Articulatory phonology is a linguistic theory originally proposed in 1986 by

Catherine Browman Catherine Phebe Browman ( �kæθrɪn ˈfibi ˈbraʊ̯mən 1945–18 July 2008) was an American linguist and speech scientist. She received her Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1978. Browman was a resear ...

of Haskins Laboratories and Louis Goldstein of University of Southern California and Haskins. The theory identifies theoretical discrepancies between

phonetics Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Linguists who specialize in studying the physical properties of speech are phoneticians. ...

and

phonology Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a ...

and aims to unify the two by treating them as low- and high-dimensional descriptions of a single system. Unification can be achieved by incorporating into a single model the idea that the physical system (identified with phonetics) constrains the underlying abstract system (identified with phonology), making the units of control at the abstract planning level the same as those at the physical level. The plan of an utterance is formatted as a gestural score, which provides the input to a physically based model of speech production – the task dynamic model of

Elliot Saltzman Elliot Saltzman''http://www.haskins.yale.edu/staff/saltzman.html] is an American psychologist and speech scientist. He is a professor in the Department of Physical Therapy at Boston University and a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New H ...

. The gestural score graphs locations within the

vocal tract The vocal tract is the cavity in human bodies and in animals where the sound produced at the sound source ( larynx in mammals; syrinx in birds) is filtered. In birds it consists of the trachea, the syrinx, the oral cavity, the upper part of th ...

where constriction can occur, indicating the planned or target degree of constriction. A computational model of speech production developed at Haskins Laboratories combines articulatory phonology, task dynamics, and the Haskins

articulatory synthesis Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which us ...

system developed by

Philip Rubin Philip E. Rubin (born May 22, 1949) is an American cognitive scientist, technologist, and science administrator known for raising the visibility of behavioral and cognitive science, neuroscience, and ethical issues related to science, t ...

and colleagues.

Notes

Bibliography

* * Browman, C.P. and Goldstein, L. (1986). Towards an articulatory phonology. In C. Ewen and J. Anderson (eds.) ''

Phonology Yearbook Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a ...

3''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 219–252. * * Browman, C.P. and Goldstein, L. (1993). Dynamics and articulatory phonology. ''Status Reports on Speech Research'', SR-l 13. New Haven: Haskins Laboratories, pp. 51–62. * * Fowler, C.A., Rubin, P. Remez, R.E. and Turvey, M.T. (1980). Implications for speech production of a general theory of action. In B. Butterworth (ed.) ''Language Production''. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 373–420. * Goldstein, Louis M., and

Carol Fowler Carol Ann Fowler is an American experimental psychologist. She was president and director of research at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut from 1992 to 2008. She is also a professor of psychology at the University of Connecticut and ...

. (2003). Articulatory phonology: a phonology for public language use.” In ''Phonetics and Phonology in Language Comprehension and Production: Differences and Similarities'', ed. Antje S. Meyer and Niels O. Schiller. Mouton de Gruyter * * Kröger, B.J. (1993). A gestural production model and its application to reduction in German. ''Phonetica'' 50: 213-233. * Kröger, B.J., Birkholz, P. (2007). A gesture-based concept for speech movement control in articulatory speech synthesis. In: Esposito A, Faundez-Zanuy M, Keller E, Marinaro M (eds.) ''Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Behaviours, LNAI 4775'' (Springer, Berlin) pp. 174-189 * Saltzman, E. (1986). Task dynamic co-ordination of the speech articulators: a preliminary model. In H. Heuer and C. Fromm (eds.) ''Generation and Modulation of Action Patterns''. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 129–144. * * Tatham, M. A. A. (1996). Articulatory phonology and computational adequacy. In R. Lawrence (ed.). ''Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics'', Vol. 18, Part 9. St. Albans: IoA, 375-382

Computational linguistics Psycholinguistics Phonetics Phonology {{phonology-stub