The (; ) is France's national

competition regulator A competition regulator is the institution that oversees the functioning of the markets. And the Law in which it takes cognizance of situations having any type of impediments and distortions on the markets and correct them is the competition law ...

. Its predecessor, the Competition Council, was established in the 1950s. The Competition Authority is an , responsible for preventing

anti-competitive practices Anti-competitive practices are business or government practices that prevent or reduce competition in a market. Antitrust laws differ among state and federal laws to ensure businesses do not engage in competitive practices that harm other, usuall ...

and monitoring the functioning of markets. It aims to ensure respect for the

law Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...

linked "to the defense of a sufficient market competition". Although it is not considered a court, it pronounced injunctions, makes decisions, and if necessary, imposes penalties, subject to appeal to the

Court of Appeal of Paris The Court of Appeal of Paris (french: Cour d'appel de Paris) is the largest appeals court in France in terms of the number of cases brought before it. Its jurisdiction covers the departments of Paris, Essonne, Yonne, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint- ...

and the

Court of Cassation A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems. Courts of cassation do not re-examine the facts of a case, they only interpret the relevant law. In this they are appellate courts of the highest instance. In th ...

. It also issues opinions. The main sources of law of its action are the Commercial Code (Book IV) and Articles 101 and 102 of the

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on European Union (TEU). It was previously known as the Treaty Establishi ...

. Its headquarters are in Paris, at 11 Rue de l'Echelle (some services such as the concentrations or the economy are at 6 avenue de l'Opéra)

History

Created by a decree of 9 August 1953 in the form of a commission attached to the Minister for the Economy, the Competition Council, as its name officially by the order of December 1, 1986 has become, since January 13, 2009 and according to the law of 4 August 2008 on modernization of the economy, the Competition Authority. His powers have been gradually extended, including the law of 15 March 2001 on new economic regulations (NRE Act) to meet the control objective of the proper competitive functioning of the market.

The technical commission agreements and dominant positions

The political will to fight against cartels

In the early

1950s The 1950s (pronounced nineteen-fifties; commonly abbreviated as the "Fifties" or the " '50s") (among other variants) was a decade that began on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959. Throughout the decade, the world continued its re ...

, in an economic context and directed nationalized since the

Great Depression The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...

2, as well as agreements with professional way since the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...

with the Vichy regime and the German planning of the French economy the government attention focuses on anti-competitive practices. The persistence of corporatist practices, after the

Vichy regime Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its ter ...

, helping to change the vision of the government on the effects of horizontal agreements between competitors 3. The government decided to take measures against price fixing 4, down the price system set by the administration since Ordinance No. 45-1483 of 30 June 1945 adopted in the aftermath of the war. Thus, Law No 52-835 of 18 July 1952 enriches the list of anti-competitive practices in the order of 30 June 1945. In 1953, both Houses of Parliament tear around the passage of a law establishing the status of cartels. In January 1950, a bill introduced by Henri Teitgen is the establishment of a specialized court for review of agreements to curb unlawful agreements but to allow those deemed consistent with the public interest 3. Other projects submitted tend to amend Articles 419 and 420 of the

penal code A criminal code (or penal code) is a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of a particular jurisdiction's criminal law. Typically a criminal code will contain offences that are recognised in the jurisdiction, penalties that might ...

to punish agreements. Asked for an opinion, to inform parliamentary debates 5, the Economic Council (forerunner of the present EESC) rejects the draft Henri Teitgen, due to the exorbitant powers of its specialized jurisdiction of the project and in the absence of judicial redress against its decisions. The resistance of both Houses encourages the government to override opposition parliamentarians 4 : Article 7 of the Framework Law No. 53-611 of 11 July 1953 empowers the government to take measures ''"to maintain or restore a free industrial and commercial competition"'' 6 , according to the practice of decree laws in force under the Fourth Republic. The French legislation also seemed upset with the Havana Charter.

Creation of the commission by the decree of 9 August 1953

As part of the policy of ''"economic and financial recovery"'' conducted by the

Government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government i ...

Joseph Laniel Joseph Laniel (; 12 October 18898 April 1975) was a French conservative politician of the Fourth Republic, who served as Prime Minister for a year from 1953 to 1954. During the middle of his tenure as Prime Minister Laniel was an unsuccessful ...

, was adopted on the basis of the aforementioned law decree No. 53-704 of 9 August 1953, to "''put an end to practices that by restricting fair trade competition, oppose any price drop"'' 7. The decree establishes the principle of ''"prohibition of all practices that thwart the full exercise of competition by opposing the lowering of cost prices or selling prices".'' This Order amends the order of 30 June 1945 which established a price system directed to curb high inflation. To punish these offenses, is created a technical commission agreements, composed of members of the State Council, judges of the

Supreme Court A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in most legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, and high (or final) court of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...

and the

Court of Auditors The European Court of Auditors (ECA; French: ''Cour des comptes européenne'') is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU). It was established in 1975 in Luxembourg in order to improve EU financial management. It has 27 members ( ...

, as well as qualified persons, attached to the Minister of economy. This committee is responsible for examining possible violations of rules prohibiting cartels, and appreciates the possible justifications that were made to them. Entering either the ordinary courts or by the Minister of Economy, the Technical Commission of the agreements provides an opinion to the minister who has the exclusive power to transmit or not the case to the prosecutor or impose fines. The technical commission agreements is then an external expert body 8 with the aim to inform decisions of the Minister for the Economy 9. The decree, adopted on the report of

Edgar Faure Edgar Jean Faure (; 18 August 1908 – 30 March 1988) was a French politician, lawyer, essayist, historian and memoirist who served as Prime Minister of France in 1952 and again between 1955 and 1956.3. The inaugural session of the Technical Commission of the agreements was held on April 9, 1954, but it was not until 23 April 1955 that really began consideration by the board, business submitted to it for review 2.

Extension of the competence of the technical committee to dominant positions

Law n ° 63-628 of 2 July 1963 supplementary budget for 1963 extends the jurisdiction of the Technical Commission of the agreements with the dominant positions of practices characterized by ''"a monopoly or a manifest concentration of economic power, when these activities the object or may have the effect of impeding the normal operation of the market "'' (Article 3) 10 .

The Competition Commission (1977–1986)

Following the

first oil crisis The 1973 oil crisis or first oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), led by Saudi Arabia, proclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo was targeted at nations that had supp ...

in 1973, which deeply undermines the planning approach adopted in

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

since the

Liberation Liberation or liberate may refer to: Film and television * ''Liberation'' (film series), a 1970–1971 series about the Great Patriotic War * "Liberation" (''The Flash''), a TV episode * "Liberation" (''K-9''), an episode Gaming * '' Liberati ...

, the second government of

Raymond Barre Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (; 12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs under three presidents (Rey, ...

progressively reduced price controls. Several laws will strengthen the framework of the French competition law. Law n ° 77-806 of 19 July 1977 creates the Competition Commission, and extends its jurisdiction on two points. Henceforth, the Competition Commission knows in an advisory capacity to ''"all questions concerning competition referred to it by the Government"'', and advises on transactions or projects of concentration. In an Assembly decision of 13 March 1981, the

Council of State A Council of State is a governmental body in a country, or a subdivision of a country, with a function that varies by jurisdiction. It may be the formal name for the cabinet or it may refer to a non-executive advisory body associated with a head o ...

denied him the jurisdiction of qualifying, but the class as ''"administrative agency"''. Subsequently, Law No. 85-1408 of 30 December 1985 on improving competition qualifies for the first time the Commission of " ''independent administrative authority"''.

The Competition Council (1986–2009)

The establishment of the Competition Council by the order of December 1, 1986

Following the political change of 1986, resulting in the first cohabitation, Ordinance No. 86-1243 of December 1, 1986 repeals the provisions of the Ordinance of 30 June 1945 which established an administrative price control. Now prices are ''"freely determined by competition"''. The ordinance establishes the Competition Council consisting of sixteen members, appointed for a term of six years on a proposal of the Minister of Economy. The Competition Council now has its own power of decision and sanctions on anticompetitive practices, although the power of decision in economic concentrations still held by the Minister of Economy, the Competition Council did in this case an advisory role. The ordinance introduced other important innovations, namely enlargement, especially to businesses, Council referral opportunities, transferring the sanctioning power of the Minister Council in the economy, together with a control of the judicial court and a better procedure guaranteeing the rights of interested parties. The law ratifying the order of December 1, 1986 provided for the transfer of contentious decisions of the Competition Council to the judicial judge, notwithstanding the traditional jurisprudential criteria that would have involved the jurisdiction of administrative courts. Seized under its

constitutional review Constitutional review, or constitutionality review or constitutional control, is the evaluation, in some countries, of the constitutionality of the laws. It is supposed to be a system of preventing violation of the rights granted by the constitution ...

, the Constitutional Council clears the fundamental principle recognized by the laws of the Republic that ''"with the exception of matters reserved by nature to the judiciary, is ultimately the responsibility of the administrative court the annulment or alteration of decisions taken in the exercise of public powers by the authorities exercising executive power, agents, local authorities of the Republic or public bodies under their authority or control"'' (decision No. 86-224 DC of 23 January 1987).

Successive expansion of the powers of the Competition Council

From 1986, the Competition Council sees its gradually extended powers. Law No. 92-1282 of 11 December 1992 empowers the Council to do under Articles 85 to 87 of the

Treaty of Rome The Treaty of Rome, or EEC Treaty (officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community), brought about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), the best known of the European Communities (EC). The treaty was sig ...

, which include prohibitions of dominant positions and agreements 17. Law''Galland'' of 1 ^st July 1996 expands the adjudicatory functions of the Competition Council to predatory pricing 18. The law ''New Economic Regulations'' (called ''NRE'') of 15 May 2001 introduced numerous procedural innovations for the benefit of the Competition Council: the latter may enter into transactions with sanctioned companies, or make use of leniency procedures 19. The law 2003-706 of August 1, 2003 of Financial Security integrates the control of bank mergers in the common competition law, by giving the Minister of Economy and when asked for an opinion to the Council competition, the authority to deal with competition problems that would arise for bank mergers 20 .

Since 2009 the Competition Authority

The law modernizing the economy of 4 August 2008 transfer to the new Competition Authority all the old powers of the Competition Council, by adding new skills. Some of these changes were advocated by the Attali Commission and by the

OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate ...

, in that they were intended to enhance efficiency in competitive market regulation 21.

Transfer of control of concentrations

One of the great innovations of the law modernizing the economy of 4 August 2008 (Article 96) is to transfer to the new Competition Authority, established as an independent administrative authority, control of concentrations 22. This reform helps to bring the French model of regulation of competition from that in force in other states in Europe, entrusting to an independent authority specialized control of these operations 23. Now, subject to criteria related to turnover of the undertakings concerned (which would result if any competence of the

European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body ...

), the Competition Authority is the competent authority of common law in this area. The Minister of Economy may, however, once the decision of the Commission made, discuss and approve the transaction in question for ''"reasons of general interest other than maintaining competition"'' into such industrial development, the competitiveness of enterprises in question in the light of international competition or the creation or maintenance of employment 24.

Possibility of issuing opinions and recommendations

The LME Act allows the Competition Authority on its own initiative in opinion on any competition issue and make recommendations to improve the market competition to the Minister responsible for the sector 25. The opinion of the Authority are usually very noticeable, especially one made in September 2014 on concessions highway 26, 27, 28.

Composition of the Competition Authority

President and vice-Presidents

The President of the Competition Authority is appointed for a term of five years by decree on the report of the Minister of Economy. The chairman is appointed ''"because of its expertise in the legal and economic fields"'' 29. However, since 1963, all presidents of the administrative authority were state councilors. The current president of the Authority Bruno Lasserre, state councilor and vice-presidents are Claire Favre, Elisabeth Flüry-Herard, Emmanuel Combe and Thierry Dahan 30.

College members

The Competition Authority is composed of a college of 17 members, 41 appointed by decree on report of the Minister of Economy, for a period of five years (renewable term): * President ; * six members or former members of the State Council, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors or other jurisdictions; * five persons chosen for their expertise in economic, competition and consumption; * five persons employed or formerly operating in the production sector, distribution, crafts, services or the professions. Within the council, there is a standing committee composed of the president and four vice presidents. The Minister of Economy called: * a government commissioner to the Board, namely the Director General of Competition, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Control (

DGCCRF The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the Constitution of France, French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be an "indivisible, laïcité, secular, ...

). * the general rapporteur on the proposal of the Board. The other rapporteurs, who will present the case and the case to the Competition Authority, appointed by the General Rapporteur.

Powers of the Competition Authority

National allocations of the Competition Authority

The competition law applies ''"to all production, distribution and services, including those that are made public persons, particularly in the context of public service delegation agreements"'', according to Article L. 410-1 of the commercial code. Article L. 461-1 of the Code provides that the Competition Authority ''"ensures free competition."'' As such, the Competition Authority has several skills.

Sanction anti competitive practices

The Competition Authority is mainly responsible for repressing anti-competitive business practices, including

agreements Agreement may refer to: Agreements between people and organizations * Gentlemen's agreement, not enforceable by law * Trade agreement, between countries * Consensus, a decision-making process * Contract, enforceable in a court of law ** Meeting of ...

and abuse of dominant position . It may impose two sanctions: * injunctions to stop the practice within a specified period, real non-punitive sanction. * according to Article L.464-2 of the Commercial Code, the Competition Authority ''"may impose a financial penalty applicable either immediately or for breach of injunctions".'' The sanctions say it is proportional to the seriousness of the charges, the importance of the damage on the economy.

= Referral to the Competition Authority

= Several people can enter the Competition Authority. Historically, only the Minister of the economy, companies and local authorities, professional organizations and trade unions, approved consumer organizations, and chambers of commerce and industry for the interest they charge could grasp the Authority, outside of its self-referral option. Law n ° 2012-1270 of 20 November 2012 on economic regulation overseas are added regions and communities overseas with special status.

Critique of self-referral to the Competition Authority

Section 11 of the Ordinance of 1 ^st December 1986 provided for the right to self-referral to the Competition Authority, transposed provision in Article L. 462-5 of the Commercial Code. This ability to self-referral has been criticized many times, because of potential damage to the impartiality of the Authority. In a first decision ''Company Canal Plus Group and Vivendi Universal'' issued October 12, 2012 (Decision No. 2012-280 QPC), the Constitutional Council , however, felt that the right to self-referral to the Competition Authority proposed by its General rapporteur, "not edthe authority not to prejudge the reality of breaches examine" and considered the article in question complies with the Constitution 42 . In a second decision ''Grands Moulins de Strasbourg SA Companies'' rendered October 14, 2015 (Decision No. 2015-489 QPC), the Constitutional Council ruled that the decision of the Competition Authority self-grabs, ''"decision which the Council exercises its supervisory role of well functioning markets, has neither the purpose nor the effect of a practice charge with a particular undertaking "'' ; therefore, it does not lead to prejudge actual practices that may give rise to sanctions pronounced 43 .

= Sanctions may be imposed

= In case of finding of an anti competitive practice, the Competition Authority may order offenders terminate or impose special conditions and, where appropriate, impose a financial penalty applicable either immediately or in the event of breach of injunctions or in case of non-compliance with commitments accepted 44 . If the offender is not a business, the maximum amount of the penalty is three million. The maximum amount of the penalty is for a company 10% of the worldwide turnover before tax achieved the highest during one of the years ended since the year preceding that in which the practices were implemented. In a ruling ''Association Accountant Media Association'' issued January 7, 2016 (Decision No. 2015-510 QPC), the Constitutional Council considers that by providing maximum financial penalty in absolute value when the person who committed the offense is not a business, then this maximum is set as a percentage of revenue when that person is a company, the legislator has introduced a difference of treatment directly related to the object of the law establishing it, and that he referred to specific legal categories for determining the penalty with sufficient certainty. In doing so, the Constitutional Court dismisses the grievance ignorance of equality and principle of legality of criminal offenses and penalties 45. Moreover, the Competition Authority may decide that the decision, in full or in excerpt will be published, distributed or displayed, the cost then being borne by the person concerned.

Advisory activity of the Competition Authority

The Competition Authority also plays an advisory role. As such, it must be consulted before any regulatory price. It can also be consulted on all matters of competition, especially when monitoring concentrations.

Community powers of the Competition Authority

Obligation to apply Community competition law in the event of allocation of intra-Community trade

The entry into force on

1 January January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

2004 of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 made it mandatory for the authorities regulating competition in the

member states A member state is a state that is a member of an international organization or of a federation or confederation. Since the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) include some members that are not sovereign s ...

of the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are located primarily in Europe, Europe. The union has a total area of ...

, the application of Community competition rules. National competition authorities (NCAs) when they apply national law on cartels and dominant positions must also apply EU competition law to practices that are ''"likely to affect trade between Member States."'' Regulation of 16 December 2002 is decentralizing the application of competition law in order to increase its effectiveness. This is to allow the

to focus on large-scale operations, and use the capacities of national competition authorities, often better placed to hear an anti-competitive practice. In addition, the settlement ends the exemption monopoly held by the European Commission: now, the national competition authorities may make pursuant to Article 101 paragraph 3 of the

to exempt contribution agreements to economic progress.

The insertion of the Competition Authority from the European Competition Network (ECN)

Regulation 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 sets up a European Competition Network (ECN), led by the European Commission, and for the optimal application of Community competition law.

Budget

In 2014, the budget of the Competition Authority amounted to €20.7 million, including 16.2 million for staff costs and EUR 4.5 million for operating expenses 46 .

Decisional practice of the Competition Authority

* 22 July 2021 : The Autorité fines several eyeglasses manufacturers for imposing retail prices to opticians. *24 June 2019 : The Autorité de la concurrence fines French notaries and County Court bailiffs for anti-competitive practices.

Jean-Pierre Thiollet Jean-Pierre Thiollet (; born 9 December 1956) is a French writer and journalist. Primarily living in Paris, he is the author of numerous books and one of the national leaders of the European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (CEDI), a ...

, ''Hallier Edernellement vôtre'', Neva Editions, 2019, p.29-30.
21 March 2017: Engie re Natural Gas and Electricity
The Autorité de la concurrence fines Engie 100 million euros for breaches of L. 420-2 of the commercial code.
December 17, 2015: Abuse of dominant position in the phone market "Enterprise"
archive /small> . The Autorité de la concurrence fines Orange (formerly France Telecom) to 350 million euros for having implemented four anti-competitive practices in the markets for fixed and mobile services to customers "business", and imposes injunctions aimed at immediately restore a situation of fair competition on these markets. * December 8, 2011: Cartel of laundry in France
December 20, 2007: Price agreement in the toy distribution sector
archive /small> . The Competition Council sanctions for 37 million 5 toy manufacturers and 3 distributors. Chicco - Baby de France, France Goliath, France Hasbro, Lego SAS MegaBrands Europe NV and Carrefour France, Maxi Toys France and EPSE-JouéClub.
March 22, 2006: Case of software Drapo
archive /small> . The Competition Council condemns 34 construction companies for widespread agreement on procurement of Ile-de-France and sanctions to the tune of 48.5 million euros.
15 December 2005. The Competition Council sanctioned 6 construction companies
archive /small> . specialized in the supply of asphalt for a total amount of 33.6 million euros.
1 ^st December 2005: Agreement on the mobile phone market
archive /small> . The Competition Council sanctions to the tune of 534 million euros the companies Orange France, SFR and Bouygues Telecom 60 .
May 13, 2005: Highway A 84 called "Route Estuaries"
archive /small> . The Competition Council condemns 21 construction companies for sanctions and agreement for 17 million euros.
1 ^st April 2003: Distribution of fuels on motorways: the Competition Council sanctioned the main oil groups
archive /small> . The Competition Council sanctions leading oil groups. They imposed fines totaling 27 million euros.
September 23, 2002: price agreement in the ball bearings sector
archive /small> . The Competition Council sanctions the leading manufacturers for a total of about 19 million.
July 3, 2002: appliances and audiovisual devices: the Competition Council sanctions an agreement between major retailers and some manufacturers
archive /small> . The Competition Council sanctioned the manufacturer of household appliances Thomson and distributors Fnac, Darty, Euromarket, Connection, Camif and Conforama for a total of about 34 million.

Notes

References

* Thomas Pez, " ," ''Nouveaux Cahiers of the Constitutional Council'' , n o 49,October 2015, P. 44-57
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archive /small> , on ''www.economie.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) * b and c Claude Didry, Frédéric Marty, OFCE,201527 p.
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archive ) * Alain Chatriot " ," ''History, Economy and Society'' , vol. 27 th year1 st March 2008, P. 7-22 (

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0752-5702

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archive /small> , on ''www.legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) * Michael Wise, " ", ''Journal of Law and Competition Policy'' , vol. Flight. 71 st March 2005, P. 7-91 (

1560-7798

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archive ) *# ↑ Michel Glais, " ," ''Industrial Economics Review'' , n o 1,1993, P. 45-83
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archive /small> , on ''www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) *# ↑ NEXINT
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archive /small> , on ''www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr'' ,January 23, 1987 (accessed 12 January 2016 )
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archive /small> , on ''Legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 )
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archive /small> , on ''Legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) * " ," ''Economic Studies OECD'' , vol. No. 5,1 st May 2009, P. 113-146 (

0304-3363

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archive /small> , on ''www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) *
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archive /small> , on ''lemonde.fr'' ,September 18, 2014 (accessed 12 January 2016 )
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archive /small> , on ''SudOuest.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) *
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archive /small> , on ''www.la-croix.com'' (accessed 12 January 2016 )
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archive /small> , on ''Legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) * http://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/user/standard.php?id_rub=33 archive /small>
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archive /small> , on ''www.legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) *
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archive /small> , on ''www.legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 )
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archive /small> , on ''www.legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 )
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archive /small> ,March 3, 1993 (accessed 12 January 2016 )
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archive /small> , on ''Legifrance.gouv.fr'' ,July 29, 1998 (accessed 12 January 2016 )
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archive /small> , on ''www.legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 12 January 2016 ) *
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Competition Authority, Missions, Presentation
archive /small> www.authoritedelaconcurrence.fr. site of the Competition Authority. * NEXINT
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archive /small> , on ''www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr'' ,October 12, 2012 (accessed 13 January 2016 ) * NEXINT
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archive /small> , on ''www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr'' ,October 14, 2015 (accessed 13 January 2016 )
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archive /small> , on ''Legifrance.gouv.fr'' (accessed 14 January 2016 ) * NEXINT
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archive /small> , on ''www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr'' ,January 7, 2016 (accessed 17 January 2016 ) *read online
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Council Notice of competition
archive /small> {{DEFAULTSORT:Autorite de la concurrence Competition regulators Consumer organizations in France Regulation in France