Battle of Stillman's Run

The Battle of Stillman's Run, also known as the Battle of Sycamore Creek or the Battle of Old Man's Creek, occurred in Illinois on May 14, 1832. The battle was named for the panicked retreat by Major Isaiah Stillman and his detachment of 275 Illinois militia after being attacked by an unknown number of Sauk warriors of Black Hawk's British Band. The numbers of warriors has been estimated at as few as fifty but as many as two hundred participated in the attack. However, reports found in Whitney's Black Hawk War (Letters and reports compiled by the Illinois State Library) indicated that large numbers of Indians were on the move throughout the region, and it appeared that widespread frontier warfare was underway. The engagement was the first battle of the Black Hawk War (1832), which developed after Black Hawk crossed the Mississippi River from Iowa into Illinois with his band of Sauk and Fox warriors along with women, children, and elders to try to resettle in Illinois. The militia had pursued a small group of Sauk scouts to the main British Band camp following a failed attempt by Black Hawk's emissaries to negotiate a truce.

During the engagement, 12 militiamen were killed by Band warriors while making a stand on a small hill. The remainder of the militia fled back to Dixon's Ferry. Citizens erected a monument in 1901 in Stillman Valley, Illinois commemorating the battle. A 2006 article corroborates that militia volunteer Abraham Lincoln was present at the battleground's burials; sources agree about little else. Investigation continues in the early 21st century about facts of the skirmish.

Background

Black Hawk, a Sauk chief, believed that the Treaty of St. Louis (1804) was invalid. It ceded Sauk territory to the US that included his birthplace. He led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River from Iowa to Illinois beginning in 1830. Each time, he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British authorities in British North America, he again moved his "British Band" into Illinois.Lewis, James.
The Black Hawk War of 1832"
, ''Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,'' Northern Illinois University. Retrieved August 1, 2007. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run.May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run
" Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved August 6, 2007. A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.

On April 5, 1832, Black Hawk and around 1,000 warriors and civilians recrossed the Mississippi River into Illinois. About half of Black Hawk's band were combatants and the rest were a combination of women, children, and elderly. The band consisted of Sauk, Fox, some Potawatomi, and some Kickapoo; in addition some members of the Ho-Chunk nation were sympathetic to Black Hawk.Lewis, James.
Introduction
," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, ''Northern Illinois University''. Retrieved August 1, 2007.Harmet, p. 13.April 6: The U.S. suspects Black Hawk is crossing the Mississippi
" Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved August 1, 2007. Black Hawk's reason for crossing into Illinois is disputed. It has long been believed that he wanted to reclaim lost territory and, perhaps, create a confederacy of Native Americans to stand against white settlement.Lewis, James.
Background
," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, ''Northern Illinois University''. Retrieved August 1, 2007. However, modern historians have questioned this and indicated that Black Hawk may have been trying to resettle among the Ho-Chunk and point to the large number of non-combatants that accompanied Black Hawk's supposed war party. Other Illinois tribes promised aid to the British Band and Black Hawk believed that he had been promised assistance by the British in Canada.

Black Hawk led the march of the group along the Rock River into Illinois. Illinois Governor John Reynolds perceived the return of Black Hawk as an invasion, and he immediately called up the militia. General Henry Atkinson, whom Black Hawk addressed as "White Beaver," commanded the military expedition.Lewis, James.
The Black Hawk War of 1832
", Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, ''Northern Illinois University'', p. 2D. Retrieved August 1, 2007.Hagan, William T. "General Henry Atkinson and the Militia," ''Military Affairs,'' Vol. 23, No. 4. (Winter, 1959-1960), pp. 194-197.

Prelude

Atkinson was not told about Governor Reynolds' decision to order Major Isaiah Stillman's militia to march on Old Man's Creek, despite being in overall command. Reynolds' orders, issued on his behalf by General Samuel Whiteside to Stillman, were for Stillman to find Black Hawk and coerce him into submission. Following these orders, Stillman moved on Old Mans Creek.Dyar, Scott D. "Stillman's Run: Militia's Foulest Hour," ''Military History,'' March 2006, pp. 38-44, 72. Whiteside had refused to accept Stillman's battalion under his command, thus leaving it "orphaned" and under the direct command of Governor Reynolds.Miller, Richard Lawrence. ''Lincoln and His World'',
Google Books
, Stackpole Books: 2006, (), p. 164. Retrieved September 27, 2007. The militia commanded by Whiteside grew restless as they awaited the arrival of Atkinson and his Army regulars; many of the volunteer militia wanted to quit the war and head back home. When diplomacy failed to persuade Black Hawk to take his band back west to Iowa, Stillman and Bailey's battalions of Illinois Militia were marched up the Rock River.
," Historical Events, ''Illinois State Military Museum''. Retrieved August 6, 2007.

Prior to the battle at Stillman's Run, Black Hawk's grand vision of British support and a Native American confederacy had collapsed. No significant parties aided him and his followers. The British Band started to weaken with hunger, and Black Hawk soon realized that the only option was to return across the Mississippi River. When he detected the U.S. militia camp eight miles (13 km) away, Black Hawk sent out peace envoys in order to negotiate a truce. They were told to wave a white flag at the militia.

Battle

On May 14, 1832, a detachment of 275 militia under the command of Majors Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey, under orders from Illinois Governor Reynolds, were encamped near Old Man's Creek, not far from its confluence with the Rock River.Braun, Robert A.
Black Hawk's War April 5 - August 2, 1832: A Chronology
" September 2001, ''Old Lead Historical Society''. Retrieved August 12, 2007. The militia camp was located about three miles (5 km) east of the Rock River near present-day Stillman Valley, Illinois, and seven miles (11 km) south of the Sauk encampment. It is believed that the militia and its commanders were unaware of their proximity to Black Hawk's British Band.

In conference with the local Potawatomi, Black Hawk learned of Stillman's presence and sent three emissaries to the militia camp under a flag of parley in order to negotiate a peace with the soldiers.Lewis, James A.
The Black Hawk War of 1832
," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, ''Northern Illinois University'', p. 2A. Retrieved August 11, 2007. The already suspicious soldiers took the three emissaries to their camp, and during the proceedings the militia became aware of several of Black Hawk's scouts in the surrounding hills, watching the proceedings. Once the scouts were spotted, soldiers shot at the three emissaries, killing one. The other two fled back toward their camp, located near the confluence of the Rock and Kishwaukee rivers.May 14, Old Man's Creek: The Militia Ignore Black Hawk's White Flag
" ''Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War,'' Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved August 11, 2007.

The scouts were pursued by the disorganized militia and several were killed. The surviving scouts arrived at Black Hawk's camp ahead of the militia and reported the events. At the camp, the warriors set up a skirmish line in order to fend off the pending militia attack. The militia soldiers, intent on pursuing the scouts, chased them back toward the main force of Black Hawk's warriors and their skirmish line. Black Hawk and his force concealed themselves and ambushed the pursuers. Believing that thousands of Sauk and Fox were attacking them, the militia panicked and fled back to the main force camped at Dixon's Ferry.
, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, ''Northern Illinois University''. Retrieved August 6, 2007. Stillman's exact whereabouts are unknown during this point in the battle. His later account published in a newspaper did not mention his location and noted his only order was to retreat. Stillman's account, published in the ''Missouri Republican'', has been called fanciful.

Twelve of Stillman's militia were killed in the melee.
," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, 2002, ''Northern Illinois University''. Retrieved July 31, 2007. A band of volunteers under the leadership of Captain John Giles Adams made a stand on a hill south of the main militia camp. The men fought by moonlight as the main body of the militia fled back to Dixon. The entire 12-man detachment, including Adams, was killed in the fight. Dyer has said that Adams may have been killed by his own men as he attempted to muster them to battle. The number of Sauk and Fox killed in the engagement is largely unknown; the militia party that was sent to locate the "missing" 53 militia men found no dead Sauk. Black Hawk is quoted as saying at least three and maybe as many as five of his warriors were killed. Hawk, Black, LeClaire, Antoine, interpreter; Patterson, J. B., ed.,
Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak
', or ''Black Hawk, Embracing the Traditions of his Nation, Various Wars In Which He Has Been Engaged, and His Account of the Cause and General History of the Black Hawk War of 1832, His Surrender, and Travels Through the United States''. Also ''Life, Death and Burial of the Old Chief, Together with a History of the Black Hawk War'', Oquawka, IL: J. B. Patterson, 1882, "History of the Black Hawk War," Section 169. Retrieved August 1, 2007.

Lincoln's role

The facts about Abraham Lincoln's service during the Black Hawk War have been disputed. Lincoln was associated with two major battle sites, including Stillman's Run, in the aftermath of combat. A number of sources assert that on June 26, 1832, the morning after the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove, members of the company of Captain Jacob M. Early arrived at the grove to help bury the dead. One of these soldiers was Lincoln, who assisted with the burial. His later statement about the events has been linked to both the battle at Kellogg's Grove and the fight at Stillman's Run.Dameier, Evelyn.
Kellogg's Grove
," (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, January 18, 1978, HAARGIS Database, ''Illinois Historic Preservation Agency''. Retrieved July 26, 2007.Stillman's Run Memorial
" Historic Places, ''Abraham Lincoln Online''. Retrieved August 11, 2007.

The Lincoln quote was featured in both William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Wiek's ''Life of Lincoln'' and Carl Sandburg's Lincoln biography, ''Abraham Lincoln The Prairie Years''. Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run has been under investigation in the early 21st century, but his presence at Kellogg's Grove has been corroborated by several sources. Davis, William.
Lincoln's Men
' (Google Books), Simon and Schuster: 1999, p. 12, (). Retrieved August 11, 2007.Braun, Robert A.
Abraham Lincoln's Military Service During the Black Hawk War: An Introduction"
November 2002 and March 2003, ''Old Lead Historical Society''. Retrieved August 11, 2007. In a 2006 article, author Scott Dyer asserted that Whiteside's men, including Captain Lincoln, "paraded" the area the morning after, and buried the dead from Stillman's Run. Their movements were an unsuccessful effort to draw out the Sauk, after which they returned to Dixon's Ferry.

During an 1848 speech before the U.S. Congress in which he referred to his Black Hawk War service, Lincoln noted Stillman's Run by name:

The marble facade on the Stillman Valley monument, erected in 1901 to commemorate the battle, refers to Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run, "The presence of soldier, statesman, martyr, Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred."
Other sources assert that General Whiteside originally buried the dead in a common grave on a ridge south of the battlefield, marked with a rudimentary wooden memorial. These sources make no mention of Lincoln. Ford, Thomas and Shields, James.
A History of Illinois, from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847
', (Google Books), Ivison & Phinney: 1854, p. 123. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
The Lakeside Classics
', (Google Books), R.R. Donnelley and Sons, Co: 1903, p. 179. Retrieved August 12, 2007.

Aftermath

Following the first confrontation with Black Hawk at Stillman Valley, the press reported that 2,000 "bloodthirsty warriors were sweeping all Northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction," sending shock waves of terror through the region. Past midnight on May 15, soldiers from Stillman's ill-fated detachment began streaming back into Dixon's Ferry, wide-eyed and panic-stricken, telling tales of a horrible slaughter that had ensued during the battle. In the immediate aftermath of the battle, 53 militia men were missing. Later officials determined that the majority of these men had simply bypassed Dixon's Ferry on their way home.

After this initial skirmish, Black Hawk led many of the civilians in his band to the Michigan Territory. On May 19, the militia traveled up the Rock River trailing and searching for Black Hawk and his band. Several small skirmishes and massacres ensued over the next month in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin before the militia regained public confidence in battles at Bloody Lake and Waddams Grove."James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek"
''Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War,'' Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved July 31, 2007.

Critics of the Illinois Militia, mostly members of the Regular Army, attacked their behavior at the debacle at Stillman' Run. They began to refer to the battle at Old Man's Creek as the Battle of Stillman's Run, because Stillman had apparently fled with the panicked militia.

Armed hostilities during the Black Hawk War began at Stillman's Run, and the victory was unexpected for Black Hawk and his British Band. Black Hawk feared that the white militia and its allies would seek revenge through his total defeat.May 15: Militia Commanders Report on Stillman's Run
" Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved August 12, 2007. Leading his starving band, Black Hawk fled from Atkinson's pursuing army. The chase would take them as far as present day Madison, Wisconsin. It ended at the Battle of Bad Axe, where the militia and its allies massacred a weakened foe, by then made up of mostly women and children.McCann, Dennis.
Black Hawk's name, country's shame lives on
" ''Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel'', April 28, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.

The remains of the soldiers at Stillman's Run were originally buried in a common grave, but who buried them remains an open question. A memorial, erected in 1901, stands near their marked graves. The monument and battle site are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. They are near Illinois Route 72 a block west of present-day Stillman Creek.Tyler, Bob C.
Canoeing Adventures in Northern Illinois: Apple River to Zuma Creek
', (Google Books), iUniverse: 2004, p. 125, (). Retrieved August 12, 2007.Last Stand at Old Man's Creek By Eugene C Stevens

See also

* Stillman's Run Battle Site
* List of battles fought in Illinois

Notes

References

* Harmet, A. Richard.
Apple River Fort Site
(PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, March 31, 1997, HAARGIS Database, ''Illinois Historic Preservation Agency''. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
* Wallace, Anthony F. C. ''Prelude to Disaster: The Course of Indian-White Relations Which Led to the Black Hawk War of 1832'',
Google Books
, Springfield, IL: 1970, .

External links

Frontier Illinois by James E. Davis

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Stillman's Run 1832
1832 in Illinois
Stillman Valley, Illinois
May 1832 events