style referred to as ''Beaux-Arts'' in English reached the apex of its development during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the

architecture of the United States The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the country's history of over two centuries of independence and former Spanish and British rule. Architecture in the United States h ...

in the period from 1880 to 1920. In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir

Edwin Lutyens Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens ( ; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses, war memor ...

's New Delhi government buildings.

Training

The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of

Imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texas ...

Roman architecture Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered on ...

between

Augustus Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...

and the Severan emperors,

Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance ( it, Rinascimento ) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the trans ...

, and French and Italian

models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models:

Quattrocento The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1400 to 1499 are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (, , ) from the Italian word for the number 400, in turn from , which is Italian for the year 1400. The Quattrocento encom ...

Florentine

palace A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome which ...

fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

models, which had a strong local history in the American

Greek Revival The Greek Revival was an architectural movement which began in the middle of the 18th century but which particularly flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in northern Europe and the United States and Canada, but a ...

of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training made great use of ''agrafes'', clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" (''

architecture parlante ''Architecture parlante'' (French: ) is architecture that explains its own function or identity. The phrase was originally associated with Claude Nicolas Ledoux, and was extended to other Paris-trained architects of the Revolutionary period, � ...

'') in which the appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the

program Program, programme, programmer, or programming may refer to: Business and management * Program management, the process of managing several related projects * Time management * Program, a part of planning Arts and entertainment Audio * Programm ...

, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context. All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing , analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in the long competition for the few desirable places at the

Académie de France à Rome The French Academy in Rome (french: Académie de France à Rome) is an Academy located in the Villa Medici, within the Villa Borghese, on the Pincio (Pincian Hill) in Rome, Italy. History The Academy was founded at the Palazzo Capranica in ...

(housed in the

Villa Medici The Villa Medici () is a Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with a garden contiguous with the larger Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in Rome, Italy. The Villa Medici, founded by Ferdinando I de' Medici, ...

) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called ''envois de Rome''.

Characteristics

File:DianaAndPomona.jpg, Beaux-Arts building decoration presenting images of the Roman

goddess A goddess is a female deity. In many known cultures, goddesses are often linked with literal or metaphorical pregnancy or imagined feminine roles associated with how women and girls are perceived or expected to behave. This includes themes ...

es Pomona and Diana. Note the naturalism of the postures and the channeled rustication of the stonework. File:SFCityHallExteriorKeystone.jpg, Alternating male and female mascarons decorate keystones on the San Francisco City Hall Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and

Rococo Rococo (, also ), less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, ...

formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep

cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a ...

s, swags and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included: * Flat roof * Rusticated and raised first story * Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones * Arched windows * Arched and

pediment Pediments are gables, usually of a triangular shape. Pediments are placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. Pediments can contain an overdoor and are usually topped by hood moulds. A pedim ...

ed doors * Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to

eclecticism Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories i ...

; fluently in a number of "manners" * Symmetry * Statuary, sculpture (

bas-relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material. The term '' relief'' is from the Latin verb ''relevo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that th ...

panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building * Classical architectural details: balustrades,

pilasters In classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wal ...

, festoons,

cartouches In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oval with a line at one end tangent to it, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name. The first examples of the cartouche are associated with pharaohs at the end of the Third Dynasty, but the fea ...

acroteria An acroterion, acroterium, or akroteria is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the ''acroter'' or plinth, and mounted at the apex or corner of the pediment of a building in the classical style. An acroterion placed at ...

, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (''agrafes''), brackets and supporting consoles * Subtle

polychromy Polychrome is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors." The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery or sculpture in multiple colors. Ancient Egypt Colossal statu ...

Beaux-Arts architecture by country

Lego (disambiguation)

Belgium

File:Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale 20.JPG, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren File:Parc du Cinquantenaire 30-05-06.JPG, Main triumphal arch with one of the two side buildings of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels File:Royal Palace Laeken from the Air.jpg, Overview from the

Royal Palace of Laeken The Palace of Laeken or Castle of Laeken (french: Château de Laeken, nl, Kasteel van Laken, german: Schloss zu Laeken) is the official residence of the King of the Belgians and the Belgian Royal Family. It lies in the Brussels-Capital Regi ...

, Brussels File:Thermen.pano.jpg, Panoramic view of the

Royal Galleries of Ostend The Royal Galleries of Ostend ( nl, Koninklijke Gaanderijen) are a seaside neoclassical arcade on a dike on the beach of Ostend, Belgium. They extend from the royal villa in the east to the Hippodrome Wellington horse racing track in the west. ...

File:Ensemble de trois immeubles Art nouveau Avenue Brugmann 176 178 Avenue Molière Bruxelles Avenue Molière 177 179.jpg, Herenhuis Vandenbroeck on the Avenue Molière and Avenue Brugmann, Brussels Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, but the complexes and triumphal arch of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in

Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...

and expansions of the

Palace of Laeken The Palace of Laeken or Castle of Laeken (french: Château de Laeken, nl, Kasteel van Laken, german: Schloss zu Laeken) is the official residence of the King of the Belgians and the Belgian Royal Family. It lies in the Brussels-Capital Regi ...

in Brussels and

also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect

Charles Girault Charles-Louis Girault (27 December 1851 – 26 December 1932) was a French architect. Biography Born in Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire, he studied with Honoré Daumet at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He received the first Pr ...

. Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the École des Beaux-Arts and as a designer of the

Petit Palais The Petit Palais (; en, Small Palace) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Built for the 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (''Musée des beaux-arts ...

, Girault was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of

Alphonse Balat Alphonse Hubert François Balat (15 May 1818 – 16 September 1895) was a Belgian architect. Life Balat was born in Gochenée. He studied at the Academie of Namur and obtained his degree in architecture from the Academy of Antwerp in 1838 ...

, he became the new and favourite architect of

Leopold II of Belgium * german: link=no, Leopold Ludwig Philipp Maria Viktor , house = Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , father = Leopold I of Belgium , mother = Louise of Orléans , birth_date = , birth_place = Brussels, Belgium , death_date = ...

. Since Leopold was the grandson of

Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France. As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary Wa ...

of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown.

Beaux-Arts buildings in Belgium

* 1782:

(extensions) * 1880: Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels (complexes and triumphal arch) * 1898: Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren * 1902–1906:

Ostend Ostend ( nl, Oostende, ; french: link=no, Ostende ; german: link=no, Ostende ; vls, Ostende) is a coastal city and municipality, located in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerk ...

(extensions) * 1908: Avenue Molière 177–179 / Avenue Brugmann 176–178, Brussels (a combination of

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...

, Beaux-Arts and

) * 1909: Avenue Molière 193, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 128, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 130, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 132, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 207, Brussels * 1912: Avenue Molière 519, Brussels * 1912: Avenue Molière 305, Brussels

France

File:P1020033 Paris III CNAM Galeries exposition reductwk.JPG, The

Conservatoire national des arts et métiers A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger ins ...

by Léon Vaudoyer (1838–1867) File:Bibliothèque St Geneviève Paris.jpg, The Sainte-Geneviève Library by

(1844–1850) File:Salle de lecture Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve n01.jpg, Interior of the Sainte-Geneviève Library by

(1844–1850) File:Paris 75005 Grande Galerie de l'Evolution 20070804.jpg, Museum of Natural History, Paris by

Louis-Jules André Louis-Jules André (24 June 1819 – 30 January 1890) was a French academic architect and the head of an important ''atelier'' at the École des Beaux-Arts. Biography Born in Paris, André attended the École des Beaux-Arts and took the Prix ...

(1877–1889) File:Main entrance of Grand Palais, Paris July 2014.jpg, The

Grand Palais The Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées ( en, Great Palace of the Elysian Fields), commonly known as the Grand Palais (English: Great Palace), is a historic site, exhibition hall and museum complex located at the Champs-Élysées in the 8th ...

. Paris (1897–1900) The Beaux-Arts style in France in the 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the

, architects; Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban,

and Léon Vaudoyer, who had first studied

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: * Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lett ...

and

Greek architecture Ancient Greek architecture came from the Greek-speaking people (''Hellenic'' people) whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC u ...

at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic

s, including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts, and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the Sainte-Geneviève Library (1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and

Court of Cassation A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems. Courts of cassation do not re-examine the facts of a case, they only interpret the relevant law. In this they are appellate courts of the highest instance. In th ...

on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the

(1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts. Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris.

Germany

File:Berlin Museumsinsel Fernsehturm.jpg, Bode Museum, Berlin File:Hamburg Musikhalle 01 KMJ.jpg, Laeiszhalle, Hamburg File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg, Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style was well received, along with

Baroque Revival architecture The Baroque Revival, also known as Neo-Baroque (or Second Empire architecture in France and Wilhelminism in Germany), was an architectural style of the late 19th century. The term is used to describe architecture and architectural sculptur ...

. The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an e ...

during the

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

. The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the

Bode Museum The Bode-Museum (English: ''Bode Museum''), formerly called the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (''Emperor Frederick Museum''), is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin. It was built from 1898 to 1904 by order of Germ ...

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...

, and the Laeiszhalle and Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in

Hamburg Hamburg (, ; nds, label=Hamburg German, Low Saxon, Hamborg ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (german: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; nds, label=Low Saxon, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),. is the List of cities in Germany by popul ...

Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany

*1898–1904:

*1904–1908: Laeiszhalle,

*1888–1913: Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg

Hungary

File:Nyugati pályaudvar, Budapest.jpg, Budapest-Nyugati Pályaudvar, Budapest

Beaux-Arts buildings in Hungary

* 1875–1877: Budapest Nyugati railway station,

Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population o ...

Italy

File:MergellinaHotelExcelsiorNaples3.jpg, Hotel Excelsior, Naples

Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy

*1908: Hotel Excelsior,

Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adm ...

Netherlands

File:Prentbriefkaart Plan C met de Oudehavenkade, de Oude Haven en een boot 1900.jpg, Plan C, Rotterdam File:Amsterdam, Blauwbrug in 2007.jpg, Blauwbrug, Amsterdam File:Brug246.jpg, Hogesluis, Amsterdam File:Rotterdam regentessebrug.jpg, Regentessebrug, Rotterdam File:513763 Stadhuis.jpg, City hall, Rotterdam File:Rotterdam coolsingel42.jpg, Former General Post Office, Rotterdam File:Vredespaleis foto 1.JPG, Peace Palace, The Hague Compared to other countries like France and Germany, the Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of

Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Rotte (river), Rotte'') is the second largest List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Netherlands. It is in the Prov ...

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban ar ...

and

The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...

Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands

*1880–1889: (destroyed during the

German bombing of Rotterdam Rotterdam was subjected to heavy aerial bombardment by the ''Luftwaffe'' during the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II. The objective was to support the German troops fighting in the city, break Dutch resistance and force the ...

in 1940) *1883:

Blauwbrug The Blauwbrug (English: Blue bridge) is a historic bridge in Amsterdam, Netherlands over the river Amstel. It connects the Rembrandtplein area with the Waterlooplein area, and lies south to the Stopera. The bridge owes its name to a wooden "b ...

*1883: , Amsterdam *1898: , Rotterdam *1914–1920: Rotterdam City Hall (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored) *1915–1923: Former (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored) *1907–1913:

Peace Palace , native_name_lang = , logo = , logo_size = , logo_alt = , logo_caption = , image = La haye palais paix jardin face.JPG , image_size = , image_alt = , image_caption = The Peace Palace, The Hague , map_type = , map_alt = , m ...

, The Hague

Portugal

File:01 Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, n.º 25, Lisboa.jpg, Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon File:Av de República n 23 -Lisboa1923.jpg, Edifício de Gaveto, Lisbon File:Office de l’assistance contre le tuberculose (Lisbonne).jpg, Instituto Central da Assistência Nacional aos Tuberculosos, Lisbon File:OrdemEngenheirosSede.JPG, Sede da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisbon

Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal

* 1909–1911: Building on Rua ,

Lisbon Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits w ...

* 1912: Headquarters of the Orders of Engineers, Lisbon * 1913: , Lisbon * Central Institute of National Assistance to Tuberculosis Portugal, Lisbon

Romania

Banca Națională a României, corp vechi 20180911 163450 HDR.jpg, Exterior of the Old National Bank of Romania Palace,

Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north o ...

, 1883-1900, by Joseph-Marie Cassien Barnard and Albert Galleron, assisted by Grigore Cerkez and Constantin Băicoianu 25 Strada Lipscani, Bucharest (13).jpg, Interior of the Old National Bank of Romania Palace, Bucharest, 1883-1900, by Joseph-Marie Cassien Barnard and Albert Galleron, assisted by Grigore Cerkez and Constantin Băicoianu Biblioteca Central de la Universidad de Bucarest, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 71.jpg,

Central University Library Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...

Calea Victoriei CALEA may refer to: *Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, an act by the US Congress to facilitate wiretapping of U.S. domestic telephone and Internet traffic *Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, a private accredit ...

(Bucharest), 1891-1895, by

Paul Gottereau Paul may refer to: * Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name) * Paul (surname), a list of people People Christianity *Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chr ...

Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 91-93 HDR.jpg,

CEC Palace The CEC Palace ( ro, Palatul CEC) in Bucharest, Romania, built between 8 June 1897 and 1900, and situated on Calea Victoriei opposite the National Museum of Romanian History, is the headquarters of CEC Bank. History Before the construction of ...

on Calea Victoriei, 1897-1900, by Paul Gottereau (project) and

Ion Socolescu An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by conven ...

(construction) 2 Strada Arthur Verona, Bucharest (01).jpg, Mitilineu House Bucharest, 1898, unknown architect The Cantacuzino Palace from Bucharest (Romania).jpg, Cantacuzino Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1898-1906, by Ion D. Berindey Palatul Constantin Mihail, (azi Muzeul de Artă) vedere centrală.JPG, Constantin Mihail Palace (currently the Craiova Art Museum),

Craiova Craiova (, also , ), is Romania's 6th Cities in Romania, largest city and capital of Dolj County, and situated near the east bank of the river Jiu River, Jiu in central Oltenia. It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximatel ...

, 1898-1907, by Paul Gottereau 13 Strada Silvestru, Bucharest (01).jpg, Strada Silvestru no. 13, Bucharest, 1900, unknown architect Casa Assan 1.jpg, Assan House, Bucharest, 1914, by Ion D. Berindey In the Romanian Old Kingdom, towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani, built between 1883 and 1885 is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches, that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and

Iași Iași ( , , ; also known by other alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy ( , ), is the second largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, it has traditionally ...

, the two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like

Caracal The caracal (''Caracal caracal'') () is a medium-sized wild cat native to Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and arid areas of Pakistan and northwestern India. It is characterised by a robust build, long legs, a short face, long tufted ...

, Râmnicu Vâlcea,

Pitești Pitești () is a city in Romania, located on the river Argeș. The capital and largest city of Argeș County, it is an important commercial and industrial center, as well as the home of two universities. Pitești is situated in the historical re ...

Ploiești Ploiești ( , , ), formerly spelled Ploești, is a city and county seat in Prahova County, Romania. Part of the historical region of Muntenia, it is located north of Bucharest. The area of Ploiești is around , and it borders the Blejoi commun ...

, Buzău,

Botoșani Botoșani () is the capital city of Botoșani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania. Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu, Nicolae Iorga and Grigore Antipa. Origin of the na ...

Piatra Neamț Piatra Neamț (; german: Kreuzburg an der Bistrița (Siret), Bistritz; hu, Karácsonkő) is the capital city of Neamț County, in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in northeastern Romania. Because of its privileged location in the Easter ...

etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle class homes.

Spain

File:Estación del Norte.jpg, Estación del Norte, Madrid (renamed the Estación de Príncipe Pío after renovation in 1995) File:Hotel Santo Mauro (Madrid) 01.jpg, Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid File:Casino de Madrid (España) 05.jpg, Casino de Madrid File:Edificio Metrópolis (Madrid) 25.jpg, Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid File:Casa Reynot (Madrid) 02.jpg, Casa Reynot, Madrid File:Círculo de la Unión Mercantil e Industrial (Madrid) 01.jpg, Gran Vía 24, Madrid File:Viviendas para el Marqués de Encinares (Madrid, 1923) 02.jpg, Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid File:Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete (Madrid) 01.jpg, Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete, Madrid File:Centro de Humanidades del CSIC (Madrid) 01.jpg, Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid File:Calle Mayor nº 6 (Madrid) 01.jpg, Calle Mayor 6, Madrid File:Cuartel General de la Armada.jpg, Spanish Navy Headquarters, Madrid File:Edificiocoruña.png, Casa Cortés, Corunna

Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain

*1876: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Cartagena building, Cartagena *1876–1882: North Station,

Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...

*1981: Casa Resines,

Valladolid Valladolid () is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. It has a population around 300,000 peop ...

*1886: Gutierrez Passage, Valladolid *1902: Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid *1905–1910:

Casino de Madrid The Casino de Madrid (Spanish: ''Casino de Madrid'') is currently located in Madrid, Spain on number 15 Calle de Alcalá. It was born as a social club in 1836, outside of politics and with the intention of being a place where its members could c ...

*1907–1911: Metropolis Building, Madrid *1908–1911: Calle de Montalbán 5, Madrid *1913–1916: Reynot House, Madrid *1919–1924: Gran Vía 24, Madrid *1920–1923: Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid *1921–1923: Mansion of Tomás de Beruete, Madrid *1922: Former Humanities Center of the

Spanish National Research Council The Spanish National Research Council ( es, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) is the largest public institution dedicated to research in Spain and the third largest in Europe. Its main objective is to develop and promote res ...

, Madrid *1924: Calle Mayor 6, Madrid *1915–1928:

North America

Canada

File:Government Conference Centre.jpg,

Senate of Canada Building The Senate of Canada Building (french: édifice du Sénat du Canada) is located at 2 Rideau Street in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and serves as the temporary seat of the Senate of Canada. The building served as Ottawa's central railway stati ...

Ottawa Ottawa (, ; Canadian French: ) is the capital city of Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River in the southern portion of the province of Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the c ...

File:2011 Alberta Legislature Building 03.jpg,

Alberta Legislature Building The Alberta Legislature Building is located in Edmonton and is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and the Executive Council of Alberta. It is often shortened to "the Ledge". The Alberta Legislature Building is located at 10 ...

Edmonton Edmonton ( ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city an ...

File:Parliamentwinnipeg manitoba.jpg,

Manitoba Legislative Building The Manitoba Legislative Building (french: Palais législatif du Manitoba), originally named the Manitoba Parliament Building, is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, located in central Winnipeg, as well as being the twelfth pr ...

Winnipeg Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. , Winnipeg had a city population of 749 ...

File:Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto.jpg,

Hockey Hall of Fame The Hockey Hall of Fame (french: Temple de la renommée du hockey) is a museum and hall of fame located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dedicated to the history of ice hockey, it holds exhibits about players, teams, National Hockey League (NHL) rec ...

Toronto Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anch ...

Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces' legislative buildings are in this style.

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada

= *1898: London and Lancashire Life Building, Montreal *1903: Old Montreal Stock Exchange Building *1905: Alden Hall, Meadville *1906:

Toronto Power Generating Station, Niagara Falls Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor ...

*1907: Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto *1909: Linton Apartments, Montreal *1912: Sun Tower,

Vancouver Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the city, up from 631,486 in 2016. ...

*1912: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal *1912:

(originally a railway station by Ross and Macdonald), Ottawa *1912: Saskatchewan Legislative Building, Regina *1913:

Alberta Legislative Building The Alberta Legislature Building is located in Edmonton and is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and the Executive Council of Alberta. It is often shortened to "the Ledge". The Alberta Legislature Building is located at ...

, Edmonton *1913–1920: Union Station, Toronto *1913–1931: Sun Life Building, Montreal *1920:

, Winnipeg *1920: Millennium Centre, Winnipeg *1923: Commemorative Arch,

Royal Military College of Canada '') , established = 1876 , type = Military academy , chancellor = Anita Anand ('' la, ex officio, label=none'' as Defence Minister) , principal = Harry Kowal , head_label ...

Kingston, Ontario Kingston is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the north-eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River (south end of the Rideau Canal). The city is midway between Tor ...

*1923–1924: Bank of Nova Scotia, Ottawa *1924–2017: Former

Superior Court of Justice Building, Thunder Bay Superior Court of Justice Building, Thunder Bay is a former courthouse built in 1924 by Chief Architect for Ontario Francis R. Heakes. The simple Beaux-Arts building served as a courthouse from 1924 to 2014. The Superior Court of Justice (277 C ...

*1927: Union Station, Toronto *1930: Dominion Square Building, Montreal *1931:

Canada Life Building The Canada Life Building is a historic office building in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The fifteen-floor Beaux Arts building was built by Sproatt & Rolph and stands at , including its weather beacon. It is located at University and Queen Street ...

, Toronto *1932: Mount Royal Chalet, Montreal *1932: Indigenous Peoples Space, Ottawa (formerly the United States Embassy) *1935: Dominion Public Building, Toronto *1938–1946:

Supreme Court of Canada Building The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC; french: Cour suprême du Canada, CSC) is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada. It comprises nine justices, whose decisions are the ultimate application of Canadian law, and grants permission to b ...

, Ottawa *1943:

(formerly a branch of the

Bank of Montreal The Bank of Montreal (BMO; french: Banque de Montréal, link=no) is a Canadian multinational investment bank and financial services company. The bank was founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1817 as Montreal Bank; while its head office remains in ...

=Beaux-Arts architects in Canada

= * William Sutherland Maxwell * John M. Lyle * Ross and Macdonald * Sproatt & Rolph *

Pearson and Darling Darling and Pearson was an architectural firm based in Toronto from 1895 through 1937. The firm was prolific and produced consistently fine work though the patronage of notable figures of the Canadian establishment, and is responsible for enhancing ...

* Ernest Cormier * E.J. Lennox * Jean-Omer Marchand :fr:Jean-Omer Marchand

United States

File:Flickr - USCapitol - Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building (1).jpg, The

Thomas Jefferson Building The Thomas Jefferson Building is the oldest of the four United States Library of Congress buildings. Built between 1890 and 1897, it was originally known as the Library of Congress Building. It is now named for the 3rd U.S. president Thomas Jef ...

of the

Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The libra ...

, Washington, D.C., by

John L. Smithmeyer John L. Smithmeyer (1832–1908) was an American architect. Biography He was born in Vienna, Austria in 1832 and came to the U.S. in 1848. He studied architecture in Chicago and began an architectural practice in Indianapolis. After serving in ...

Paul J. Pelz Paul Johannes Pelz (18 November 1841 – 30 March 1918) was a German-American architect, best known as the main architect of the Library of Congress in Washington DC. Life and career Paul J. Pelz was born November 18, 1841, in Seitendorf (now ...

, and

Edward Pearce Casey Edward Pearce Casey (1864–1940) was an American designer and architect, noted for his work in Washington, D.C. and New York City. Early life and education Edward Pearce Casey was born June 18, 1864, in Portland, Maine; where his father, Brigad ...

(1897) File:Willard Hotel from Pershing Park3.jpg, The Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh (1901) File:Metropolitan Museum of Art entrance NYC.JPG, Facade of the

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

, by

Richard Morris Hunt Richard Morris Hunt (October 31, 1827 – July 31, 1895) was an American architect of the nineteenth century and an eminent figure in the history of American architecture. He helped shape New York City with his designs for the 1902 entrance fa� ...

(1902) File:Image-Grand central Station Outside Night 2.jpg,

Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Grand Central is the southern terminus ...

(1913), New York City File:NewYorkPublicLibrary.jpg, The

New York Public Library Main Branch The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building, commonly known as the Main Branch, 42nd Street Library or the New York Public Library, is the flagship building in the New York Public Library system in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City ...

Bryant Park Bryant Park is a public park located in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Privately managed, it is located between Fifth Avenue and Avenue of the Americas ( Sixth Avenue) and between 40th and 42nd Streets in Midtown Manhattan. Th ...

, New York City, by architects

Carrère and Hastings Carrère and Hastings, the firm of John Merven Carrère ( ; November 9, 1858 – March 1, 1911) and Thomas Hastings (March 11, 1860 – October 22, 1929), was one of the outstanding American Beaux-Arts architecture firms. Located in New York City ...

(1911) File:SFOperaHouse.jpg, The

San Francisco War Memorial Opera House The War Memorial Opera House is an opera house in San Francisco, California, located on the western side of Van Ness Avenue across from the west side/rear facade of the San Francisco City Hall. It is part of the San Francisco War Memorial and ...

by Arthur Brown Jr. (1932) File:Palace horticulture 01.jpg, The Palace of Horticulture from the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in

San Francisco San Francisco (; Spanish for " Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17t ...

by Arthur Brown Jr. (1915 demolished in 1916) Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, including

Henry Hobson Richardson Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was an American architect, best known for his work in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one ...

, John Galen Howard,

Daniel Burnham Daniel Hudson Burnham (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. A proponent of the '' Beaux-Arts'' movement, he may have been, "the most successful power broker the American architectural profession has ...

, and

Louis Sullivan Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He was an influential architect of the Chicago School, a mentor to Frank Lloy ...

. The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts was

, between 1846 and 1855, followed by

in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style (

Richardsonian Romanesque Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886). The revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French, Spanish, and Italian Romanes ...

) freed of historicism that was influential in early

Modernism Modernism is both a philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, an ...

. The "White City" of the

World's Columbian Exposition The World's Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World's Fair) was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, hel ...

of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived

City Beautiful movement The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of the ...

in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of th ...

(MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at

Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...

, the

University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a Private university, private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest- ...

, and elsewhere. From 1916, the

Beaux-Arts Institute of Design The Beaux-Arts Institute of Design (BAID, later the National Institute for Architectural Education) was an art and architectural school at 304 East 44th Street in Turtle Bay, Manhattan, in New York City.Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...

, (commissioned in 1896), designed by

McKim, Mead & White McKim, Mead & White was an American architectural firm that came to define architectural practice, urbanism, and the ideals of the American Renaissance in fin de siècle New York. The firm's founding partners Charles Follen McKim (1847–1909), Wil ...

; the

University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant un ...

(commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard; the

United States Naval Academy The United States Naval Academy (US Naval Academy, USNA, or Navy) is a federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland. It was established on 10 October 1845 during the tenure of George Bancroft as Secretary of the Navy. The Naval Academy ...

(built 1901–1908), designed by

Ernest Flagg Ernest Flagg (February 6, 1857 – April 10, 1947) was an American architect in the Beaux-Arts style. He was also an advocate for urban reform and architecture's social responsibility. Early life and education Flagg was born in Brooklyn, N ...

; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth;

Emory University Emory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as "Emory College" by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory, Emory is the second-oldest private institution of ...

and

Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. One of its predecessors was established in 1900 by Andrew Carnegie as the Carnegie Technical Schools; it became the Carnegie Institute of Technology ...

(commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively), both designed by Henry Hornbostel; and the

University of Texas The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas. It was founded in 1883 and is the oldest institution in the University of Texas System. With 40,916 undergraduate students, 11,075 ...

(commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret. While the style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The

in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer

Rafael Guastavino Rafael Guastavino Moreno (; March 1, 1842 February 1, 1908) was a Spanish building engineer and builder who immigrated to the United States in 1881; his career for the next three decades was based in New York City. Based on the Catalan vault, ...

(1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to railroads.

Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...

's Union Station,

Detroit Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at t ...

's Michigan Central Station, Jacksonville's Union Terminal,

and the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style.

Cincinnati Cincinnati ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line w ...

has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the

Hamilton County Memorial Building The Hamilton County Memorial Building, more commonly called Memorial Hall, is located at Elm & Grant Streets, in Cincinnati, Ohio. The building is next to Cincinnati's Music Hall and across from Washington Park in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood ...

in the

Over-the-Rhine Over-the-Rhine (often abbreviated as OTR) is a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Historically, Over-the-Rhine has been a working-class neighborhood. It is among the largest, most intact urban historic districts in the United State ...

neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the

Columbia-Tusculum Columbia-Tusculum is the oldest neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio, and is located on the East Side of the city. The population was 1,523 at the 2020 census. Demographics Source - City of Cincinnati Statistical Database. Note - boundaries of nei ...

neighborhood. An ecclesiastical variant on the Beaux-Arts style is Minneapolis' Basilica of St. Mary, the first basilica in the United States, which was designed by Franco-American architect

Emmanuel Louis Masqueray Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) was a Franco-American preeminent figure in the history of American architecture, both as a gifted designer of landmark buildings and as an influential teacher of the profession of architecture dedicated t ...

(1861–1917) and opened in 1914, and a Freemason temple variant, the Plainfield Masonic Temple, in Plainfield, New Jersey, designed by John E. Minott in 1927. Other examples include the main branch of the New York Public Library; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world; and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion.

=Beaux-Arts architects in the United States

= In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America. The following individuals, students of the

, are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States: * Otto Eugene Adams *

William A. Boring William Alciphron Boring (September 9, 1859 – May 5, 1937) was an American architect noted for co-designing the Immigration Station at Ellis Island in New York harbor. Career Boring studied first at the University of Illinois, then spent ...

* William W. Bosworth *

Arthur Brown Jr. Arthur Brown Jr. (1874–1957) was an American architect, based in San Francisco and designer of many of its landmarks. He is known for his work with John Bakewell Jr. as Bakewell and Brown, along with later works after the partnership dissolved ...

* James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr. * Paul Philippe Cret * Edward Emmett Dougherty *

Robert W. Gibson Robert W. Gibson, AIA, (1854 in England – 1927 in New York City) was an English-born American ecclesiastical architect active in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century New York state. He designed several large Manhattan churches and a ...

C. P. H. Gilbert Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert (August 29, 1861 – October 25, 1952) was an American architect of the late-19th and early-20th centuries best known for designing townhouses and mansions. Background and early life Born in New York City, ...

* Cass Gilbert *

Thomas Hastings Thomas Hastings may refer to: *Thomas Hastings (colonist) (1605–1685), English immigrant to New England *Thomas Hastings (composer) (1784–1872), American composer, primarily of hymn tunes * Thomas Hastings (cricketer) (1865–1938), Australian c ...

Raymond Hood Raymond Mathewson Hood (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an American architect who worked in the Neo-Gothic and Art Deco styles. He is best known for his designs of the Tribune Tower, American Radiator Building, and Rockefeller Center. Th ...

* Henry Hornbostel * John Galen Howard *

* Albert Kahn *

Charles Klauder Charles Zeller Klauder (February 9, 1872 – October 30, 1938) was an American architect best known for his work on university buildings and campus designs, especially his Cathedral of Learning at the University of Pittsburgh, the first educa ...

* Ellamae Ellis League * Electus D. Litchfield * Austin W. Lord *

* William Rutherford Mead * John E. Minott * Julia Morgan * Charles Follen McKim * Harry B. Mulliken * Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison *

Henry Orth Harold (Henry) William Orth (April 14, 1866 - March 5, 1946) was an American architect. Background Harold William Orth was born on a ship en route to the United States from Christiana (Oslo), Norway, on April 14, 1866. His exact date of arrival t ...

Theodore Wells Pietsch I Theodore Wells Pietsch (October 2, 1868, Chicago, Illinois – January 1, 1930, Baltimore, Maryland) was a well-known American architect, best remembered for a large body of work in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Among his best-known buildings ...

Willis Polk Willis Jefferson Polk (October 3, 1867 – September 10, 1924) was an American architect, best known for his work in San Francisco, California. For ten years, he was the West Coast representative of D.H. Burnham & Company. In 1915, Polk oversaw t ...

* John Russell Pope * Reed and Stem * Arthur Wallace Rice *

Francis Palmer Smith Francis Palmer Smith (March 27, 1886, in Cincinnati, Ohio – March 5, 1971, in Atlanta, Georgia) was an architect active in Atlanta and elsewhere in the Southeastern United States. He was the director of the Georgia Tech College of Archite ...

* Edward Lippincott Tilton * Evarts Tracy of Tracy and Swartwout *

Horace Trumbauer Horace Trumbauer (December 28, 1868 – September 18, 1938) was a prominent American architect of the Gilded Age, known for designing residential manors for the wealthy. Later in his career he also designed hotels, office buildings, and much of t ...

* Enock Hill Turnock *

Whitney Warren Whitney Warren (January 29, 1864 – January 24, 1943) was an American Beaux-Arts architect who founded, with Charles Delevan Wetmore, Warren and Wetmore in New York City, one of the most prolific and successful architectural practices in the U ...

Stanford White Stanford White (November 9, 1853 – June 25, 1906) was an American architect. He was also a partner in the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, one of the most significant Beaux-Arts firms. He designed many houses for the rich, in addition ...

Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent

architectural firm In the United States, an architectural firm or architecture firm is a business that employs one or more licensed architects and practices the profession of architecture; while in South Africa, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and other countri ...

, which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings.

South America

Argentina

File:Palacio Obras.jpg,

Palacio de Aguas Corrientes The Palace of Running Waters ( es, Palacio de Aguas Corrientes) is an architecturally significant water pumping station in Buenos Aires, Argentina and the former headquarters of Obras Sanitarias de la Nación. It is currently administered by Agua ...

, Buenos Aires File:Buenos Aires Teatro Colon 2.jpg, Teatro Colón,

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...

File:Congreso Nacional Buenos Aires.jpg, Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires File:WLM2013 PalacioCorreos (1).JPG, Kirchner Cultural Centre, Buenos Aires File:06. Tucuman (13), Casa de Gobierno.JPG,

Tucumán Government Palace The Tucumán Government Palace is the executive office building of the Government of the Province of Tucumán. Overview Tucumán Province, the most populous and economically important in the Argentine Northwest, lacked architecturally significant ...

San Miguel de Tucumán San Miguel de Tucumán (; usually called simply Tucumán) is the capital and largest city of Tucumán Province, located in northern Argentina from Buenos Aires. It is the fifth-largest city of Argentina after Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Argentina, ...

File:Casa de la Cultura, Buenos Aires.jpg, Casa de la Cultura, Buenos Aires From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as a model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s.''Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture'', Stephen Sennott (ed.), p. 186
/ref>

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Argentina

= *1877–1894:

, Buenos Aires *1889–1908: Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires *1889: (Argentine pavilion from the 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle), taken down and reconstructed in Buenos Aires (demolished in 1932) *1890: , Mar del Plata (the train station was closed in 1949, and was later damaged by fire. Although it was renovated, it is today much less adorned) *1894–1898: Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires *1898–1906: Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires *1908–1910: ,

Mar del Plata Mar del Plata is a city on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the seat of General Pueyrredón district. Mar del Plata is the second largest city in Buenos Aires Province. The name "Mar del Plata" is a sh ...

(burned down in 1961) *1908–1928: Kirchner Cultural Centre, Buenos Aires *1926–1931: Buenos Aires City Legislature Palace, Buenos Aires *1908–1910:

*1924–1929:

Estrugamou Building The Estrugamou Building is an architecturally significant residential building in the Retiro area of Buenos Aires. Overview The landmark building was commissioned in 1924 by Alejandro Estrugamou, the son of immigrants from the Basses-Pyrénées ...

, Buenos Aires

=Beaux-Arts architects in Argentina

= *

Alejandro Bustillo Alejandro Bustillo (18 March 1889 – 3 November 1982) was an Argentine painter and architect who left his mark in various tourist destinations in Argentina, especially in the Andean region of the Patagonia. Biography Born in Buenos Aires, so ...

Julio Dormal Julio Dormal Godet (1846–1924) was a Belgian architect who, after studying in Paris, arrived in Argentina in 1868 where he became one of the first exponents of the Beaux-Arts style of architecture. He built the Palermo Race Course and design ...

* Gainza y Agote *

Alejandro Christophersen Alejandro Christophersen (1866–1946) was an Argentine architect and artist of Norwegian descent who designed many important buildings in the city of Buenos Aires, including the renowned Anchorena Palace. Biography Christophersen was bo ...

* Eduardo Le Monnier * (later an exponent of rationalism) * Paul Pater * * *

Carlos Thays Carlos Thays (August 20, 1849 – January 31, 1934)Biog ...

(landscape architect)

Brazil

File:Casa Lebre - Vincenzo Pastore.jpg, Casa Lebre, São Paulo File:Casa Caetano de Campos, 02.JPG, Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo File:Palácio dos Campos Elísios.jpg, Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo File:Teatro Municipal de São Paulo 8.jpg, Municipal Theater of São Paulo File:At Santos, Brazil 2017 380.jpg, Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos File:Palacete Tereza Toledo Lara 09.jpg, Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo File:Image001 Anhangabau.jpg, Prates Mansions, São Paulo File:Palácio Tiradentes 2.JPG, Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro File:Palacete Helvetia 11.jpg, Helvetia Palace, São Paulo File:Edifício Alexandre Mackenzie 34.jpg, Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil

= * 1858: ,

São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for ' Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaW ...

* 1890–1894: , São Paulo * 1896–1899: * 1903–1911: Municipal Theater of São Paulo * 1909: ,

Santos, São Paulo Santos (, ''Saints'') is a municipality in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, founded in 1546 by the Portuguese nobleman Brás Cubas. It is located mostly on the island of São Vicente, which harbors both the city of Santos and the city of Sã ...

* 1910: , São Paulo * 1911: * 1922–1926:

Tiradentes Palace The Tiradentes Palace ( pt, Palácio Tiradentes), was inaugurated on 6 May 1926 and is located in the Centro neighborhood (''bairro''), next to the Paço Imperial in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was the former seat of the Chamber of Deputies of Braz ...

, Rio de Janeiro * 1923: , São Paulo * 1926–1929: , São Paulo * Artemis Hotel, São Paulo * Banco de São Paulo Building, São Paulo * Hôtel de La Rotisserie Sportsman, São Paulo * Mococa Building, São Paulo

Colombia

File:Av. Jiménez Palacio de San Francisco.JPG, Palacio de San Francisco, Bogotá File:CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg, Capitolio nacional, Bogotá File:Palacio Echeverry 1.jpg, Palacio Echeverri, Bogotá File:Nariño BOGOTÁ - COLOMBIA.jpg, Casa de Nariño, Bogotá File:Bogotá Museo de la Policía.JPG, Museo de la Policía, Bogotá File:TeatroColon.jpg, Teatro Colón, Bogotá File:Bquilla - 17 ago 2007 200.jpg, Banco Dugand, Barranquilla File:Barranquilla Edificio Administración Aduana.jpg, Antigua Aduana, Barranquilla

Peru

File:Club Nacional en Lima.JPG, Club Nacional, Lima File:Casa Roosevelt o Edificio Rímac.jpg, Edificio Rímac, Lima File:Palacio Legislativo of Peru.jpg, Palacio Legislativo del Perú, Lima

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru

= *1855: Club Nacional, Lima *1906–1939: Legislative Palace (Peru), Legislative Palace, Lima *1919–1924: Edificio Rímac, Lima

Africa

Mozambique

File:Mercado Municipal (4107187974).jpg, Mercado Municipal, Maputo File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 8 6 - Casa Benoliel.jpg, Banco da Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 14 11 - Casa Infante de Sagres vista do Chiveve.jpg, Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 4 55 - Edificio do Almoxarifado.jpg, Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 34 - Escola de Artes e Ofícios.jpg, Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 46 - Grémio dos Empregados da Companhia de Moçambique.jpg, Palácio dos Desportos, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 50 - Edifício do Standard Bank.jpg, Standard Bank Building, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 22 - Edifício do Tribunal.jpg, Tribunal da Beira

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Mozambique

= * 1901?: Municipal Market, Maputo * 1933: Gil Vicente Theater, Maputo * Banco da Beira, Beira, Mozambique, Beira * Casa Ana, Beira * Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira * Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira * Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira * Palácio dos Desportos, Beira * Standard Bank Building, Beira * Tribunal da Beira

Asia

Japan

File:Kobe yusen bld02 1920.jpg, Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe File:Mitsui Main Building 2009.jpg, Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo File:Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Head Office 2016.jpg, Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan

= *1918: Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe *1926–1929: Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo *1930–1934: Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo * Yokohama Yusen Building

Philippines

File:Central facade of the Legislative Building.jpg, Legislative building File:China Banking Corporation Building (Binondo).jpg, China bank Manila File:Regina Building Main Corner Facade.jpg, Regina Building, Manila File:Thomasian.jpg, University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Manila File:Nelly Garden.jpg, Lopez Mansion Iloilo File:0235jfSanta Cruz Escolta Binondo Streets Manila Heritage Landmarksfvf 02.JPG, Calvo Building, Manila File:Cebu Capitol Compund.jpg, Cebu Capitol File:El Hogar building Manila.jpg, El Hogar File:Mailajf9457 26.JPG, Don Roman Santos Building

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Philippines

= *1914: El Hogar Filipino Building, Escolta, Manila *1915: Regina Building, Escolta, Manila *1919: Jones Bridge, Ermita, Manila, Ermita and Binondo, Manila *1919: Luneta Hotel, Ermita, Manila *1924–1927: University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Sampaloc, Manila *1928: Natividad Building, Escolta, Manila *1938: Calvo Building, Escolta, Manila *Juan Luna Building *1919 Grand Cafe building Manila * Natalio Enriquez Mansion, Sariaya, Quezon * Filipinas Insurance co. building * Lizares Mansion, Iloilo City * National Museum of Anthropology (Manila) * National Museum of Natural History (Manila) * Manila City Hall * Manila Post office * Lingayen, Lingayen capitol * Negros Occidental, Negros Occidental capitol * Philippine General Hospital * 1911 Nurse's home, Philippine General hospital * Philippine Women's University * 1920 - La Salle Hall * 1916 Aduana de Iloilo * Batangas capitol * Sorsogon provincial capitol * Rizal Hall Manila * Casa Boix, Quiapo, Manila * Trinidad ancestral house, Iba, Zambales * Gawas harigi house, Carigara, Leyte

Oceania

Australia

File:Melbourne Flinders St. Station.jpg, Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne File:Perth CBD 200520 gnangarra-111.jpg, General Post Office, Perth File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Sydney-1.jpg, State Savings Bank building, Sydney File:Bank of New South Wales building seen from Reddacliff Place, Brisbane.jpg, Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s.

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Australia

= *1900–1910: Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne *1914–1923: General Post Office, Perth, General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth *1916: Perpetual Trustee Company Limited, Hunter Street, Sydney *1917: Former Mail Exchange Building, Melbourne *1920: National Theatre, Melbourne *1925–1928: State Savings Bank building, Commonwealth Bank building, Martin Place, Sydney *1926: Argus Building, La Trobe Street, Melbourne *1927: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy, Melbourne *1928–1930: Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane, Bank of New South Wales building, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane *1928: Port Authority building, Melbourne *1928: Herald & Weekly Times Building, Flinders Street, Melbourne *1933: Commonwealth Bank building, Forrest Place, Perth

New Zealand

File:Auckland Old Railway Station.jpg, Former Auckland railway station, Auckland

=Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand

= *1928–1930: Auckland railway station, Auckland

References

Bibliography

* *a ddi

External links

New York architecture images, Beaux-Arts gallery

* [http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Hallidie_Building.html Hallidie Building] {{DEFAULTSORT:Beaux-Arts Architecture Beaux-Arts architecture, Architectural styles Neoclassical architecture Neoclassical movements Revival architectural styles 19th-century architectural styles 20th-century architectural styles