Battle of Île Ronde

The Battle of Île Ronde was a minor naval engagement between small French Navy and British Royal Navy squadrons off Isle de France (Mauritius), Île de France, now named Mauritius, in the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars. The battle was fought over control of the waters around Île de France, which was under blockade from the British squadron as French warships and privateers operating from the island posed a significant threat to vital British trade routes connected to British India and Qing dynasty, China.

In an attempt to neutralise the island, the British commander in the region, Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741), Peter Rainier ordered the 50-gun HMS Centurion (1774), HMS ''Centurion'' and 44-gun to institute a blockade, which began in October 1794. Concerned by food shortages and a rebellious Slavery, slave population the French naval commander Jean-Marie Renaud led his small squadron comprising frigates French frigate Cybèle (1790), ''Cybèle'' and French frigate Prudente (1790), ''Prudente'' and three smaller vessels to drive off the British squadron. On 22 October 1794, the squadrons met off Île Ronde, Mauritius, Île Ronde, an islet off northern Île de France.

The battle lasted two and a quarter hours, in which ''Centurion'' and ''Cybèle'' fought a close duel which left both ships badly damaged. Supported by the remainder of the squadron, ''Cybèle'' successfully withdrew under fire, but ''Centurion'', without support from the distant ''Diomede'' was also forced to retire for repairs. Unable to continue the blockade the British force returned to India, allowing food supplies to reach Île de France. Due to the necessity for campaigns against Dutch Ceylon and the Dutch East Indies, the British blockade was not renewed, but the French were unable to take advantage of this due to increasing civil unrest among their slaves.

Background

War between the First French Republic, French Republic and Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain began on 1 February 1793, news arriving among the French and British East Indian colonies on 11 June 1793.James, p.119 The strongest French positions in the Indian Ocean were the islands of Isle de France (Mauritius), Île de France and Réunion,Parkinson, p.19 which lay substantially to the west of the British bases at Bombay and Madras in British India.Parkinson, p.11 A small French frigate squadron, supported by smaller warships and privateers operated from the islands posing a considerable threat to British maritime trade in the Indian Ocean.

To counter the threat the British commander in the region, Captain Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741), Peter Rainier ordered two of his ships to blockade the island during the summer of 1794. Rainer's force comprised the fourth rate ship 50-gun HMS Centurion (1774), HMS ''Centurion'' under Captain Samuel Osborne and the large 44-gun frigate under Captain Matthew Smith. Together the ships sailed from Madras on 30 August 1794, stopping at the allied port of Trincomalee in Dutch Ceylon and the undefended French-controlled island of Rodrigues before arriving off Île de France in October.Parkinson, p.74

Île de France had been in a state of turmoil since the French Revolution and in 1792 the republican party on the island seized control. In 1794 suspected royalists were arrested, including the naval commander Armand de Saint-Félix, Saint-Félix, their executions forestalled by the arrival of news that the French Convention had abolished slavery. Only the intervention of Governor Anne Joseph Hippolyte de Maurès, Comte de Malartic, Malartic prevented unrest. The preoccupation of the naval authorities had prevented any offensive operations and the reduced squadron, now commanded by Captain Jean-Marie Renaud, remained in Port Louis.Parkinson, p.72

Battle

Despite the upheaval on shore, the arrival of the British blockade squadron provoked Renaud into taking action. Although the defences of Île de France were well prepared under Malartic's orders, food supplies were running low, with only rice still available in quantity. The potential for famine and consequent social unrest among the slave population was severe and Renaud sailed immediately to intercept ''Centurion'' and ''Diomede''.Parkinson, p.73 The French squadron comprised the 40-gun frigate French frigate Cybèle (1790), ''Cybèle'' under Captain Pierre Tréhouart, the 36-gun French frigate Prudente (1790), ''Prudente'' under Renaud, and the 14-gun brig French brig Duc de Chartres (1780 Saint-Malo), ''Coureur'' under ''lieutenant de vaisseau'' Garaud. The 20-gun privateer corvettes ''Jean-Bart'' and ''Rosalie'', as well as the aviso ''Sans-Culotte'', accompanied the two frigates.Guérin, p.70 The ships' crews were heavily augmented by volunteers, including a young Robert Surcouf on ''Cybèle'', as well as a detachment of soldiers.Granier, p.216

Renaud's squadron sailed on 19 October, seeking the British to the north of the island. At 11:00 on 22 October, close to the uninhabited islet of Île Ronde, Mauritius, Île Ronde northwest of Île de France, the French sighted the British. Osborne issued orders to sail towards the French squadron; Renaud responded by forming his ships in a line of battle and advancing to meet Osborne.James, p.212 ''Prudente'' led the French line, closely followed by ''Cybèle'', ''Jean-Bart'', and ''Coureur'', Osborne focusing on ''Prudente'' and ordering Smith to engage ''Cybèle''.

Firing began at 15:29 when ''Prudente'' unleashed a close range Broadside (naval), broadside at ''Centurion'', followed immediately by fire from the ships of both sides. ''Centurion'' was damaged in the opening exchanges and by 16:00 had most of her sails and rigging torn. At this Renaud ordered his squadron to pull back to leeward out of range, each firing on ''Centurion'' as they passed.

As ''Cybèle'' came within range of ''Centurion'' ''Cybèle''s fire brought down ''Centurion''s mizen topmast and Mast (sailing)#Nomenclature, fore topgallantmast.Woodman, p.49 Return fire from ''Centurion'' managed however so to damage ''Cybèle'' that she was unable to retreat in the light winds; the two largely immobilised ships then began a close range duel. For more than an hour the exchange continued, Renaud unable to intervene from leeward and Smith repeatedly refusing Osborne's orders to support his ship, ''Diomede'' remaining at long range and contributing an intermittent and inaccurate fire on the distant ''Cybèle''. At 17:15 a light breeze enabled Tréhouart to slowly pull ''Cybèle'' towards Renaud's force despite the loss of the main topgallantmast. At 17:45, with ''Prudente'' close by, the main topmast fell on ''Cybèle'', which had of water in the hold, but Osborne, outnumbered and with his ship damaged, reluctantly withdrew. With the threat lifted, Renaud was able to take ''Cybèle'' under tow and retire in the direction of Île de France,Arnault, p.59 followed distantly and ineffectually by ''Diomede'' until night fell.James, p.213

Order of battle

''In this table, "Guns" refers to all cannon carried by the ship, including the maindeck guns which were taken into consideration when calculating its Rating system of the Royal Navy, rate, as well as any carronades carried aboard.James, p. 32 Broadside weight records the combined weight of shot which could be fired in a single simultaneous discharge of an entire Broadside (naval), broadside.''

Aftermath

The immediate result of the battle was inconclusive, both squadrons retiring with one ship damaged apiece. French losses had been heavy, with 15 killed and 20 wounded on ''Prudente'', the latter including Renaud and 22 killed and 62 wounded on ''Cybèle''. One sailor was killed and five wounded on ''Jean-Bart'' and no casualties were reported on ''Courier''. By contrast, ''Centurion'' had only three men killed and 23 wounded and ''Diomede'' none at all, but the damage to Osborne's ship was more problematic; while Renaud could repair and resupply his ships in nearby Port Louis, ''Centurion'' had to return to India, several thousand miles away, to effect repairs. Osborne was thus forced to abandon the blockade, with ''Centurion'' sailing to Bombay and ''Diomede'' to Madras.Parkinson, p.75

The action brought repercussions for Smith, whose failure to support Osborne was noted; although Smith claimed that he was simply maintaining the line of battle, it subsequently emerged that the captains had engaged in a personal dispute resulting in Smith deciding to refuse Osborne's orders.Woodman, p.50 After his behaviour had featured in Osborne's initial dispatch, Smith challenged his account and Osborne demanded a court-martial held to investigate. This panel decided that Smith's behaviour was unacceptable and he was dismissed from the Navy,James, p.214 by which time he had lost ''Diomede'', wrecked on a rock in Trincomalee Bay on 2 August 1795 during the Invasion of Ceylon (1795), invasion of Ceylon.James, p.303 Although Smith appealed his sentence and was restored to the captain's list in 1798 he was never again called to service and retired in 1806.Clowes, p.488

British historians have considered that Smith's refusal to participate probably cost Osborne the battle. William James (naval historian), William James wrote that his behaviour was "the reason that ''Cybèle'', at least, was not made a prize of by the British". C. Northcote Parkinson considers the action "indecisive" but concurs with James' assessment that Smith's intervention could have resulted in a British victory but instead that "the first encounter of the war between the French and English in the East Indies had resulted in what was tantamount to defeat for the latter".Parkinson, p.76

On Île de France the relief of the blockade meant that shipping, particularly American vessels laden with food supplies from Tamatave on Madagascar, could reach the island and the threatened famine was averted. French privateers were also again free to operate against British trade, particularly in the Bay of Bengal. With Renaud's squadron still at Port Louis, Rainier considered renewing the blockade, but was dissuaded by the dangers of the monsoon season and a false report that a squadron of French ships of the line was soon due to arrive on Île de France.Parkinson, p.77 In 1795 he was distracted by the sudden need to guard against the Dutch East India colonies following the French conquest of the Netherlands, and he supervised the invasion of Ceylon and operations against the Dutch East Indies. By the time his attention turned once more to Île de France, it had been heavily reinforced in early 1796 by a frigate squadron commanded by Contre-amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey, Sercey.James, p.349

Notes, citations, and references

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ile Ronde, Battle of
Conflicts in 1794
Military history of Mauritius
Wars involving Mauritius
Naval battles involving France
Naval battles involving Great Britain
Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars