Bansuri

A bansuri is an ancient side blown flute originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is an aerophone produced from bamboo and metal like material used in Hindustani classical music. It is referred to as ''nadi'' and ''tunava'' in the ''Rigveda'' and other Vedic texts of Hinduism. Its importance and operation is discussed in the Sanskrit text ''Natya Shastra''.

A ''bansuri'' is traditionally made from a single hollow shaft of bamboo with six or seven finger holes. Some modern designs come in ivory, fiberglass and various metals. The six hole instrument covers two and a half octaves of music. The ''bansuri'' is typically between and in length, and the thickness of a human thumb. One end is closed, and few centimeters from the closed end is its blow hole. Longer ''bansuris'' feature deeper tones and lower pitches. The traditional design features no mechanical keys, and the musician creates the notes they want by covering and uncovering the various finger holes.

The ''bansuri''-like flute is depicted in ancient Buddhist, Hindu and Jain temple paintings and reliefs, and is common in the iconography of the Hindu god Krishna. it is intimately linked to the love story of Krishna and Radha. The bansuri is revered as Lord Krishna's divine instrument and is often associated with Krishna's Rasa lila dance. These legends sometimes use alternate names for this wind instrument, such as the ''murali''. However, the instrument is also common among other traditions such as Shaivism. The early medieval Indian texts also refer to it as ''vaṃśi'', while in medieval Indonesian Hindu and Buddhist arts, as well as temple carvings in Java and Bali dated to be from pre-10th century period, this transverse flute has been called ''wangsi'' or ''bangsi''.

Etymology and nomenclature

The word bansuri originates in the ''bans'' (बाँस) amboo+ ''sur'' (सुर) elody

A phonetically similar name for the same instrument, in early medieval texts, is the Sanskrit word ''vaṃśi'' which is derived from root ''vaṃśa'' (Sanskrit: वंश) meaning bamboo. A flute player in these medieval texts is called ''vamsika''.

Other regional names of -style, six to eight play holes, bamboo flutes in India include , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .Peter Westbrook (2003), ''The bansuri and pulangoil, bamboo flutes of India'', Flutist Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, pages 1–4 The instrument is also used in Nepal, under the name Bām̐surī (बाँसुरी). Nepalese also use the word murli (मुरली), but that word can mean not only flute or fife, but also a reed instrument.

Ancient regional innovations, such as those in the Himalayan foothills of India, developed more complex designs, such as the which is a "twin bansuri" in different keys constructed as a single instrument, allowing the musician to play more complex music. In central and south India, a similar innovation is called or , and Buddhist stupa reliefs in central India, from about the 1st century BCE, depict the single and twinned flute designs.

History

According to Ardal Powell, flute is a simple instrument found in numerous ancient cultures. According to legends the three birthplaces of flutes are Egypt, Greece, and India. Of these, the transverse flute (side blown) appeared only in ancient India, while the fipple flutes are found in all three. It is likely, states Powell, that the modern Indian ''bansuri'' has not changed much since the early medieval era. However, a flute of a somewhat different design is evidenced in ancient China (''dizi'') which Powell, quoting Curt Sachs' ''The History of Musical Instruments'', suggests may not have originated in China but evolved from a more ancient Central Asian flute design. It is, however, not clear whether there was any connection between the Indian and Chinese varieties.

The early medieval Indian ''bansuri'' was, however, influential. Its size, style, bindings, mounts on ends and playing style in medieval Europe artworks has led scholars, such as Liane Ehlich, a flute scholar at the music school in the University of Lucerne, to state that the ''bansuri'' (''venu'') migrated from India into the Byzantium Empire by the 10th century and from there on to medieval Europe where it became popular.

The flute is discussed as an important musical instrument in the ''Natya Shastra'' (~200 BCE to 200 CE), the classic Sanskrit text on music and performance arts. The flute (Venu or Vamsa) is mentioned in many Hindu texts on music and singing, as complementary to the human sound and Veena (vaani-veena-venu). The flute is however not called ''bansuri'' in the ancient, and is referred to by other names such as ''nadi'', ''tunava'' in the ''Rigveda'' (1500–1200 BCE) and other Vedic texts of Hinduism, or as ''venu'' in post-Vedic texts. The flute is also mentioned in various Upanishads and Yoga texts.

According to Bruno Nettl, a music historian and ethnomusicologist, the ancient surviving sculptures and paintings in the temples and archaeological sites of India predominantly show transverse flutes being played horizontally (with a downward tilt). However, beginning in the 15th century, vertical end blowing style are commonly represented. This change in the relevance and style of ''bansuri'' is likely, states Nettl, because of the arrival of Islamic rule era on the Indian subcontinent and the West Asian influence on North Indian music.

Construction

A bansuri is traditionally produced from a special type of bamboo, that naturally grows to long lengths between its nodes (knots). These grow abundantly in Himalayan foothills up to about 11,000 feet with high rainfall. These are particularly found in the northeastern (near Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura) and Western Ghats (near Kerala) states of India where numerous bamboo species grow with internodal lengths greater than .

The harvested bamboo with a desired diameter is cut, dried and treated with natural oils and resins to strengthen it. Once ready, the artisans examine the smoothness and straightness and measure the dried hollow tube. They mark the exact positions for the holes, then use hot metal rod skewers of different diameters to burn in the holes. Drilling and other methods of hole making are avoided as it is believed they damage the fiber orientation and the splits affects the music quality. The burnt-in holes are then finished by sanding, one end plugged, the flute ringed at various positions to stabilize its form and shape over time and the unit tested for its musical performance. The distance of a finger-hole from the mouth-hole, and the diameter of the finger-hole controls the note it plays. Adjustments to the diameters of various holes is made by the artisans to achieve purity of the musical notes produced. The wall thickness of the ''bansuri'' determines the tone, range and octave tuning. Once all the holes have reached their performance range, the ''bansuri'' is steeped in natural oils, cleaned, dried and decorated or bound with silk or nylon threads.

There are two varieties of bansuri: transverse and fipple. The fipple flute is usually played in folk music and is held at the lips like a tin whistle. Because the transverse variety enables superior control, variations and embellishments, it is preferred in Indian classical music.

Musical notes

Six holes are sufficient to produce seven basic ''swaras'': ''sa'', ''re'', ''ga'', ''ma'', ''pa'', ''dha'', and ''ni''. When all holes are closed, it produces the bass scale that is the root note of the ''bansuri'' (''pa''). With one hole farthest from the closed end of the ''bansuri'' open, the instrument plays the ''dha''. Similarly, ''ni'' is produced with two farthest holes open, ''sa'' with three farthest open, ''ri'' with four, ''ga'' with five, and ''ma'' is produced with all holes open.

Every ''bansuri'' by its design and construction has a specific key and tonal center, corresponding to ''sa'' (''shadja'', natural tonic) of the ''swara'' scale. This key is achieved by variations in length, inner diameter of the instrument and the relative size and placement of the finger holes. This allows the musician to select a ''bansuri'' constructed in the key of the music she wants to create and share.

Playing

A ''bansuri'' is typically held horizontally slanting downwards towards right by the bansuri player. The index, middle and ring fingers of the right hand cover the outer fingerholes, while the same fingers of the left hand cover the rest. The ''bansuri'' is supported by the thumb and little finger, while the airhole is positioned near the lips and air blown over it at various speeds to reach the desired octave. For the seven-hole bansuri, the little finger ( pinky) of the right hand is usually employed.

As with other air-reed wind instruments, the sound of a bansuri is generated from resonance of the air column inside it. The length of this column is varied by closing or leaving open, a varying number of holes. Half-holing is employed to play flat or minor notes. The 'sa' (on the Indian sargam scale, or equivalent 'do' on the octave) note is obtained by covering the first three holes from the blowing-hole. Octaves are varied by manipulating one's embouchure and controlling the blowing strength. Either finger tips or finger pads are used by ''bansuri'' players to partially or fully cover the tap holes.Bullard, B. (2007). The link between Samavedic chanting and flute playing in the Naradiya siksa: A new interpretation. ''Journal of the Indian Musicological Society, 38,'' 129-145, 252.

In order to play the diatonic scale on a bansuri, one needs to find where the notes lie. For example, in a bansuri where Sa or the tonic is always played by closing the first three holes, is equivalent to C, one can play sheet music by creating a finger notation that corresponds to different notes. A flutist is able to perform complex facets of Raga music such as microtonal inflections, ornamentation, and glissando by varying the breath, performing fast and dexterous fingering, and closing/opening the holes with slow, sweeping gestures.

See also

* Hindustani classical music
* Venu
* Bamboo musical instruments

References

Bibliography

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{{authority control

Side-blown flutes
Hindustani musical instruments
Indian musical instruments
Pakistani musical instruments
Bangladeshi musical instruments
Nepalese musical instruments
Bansuri players
Bamboo flutes

as:বাঁহী
hi:बांसुरी
pnb:ونجلی