Baghlan (

Dari Dari (, , ), also known as Dari Persian (, ), is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan. Dari is the term officially recognised and promoted since 1964 by the Afghan government for the Persian language,Lazard, G.Darī ...

: ''Baġlān'') is one of the thirty-four

provinces of Afghanistan Afghanistan is divided into 34 provinces (, '' wilåyat''). The provinces of Afghanistan are the primary administrative divisions. Each province encompasses a number of districts or usually over 1,000 villages. Provincial governors played a ...

. It is in the north of the country. As of 2020, the province has a population of about 1,014,634. Its capital is Puli Khumri, but its name comes from the other major town in the province, Baghlan. The ruins of a

Zoroastrian Zoroastrianism is an Iranian religion and one of the world's oldest organized faiths, based on the teachings of the Iranian-speaking prophet Zoroaster. It has a dualistic cosmology of good and evil within the framework of a monotheisti ...

fire temple, the Surkh Kotal, are located in Baghlan. The lead nation of the local

Provincial Reconstruction Team A Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) was a unit introduced by the United States government, consisting of military officers, diplomats, and reconstruction subject matter experts, working to support reconstruction efforts in unstable states. PR ...

(PRT) was

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Cr ...

, which operated from 2006 to 2015.

History

Early history

The name Baghlan is derived from ''Bagolango'' or "image-temple", inscribed on the temple of Surkh Kotal during the reign of the Kushan emperor, Kanishka in the early 2nd century CE. The Chinese Buddhist monk

Xuanzang Xuanzang (, ; 602–664), born Chen Hui / Chen Yi (), also known as Hiuen Tsang, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making contributions to Chinese Buddhism, the travelogue of ...

traveled through Baghlan in the mid-7th century CE, and referred to it as the "kingdom of ''Fo-kia-lang''". In the 13th century CE, a permanent garrison of Mongol troops was quartered in the Kunduz-Baghlan area, and in 1253 fell under the jurisdiction of Sali Noyan Tatar, appointed there by

Möngke Khan Möngke ( mn, ' / Мөнх '; ; 11 January 1209 – 11 August 1259) was the fourth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire, ruling from 1 July 1251, to 11 August 1259. He was the first Khagan from the Toluid line, and made significant reform ...

. Sali Noyan's position was later inherited by his son Uladu, and grandson Baktut. These Turco-Mongol garrison troops (''tamma'') formed the Qara'unas faction, and by the 14th Century had allied with the Chaghataite Khanate. Under the rule of Temür the Qara'unas were given to Chekü Barlas, and then to his son Jahānshāh. Forbes Manz notes that these Kunduz-Baghlan forces appear to have remained cohesive and influential throughout the Timurid period, though under different leaders and different names, up until the Uzbek invasion. By the Islamic year 900 (1494–1495 CE), the area was noted in the '' Baburnama'' as ruled by a Qipchaq emir.

20th century

In the mid-20th century, as Afghanistan became the target of international development from both the Western and Soviet world, agricultural-industrial projects were initiated in Baghlan. These included factories for the production of sugar from sugar beets (initiated by Czech experts in the 1940s) and for vegetable oil. Czech expertise also figured heavily into the development of Baghlans' coal-mining industry, centred at Baghlan's Karkar Valley, the only coal mine in Afghanistan to remain operational up through 1992. The modern Baghlan Province was created out of the former Qataghan Province in 1964. During the Soviet–Afghan War, the Soviets in 1982 established the Kayan military zone in southern Baghlan. The area was defended by 10,000 Ismaili militiamen, increasing to 18,000 by 1992, who sided with the Soviets due to differences with the Islamist opposition. Afghan Ismailis overall were inclined to support the Communists, though a local Ismaili leader, Sayed Manuchehr, lead a partisan movement against the Communists until Ismaili leader Sayed Mansur Naderi accepted Soviet support. Large portions of Baghlan and neighbouring Samangan Province were under the sway of the Soviet-aligned Naderi clan, the hereditary Ismaili Sayeds (spiritual leaders) of Kayan. Under their jurisdiction, was largely quiet and societally functional throughout the 1980s, with hospitals, schools, and administrative services, funded by the communist central government. Despite the Naderi's alliance with the Communists, they also maintained positive relations with the Mujahideen as well, permitting them to move through the area provided they refrained from attacks. One of the Soviets' three primary bases in Afghanistan, Kiligai, was located in Baghlan Province, and served as the "largest military supply and armoury centre of the Soviet troops in Afghanistan."

Recent history

As the 2001 Afghan War commenced, Ismaili leader

Sayed Mansoor Naderi Sayed Mansur Naderi is a leader (Sayed of Kayan) of a Hazara-Ismaili Shi'a community centred in Baghlan Province of Afghanistan. Like other Ismaili communities in Afghanistan and worldwide, the Baghlan Ismailis do submit to the spiritual leader o ...

attempted to retake Baghlan from the Taliban. Naderi was aligned with Uzbek warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum and his Jumbesh-e Milli party, and the competing Tajik-dominated

Jamiat-e Islami Jamayat-E-Islami (also rendered as Jamiat-e-Islami and Jamiati Islami; fa, جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان, lit=Islamic Society), sometimes shortened to Jamiat, is a predominantly Tajik political party in Afghanistan. It was origin ...

party was also keen to seize control of Baghlan as Taliban power eroded. The Jamiat were able to seize the capital of Pul-i Khumri before Naderi, who despite his strong backing among the Afghan Ismailis and Shia

Hazaras The Hazaras ( fa, , Həzārə; haz, , Āzərə) are an ethnic group and the principal component of the population of Afghanistan, native to, and primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan and generally scat ...

, was unable to rally enough supporters to control the province. Naderi failed to retake the capital in 2001 and 2003, in the latter event he negotiated a power-sharing agreement with the dominant Andarabi militias and made the Ismaili bastion of the Kayan Valley his base. On 13 June 2012, two earthquakes hit Afghanistan and there was a major landslide in Burka District of Baghlan Province. The village of Sayi Hazara was buried under up to 30 meters of rock, killing an estimated 71 people. On 13 April 2021, an official in Baghlan Province said a group of Taliban militants attacked a checkpoint in the province that day and killed six security personnel. Claiming that the Taliban had not acted in the spirit of amnesty, the Public's Resistance Forces under Khair Muhammad Andarabi reportedly attacked Taliban fighters 20 August 2021 in several parts of Baghlan province, inflicting up to 60 Taliban killed or wounded. They claim to have captured Puli Hisar, Dih Salah and

Banu Banu or BANU may refer to: * Banu (name) * Banu (Arabic), Arabic word for "the sons of" or "children of" * Banu (makeup artist), an Indian makeup artist * Banu Chichek, a character in the ''Book of Dede Korkut'' * Bulgarian Agrarian National Union ...

districts, and are advancing on other Taliban-held districts. Clashes were still reported in Baghlan province by January 2022.

Politics and governance

The town of Puli Khumri serves as the capital of the province. All

law enforcement Law enforcement is the activity of some members of government who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by discovering, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term ...

activities throughout the province are handled by the Afghan National Police (ANP). The provincial police chief represents the Ministry of the Interior in Kabul. The ANP is backed by the

Afghan Armed Forces ("The land belongs to Allah, the rule belongs to Allah") , founded = 1997 , current_form = , branches = * Afghan Army * Afghan Air Force , headquarters = Kabul , website = , commander-in-chie ...

, and previously by NATO-led forces. Taj Mohammad Jahid has been the governor of the province since July 2020.

Demographics

According to the National Statistics Agency of Afghanistan, as of 2021, Tajiks and Hazaras make up the majority of the population, followed by

Pashtuns Pashtuns (, , ; ps, پښتانه, ), also known as Pakhtuns or Pathans, are an Iranian ethnic group who are native to the geographic region of Pashtunistan in the present-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were historically r ...

and Uzbeks. In addition, a significant number of Hazaras are also counted as part of the Persian-speaking people which makes Persian the overwhelmingly spoken language. Persian-speakers are followed by Pashtuns who make up the majority ethnic group in Baghlani Jadid district, and by Uzbeks and some Tatars. Baghlan is also home to a small community of Ismaili Muslims of Hazara background, led by the

Sayeds of Kayan Sayed Kayan or Sayed of Kayan is a position of leadership amongst the Ismaili community in Afghanistan. The Ismaili community in Afghanistan is led by a family of ''Sayed''s (descendants of the Islamic prophet Mohammed) hailing from the village of ...

Healthcare

The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 19% in 2005 to 25% in 2011. The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 5.5% in 2005 to 22% in 2011.

Education

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 21% in 2005 to 24% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 29% in 2005 to 62% in 2011.

Economy

Agriculture

Baghlan's primary crops (as of 1974) were cotton and sugar beets, industrial sugar production having begun under Czech supervision in the 1940s. The area also produced grapes, pistachios, and pomegranates. The primary livestock is Karakul sheep.

Other products

The province also produces silk, and coal is mined in the Karkar Valley.

Districts

{, class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;" , + Districts of Baghlan Province , - ! align="left" , District ! align="left" , Capital ! align="right" , Population ! align="right" , Area !Notes , - , Andarab , , , , 247,924 , , , , Sub-divided in 2005. Tajik dominated , - , Baghlani Jadid , , Baghlan, , 119,607 , , , , Pashtun 70%, Tajik 20%, Uzbek 10% , - , Burka , , , , 49,561 , , , , Uzbek 60%, Tajik 20%, Hazara 10%, Pashtun 10% , - , Dahana-I-Ghuri , , , , 63,396 , , , , 80% Pashtun, 10% Hazara, Uzbek 10% , - , - , Dih Salah , , , , 31,100 , , , , Created in 2005 within

Andarab District Andarab ( fa, اندراب) is district located in the southern part of Baghlan Province, Afghanistan. The estimated population of Andarab in 2004 was roughly 120,642. In 2002, it was estimated that Tajiks 100% of the district's population but rec ...

. Tajik dominated , - , Dushi , , , , 74,295 , , , , 60% Hazara, 39% Tajik , - , Farang Wa Gharu , , , , 19,060 , , , , Tajik dominated, created in 2005 within

Khost Wa Fereng District Khost wa Fereng or Khost wa Firing is the easternmost district of Baghlan province, Afghanistan in the Hindu Kush mountains. Its capital is Khost wa Fereng. The population of the district was estimated to be around 60,300 in 2011–2012, of wh ...

, - , Guzargahi Nur , , , , 11,625 , , , , Tajik dominated, created in 2005 within

, - ,

Khinjan Khinjan District (pop: 29,600) is located in the southern part of Baghlan province in the Hindu Kush mountains. The capital is the town of Khenjan. The main Kabul-Kunduz highway passes through the district from south to west. Ethnic Tajiks makes ...

, , , , 65,011 , , , , 85% Tajik, 5% Hazara, 5% Pashtun, 5% other , - , Khost Wa Fereng , , , , 92,592 , , , , Tajik dominated, sub-divided in 2005 , - , Khwaja Hijran , , , , 27,442 , , , , Tajik dominated, created in 2005 within

, - , Nahrin , , , , 131,782 , , , , Tajik 60%, Pashtun 35%, Uzbek 5% , - , Puli Hisar , , , , 31,767 , , , , Tajik dominated, created in 2005 within

, - , Puli Khumri , , Puli Khumri , , 267,923 , , , , Tajik 60%, Hazara 20%, Pashtun 13%, Uzbek 7% , - , Tala wa Barfak , , , , 34,741 , , , , Hazara 70%, Tajik 30%{{Cite web{{Cite web , author=UNHCR Sub-Office Mazar-i-Sharif , date=9 April 2002 , title=District Profile: Tala-wa-Barfak , publisher= Afghanistan Information Management Services , url=http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/northern/baghlan/tala_wa_barfak/tala_wa_barfak.pdf , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223414/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/northern/baghlan/tala_wa_barfak/tala_wa_barfak.pdf , archive-date=3 March 2016 , url-status=dead , access-date=17 May 2021

References

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External links

{{Commons category, Baghlan Province {{Geographic location , Centre = Baghlan Province , North = Kunduz Province , Northeast = Takhar Province , East = , Southeast = Panjshir Province , South = Parwan Province , Southwest = Bamyan Province , West = Samangan Province , Northwest = {{Provinces of Afghanistan {{Baghlan Province {{Authority control Provinces of Afghanistan States and territories established in 1964 Provinces of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan