Battle of Mykonos

The Battle of Mykonos was a minor naval engagement fought in the main harbour of the Cycladic island of Mykonos on 17 June 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars. A British Royal Navy squadron led by fourth rate ship HMS ''Romney'' was escorting a convoy of eight merchant ships westwards through the Aegean Sea to Smyrna when the French frigate ''Sibylle'' was sighted at anchor in the harbour of Mykonos town with three French merchant ships. Ordering the convoy to continue with the rest of the squadron, Captain William Paget diverted the 50-gun ''Romney'' to the port and demanded the surrender of the 40-gun French ship and its convoy.

The French Commodore Jacques-Mélanie Rondeau refused Paget's demands, and prepared to defend his ship. After some manoeuvring to ensure that the town was not within his firing arc, Paget brought ''Romney'' alongside the French frigate and for an hour and ten minutes the two vessels exchanged broadsides at close range. The engagement was hard fought and both ships suffered heavy casualties, but eventually the greater size of the two-decked ''Romney'' was too great for the smaller frigate and Rondeau surrendered. ''Sibylle'' was subsequently commissioned into the Royal Navy and participated in a celebrated battle in the Indian Ocean against the French frigate ''Forte'' in 1799.

Background

In August 1793, seven months after the British entry into the French Revolutionary Wars, the Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet under Lord Hood seized control of Toulon, the principal naval base in Southern France, as well as the French Mediterranean Fleet anchored in the harbour.James, p.68 Although French Republican armies recaptured the city in December 1793 at the conclusion of the Siege of Toulon, a hastily organised operation succeeded in destroying half the fleet and damaging most of the remainder. Parts of the French fleet were at sea during the siege and thus avoided capture or destruction, particularly frigates operating against British commerce.

During 1794, as the French fleet underwent repairs in Toulon, these frigates remained in operation across the Mediterranean. Once such ship was the newly built 40-gun ''Hébé''-class frigate ''Sibylle'' under Commodore Jacques-Mélanie Rondeau, which was detached to operate independently in the Aegean Sea. With the French fleet inactive, the Royal Navy focused their attention on the capture of Corsica, conducting sieges at Bastia and Calvi, with smaller forces sent out across the Mediterranean to escort convoys of merchant ships and hunt for the missing French frigates.Gardiner, p.108 One such force, sent in June 1794 from Naples to the Aegean Sea with a convoy of seven Dutch and one British merchant ships bound for Smyrna, consisted of the 50-gun fourth rate ship HMS ''Romney'' under Captain William Paget and three frigates HMS ''Inconstant'', HMS ''Leda'' and HMS ''Tartar''.James, p.207

Battle

On 16 June, off Kimolos, information reached the British convoy that a French frigate had been sighted near the Cycladic Islands of Tinos and Mykonos. ''Inconstant'' was detached to search for the enemy ship, without success. The following day, as the British convoy passed through the straits between the islands, a large warship was sighted at anchor in the harbour of Mykonos. Ordering the convoy to continue under the escort of the three frigates, Paget turned ''Romney'' south to investigate. The ship was discovered to be ''Sibylle'', anchored alongside three French merchant ships and flying Rondeau's pennant. Paget's approach rendered escape impossible, and Rondeau remained at anchor as the larger British vessel entered the harbour and came to a halt just short of the French ship.Clowes, p.486 Paget then sent a junior officer to ''Sibylle'' in a ship's boat with a request that Rondeau surrender his ship and convoy to prevent the loss of life that an engagement with the larger ''Romney'' would entail. Rondeau responded that he was well aware of his opponent's size and was not intimidated; he was prepared for battle and had sworn "never to strike his colours". Rondeau was subsequently reported to have learned before the engagement that ''Romney'' was operating with a reduced crew, only carrying 266 men of the 341 who should have been aboard, which compared unfavourably with the 380 men on board the French ship.

The junior officer returned with Rondeau's reply, the French commodore using the delay to manoeuvre ''Sibylle'' so that the ship lay directly between ''Romney'''s line of fire and the town of Mykonos. He believed that Paget would be unwilling to attack if there was a risk of causing damage and casualties to the town, which was under the control—as with the rest of the Cylades—of the neutral Ottoman Empire. This forced Paget to alter his own ship's position, warping ''Romney'' around so that the ship's broadside faced away from the town but could still be brought to bear against ''Sibylle''. As he did so, he moved a cannon from the unengaged side of ''Romney'' to fill an empty gunport, the manoeuvre uninterrupted by Rondeau. At 13:00 the British ship was adequately positioned, Paget ordering "springs" on the anchor cables, a system of attaching the bow anchor that increased stability and allowed ''Romney'' to swing its broadside while stationary.Clowes, p.360

Satisfied with his preparations, Paget ordered his gunners to open fire on ''Sibylle'' and the French ship immediately returned fire. The frigates were anchored immobile in the bay before Mykonos and the engagement was fought broadside to broadside, with no opportunity to manoeuvere or avoid enemy shot. The battle continued until 14:10, ''Sibylle'' taking severe damage under fire from the larger ''Romney''. With casualties rapidly mounting and some his men slipping away from their stations and swimming to shore, Rondeau recognised that defeat was inevitable and, despite his oath, surrendered his ship to prevent further bloodshed.Woodman, p.44 Casualties on ''Sibylle'' totaled two officers and 44 sailors killed, nine more dying and 103 wounded. By contrast the losses on ''Romney'' were comparatively light, with eight killed and 30 wounded, two of whom subsequently died.

Order of battle

''In this table, "Guns" refers to all cannon carried by the ship, including the maindeck guns which were taken into consideration when calculating its rate, as well as any carronades carried aboard.James, Vol. 1, p. 32 Broadside weight records the combined weight of shot which could be fired in a single simultaneous discharge of an entire broadside.''

Aftermath

Although ''Romney'' officially carried ten more guns than ''Sibylle'', their respective strengths were considerably closer than this indicates. ''Sibylle'' carried twenty-six 18-pounder long guns, sixteen 8-pounder long guns and two 36-pounder ''obusiers'' for a broadside weight of about (once one adjusts for the fact that the French pound was heavier than the British pound). This contrasts with a broadside weight of from ''Romney''s main battery of 24-pounder long guns, which was therefore, in the opinion of British naval historian William James, "not, in reality, a decided overmatch for a 40-gun French frigate". He further considered that the two gun-decks on ''Romney'' were likely to have been the decisive factor in the outcome of the battle.James, p.209 Although James considered that the French fought hard, he did criticise Rondeau personally, stating "had the French captain foreborne to communicate the oath he had taken, not to strike his ship's colours, this engagement would have been yet more creditable than it was to the officers and men of ''Sibylle''."

Following Rondeau's surrender Paget seized ''Sibylle'' and the three merchant ships from the harbour. The next morning ''Inconstant'' arrived in support and all of the ships rejoined the convoy and continued to Smyrna, arriving on 22 June. ''Sibylle'' was subsequently purchased into British service as HMS ''Sybille'' and considered, in the words of historian James Henderson, "one of the finest frigates in the Navy".Henderson, p.47 In 1799, under the command of Captain Edward Cooke, who had distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon, ''Sibylle'' fought a famous action in the Indian Ocean against the French frigate ''Forte''. By the battle's end, ''Forte'' had been captured and Cooke mortally wounded.Henderson, p.59 More than five decades after the battle, the Admiralty recognised the action with the clasp "ROMNEY 17 JUNE 1794" attached to the Naval General Service Medal, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mykonos, Battle of
Naval battles involving France
Naval battles involving the United Kingdom
Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
Conflicts in 1794
Mykonos
1794 in the Ottoman Empire