Arleigh Burke-class

The ''Arleigh Burke'' class of guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) is a United States Navy class of destroyer built around the Aegis Combat System and the SPY-1D multi-function passive electronically scanned array radar. The class is named for Admiral Arleigh Burke, an American destroyer officer in World War II and later Chief of Naval Operations. The lead ship, , was commissioned during Admiral Burke's lifetime.

These warships were designed as multi-mission destroyers, able to fulfill the strategic land strike role with Tomahawk missiles; anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) role with powerful Aegis radar and surface-to-air missiles; anti-submarine warfare (ASW) with towed array sonar, anti-submarine rockets, and ASW helicopters; and anti-surface warfare (ASuW) with Harpoon missiles. With upgrades to their AN/SPY-1 phased radar systems and their associated missile payloads as part of the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, the ships of this class have also demonstrated capability as mobile anti-ballistic missile and anti-satellite weaponry platforms, operating on 42 destroyers as of August 2021. Later versions of the class no longer have the Harpoon missile launchers, and some ships of the class do not have towed array sonar. Their hull and superstructure were designed to have a reduced radar cross-section.

The first ship of the class was commissioned on 4 July 1991. With the decommissioning of the last , , on 21 September 2005, the ''Arleigh Burke''-class ships became the U.S. Navy's only active destroyers until the became active in 2016. The ''Arleigh Burke'' class has the longest production run for any post-World War II U.S. Navy surface combatant. Of the first 75 vessels of this class (comprising 21 of Flight I, 7 of Flight II, 34 of Flight IIA, 3 of Flight IIA Restart, and 10 of Flight IIA Technology Insertion), 70 are in service as of May 2022. Currently, 14 of the Flight III have been ordered, but another 28 have been envisioned, bringing a total of 42 for that Flight and an overall total of 117 ships for the class.

With an overall length of , displacement ranging from 8,230 to 9,700 tons, and weaponry including over 90 missiles, the ''Arleigh Burke'' class are larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided-missile cruisers.

Characteristics

Variants

The ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers have four separate variants, referred to as "Flights".
*DDGs 51–71 represent the original design and are designated as Flight I.
*DDGs 72–78 are Flight II ships.
*DDGs 79–124 and DDG-127 are Flight IIA ships.
*DDGs 125–126, DDG-128, and later ships are Flight III.

Structure

The ''Arleigh Burke''-class ships are among the largest destroyers built in the United States. Only the , (), and classes () are longer. The larger ships were constructed on ''Spruance'' class hull forms, but they are designated as cruisers due to their different mission and weapons systems compared to the ''Spruance'' and ''Kidd''-class destroyers. The ''Arleigh Burke'' class was designed with a new large, water-plane area-hull form characterized by a wide flaring bow, which significantly improves seakeeping ability and permits high speed in high sea states.

Its designers incorporated lessons from the ''Ticonderoga''-class ships, which were deemed too expensive to continue building and difficult to upgrade further. For these destroyers, the U.S. Navy also returned to all-steel construction. An earlier generation had combined a steel hull with a superstructure made of lighter aluminum to reduce top weight, but the lighter metal proved vulnerable to cracking. Aluminum is also less fire-resistant than steel; a 1975 fire aboard gutted her aluminum superstructure. Battle damage to Royal Navy ships exacerbated by their aluminum superstructures during the 1982 Falklands War supported the decision to use steel. Other lessons from the Falklands War led to the Navy's decision to protect the ''Arleigh Burke'' class's vital spaces with double-spaced steel layers (creating a buffer against AShMs) and Kevlar spall liners.

The class's design incorporates stealth techniques, such as the angled—rather than traditional vertical—surfaces and the tripod mainmast,Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 592Baker 1998, p. 1020 which make the ship more difficult to detect by radar. Starting with USS ''Mustin'' (DDG-89), the exhaust funnels are shrouded to minimize their radar and infrared signature further.

Passive defenses

Each ''Arleigh Burke'' destroyer carries two AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare (EW) suites—one on each side—that provide passive detection and intelligence. Some ships are equipped with the SLQ-32(V)2 variant, some have the (V)3 variant, and the newest have (V)6. Vessels with the (V)3 or (V)6 variant have an additional capability to actively jam targeting and AShM guidance radar. ''Arleigh Burke''s have expendable infrared, chaff, and Nulka decoys for foiling incoming anti-ship missiles. For defeating incoming torpedoes, the class features Nixie countermeasures.

A Collective Protection System makes the ''Arleigh Burke'' class the first U.S. warships designed with an air-filtration system against nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare (NBC). Other NBC defenses include air-locked hatches, pressurized compartments, and an external "countermeasure wash down system".

Weapon systems

The ''Arleigh Burke'' class is a set of multi-mission ships with numerous combat systems, including a "combination of... an advanced anti-submarine warfare system (ASW), land attack cruise missiles, ship-to-ship missiles, and advanced anti-aircraft missiles". An onboard dual-purpose 5-inch gun can engage ships, land targets, aircraft, and missiles.photo/caption: "The Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Benfold (DDG 65) fires its 5 inch gun,"
U.S. Department of Defense, retrieved August 23, 2021 The ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyer is equipped with the Aegis Combat System, which combines information from the ship's sensors to display a coherent image of the environment and guides weapons to targets using advanced tracking and fire control.

Their SPY radars differ from traditional rotating radars that mechanically rotate 360 degrees for each sweep scan of the airspace. Instead, Aegis uses the AN/SPY-1D passive electronically scanned array (or the AN/SPY-6 active electronically scanned array on Flight III ships), which allows continual tracking of targets simultaneous to area scans. The system's computer control also allows centralization of the previously separate tracking and targeting functions. The system is also resistant to electronic countermeasures.

The Standard Missile SM-2MR/ ER and SM-6 provide area air defense, though they may also be used in a secondary ASuW role. The SM-2 uses semi-active radar homing, meaning that up to three targets may be simultaneously intercepted since the ''Arleigh Burke''s have three AN/SPG-62 fire-control radars for terminal target illumination. The SM-6, which provides over-the-horizon missile defense, uses active radar homing; it does not have to rely on external illumination, so more targets could theoretically be intercepted simultaneously.

Flight IIA and III destroyers carry RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missiles, which provide medium-range defense against missiles and aircraft up to a range of about 27 nmi and are small enough to be quad-packed into a single Mk 41 VLS cell. They are also capable of targeting other ships. ESSM Block 1 uses semi-active radar homing, guided similarly to the SM-2. The new ESSM Block 2, among other improvements, features active radar homing like the SM-6, and it was scheduled for Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 2020. Some ships (, , , , , , , ) are equipped with the SeaRAM CIWS to improve their self-defense.

The SM-3, SM-6, and SM-2ER Block IV provide Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD), the SM-3 being a dedicated ballistic missile interceptor, and the latter two having terminal phase anti-ballistic capability. So vital has the Aegis BMD role of the class become that all ships of the class are being updated with BMD capability. The first 28 Flight I and Flight II ships were upgraded from 2007–2014. Flight III ships will be delivered from 2023 with improved BMD capabilities and new AN/SPY-6 3D radars. Flight IIA ships are also planned to receive these upgrades with an AN/SPY-6 radar retrofit starting from 2022.

Flights I and II carry stand-alone Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers for a total of 4 to 8 Harpoons, giving them an anti-ship capability with a range in excess of .

The class can perform strategic land strikes with VLS-launched Tomahawks. With the development of the Tomahawk Block V, all existing Block IV Tomahawks carried will be converted to the Block V version to become dual-role missiles with anti-ship capability in addition to their land attack role. The Tomahawk Block Va version is called the Maritime Strike version, and the Block Vb version features the Joint Multi-Effects Warhead System.

''Arleigh Burke''-class ships feature the Navy's latest AN/SQQ-89 anti-submarine warfare combat system, which is integrated with Aegis. It encompasses the AN/SQS-53C bow-mounted sonar and AN/SQR-19 or TB-37U towed array sonar (though several Flight IIA ships do not have a towed array). The ships carry standoff RUM-139 VL-ASROC, RUM-139 Anti-submarine missile, anti-submarine rockets, which have a range of 22 km and carry the Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo, Mark 54 ASW torpedo. For short-range defense against submarines, they have two Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes, Mark 32 triple Torpedo tube, torpedo tubes—one to the port side and one to the starboard side—that can fire the Mark 46 torpedo, Mark 46, Mark 50 torpedo, Mark 50, and Mark 54 ASW torpedoes. The ships can detect anti-ship Naval mine, mines at a range of about 1,400 meters.

All ships of the class are fitted with at least one Phalanx CIWS, Phalanx close-in weapon system (CIWS), which provides point defense against air and surface threats. They also carry two M242 Bushmaster, 25 mm Mark 38 25 mm Machine Gun System, Mk 38 Machine Gun Systems, one on each side of the ship. They are designed to counter fast surface craft. There are numerous mounts for Crew-served weapon, crew-served weapons like the M2 Browning.

Located on the forward deck is the 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, 5-inch (127 mm) Mark 45 gun. The Mark 45 Mod 2 variant, with a barrel length of 54 calibers (), is installed on ship hull numbers DDG-51 – DDG-80 (30 ships). Hull numbers beginning with DDG-81 employ the Mark 45 Mod 4 variant, which has a barrel length of 62 calibers (). The 5-inch Mark 45 gun, directed by the Mark 34 Gun Weapon System, Mark 34 Gun Weapon System (GWS), is capable of use in anti-ship and close-in anti-aircraft roles, as well as Naval gunfire support, naval gunfire support (NGFS) supporting forces ashore, with a range of up to and capable of firing 16–20 rounds per minute. The Mark 45 gun on the ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyer has an ammunition stowage of 680 shells.

Aircraft

Flights IIA and III are equipped with two hangars for stowing MH-60 Seahawk, MH-60 helicopters. Their Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helicopter system improves the ship's capabilities against submarines and surface ships by enabling the MH-60 to serve as a platform for monitoring submarines and surface ships, launching torpedoes and missiles against them, and providing fire support during insertions/extractions with machine guns and AGM-114 Hellfire, Hellfire anti-armor guided missiles. The helicopters also serve in a utility role, able to perform ship replenishment, search and rescue, medical evacuation, communications relay, and naval gunfire spotting and controlling.

In March 2022, an ''Arleigh Burke'' destroyer was deployed with an AAI Aerosonde Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The aircraft is being demonstrated for Flight I and II ships, which do not have accommodations for permanently storing helicopters. The Aerosonde has a small enough footprint to be stowed away on those destroyers. It can perform missions such as Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, ISR at a much lower cost compared to manned helicopters.

Development

In 1980, the U.S. Navy initiated design studies with seven contractors. By 1983, the number of competitors had been reduced to three: Bath Iron Works, Vigor Shipyards, Todd Shipyards, and Ingalls Shipbuilding. On 3 April 1985, Bath Iron Works received a US$321.9 million contract to build the first of class, USS ''Arleigh Burke''. Gibbs & Cox was awarded the contract to be the lead ship design agent. The total cost of the first ship was put at US$1.1 billion, the other US$778 million being for the ship's weapons systems. She was laid down by the Bath Iron Works at Bath, Maine, on 6 December 1988, and launched on 16 September 1989 by Mrs. Arleigh Burke. The Admiral himself was present at her commissioning ceremony on 4 July 1991, held on the waterfront in downtown Norfolk, Virginia.

The Flight II ''Arleigh Burke'' ships have the following improvements over the original Flight I: incorporation of combat direction finding, SLQ-32(V)3 instead of (V)2, AN/SPS-67, SPS-67(V)5 instead of (V)3, TADIXS, TADIX-B, JTIDS command and control processor, and the capability to launch and control the SM-2 Extended Range Block IV.

The Flight IIA ''Arleigh Burke'' ships feature several changes, including both the addition and removal of systems. Among the additions are two hangars for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters and a new, longer 5-inch/62-caliber (127 mm) Mark 45 Mod 4 naval gun (installed onto and later ships). Retractable missile loading cranes on the forward and aft VLS were replaced with a total of 6 additional missile cells. Later Flight IIA ships starting with use the Sperry Marine Northrop Grumman, Sperry Marine BridgeMaster E as their navigation radar instead of the AN/SPS-73(V)12. USS ''Mustin'' and onwards have a modified funnel design that buries the funnels within the superstructure as a signature-reduction measure. The use of the improved SPY-1D(V) radar, starting with , enhanced their ability to filter out clutter and resist electronic attack. Systems omitted from Flight IIA are the Harpoon missile launchers and the AN/SQR-19 TACTAS (tactical towed array sonar), and starting with , the forward Phalanx CIWS.

DDG-68 to DDG-84 were built with AN/SLQ-32(V)3 EW suites, and other destroyers were built with the (V)2 variant. Whereas (V)2 has only passive detection capabilities, (V)3 features an active electronic countermeasures component. Many (V)2 suites have since been upgraded to (V)3. The AN/SLQ-32 is currently being upgraded under the Surface Electronic Warfare Improvement Program (SEWIP). The SEWIP Block 2 (AN/SLQ-32(V)6) features improved electronic support capability, and it was first installed on ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers in 2014. As of 2022, it is in full-rate production for installation on the latest ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers and for retrofit on existing ones, replacing their existing (V)2 and (V)3 equipment. The SEWIP Block 3 (AN/SLQ-32(V)7) will give ships improved electronic attack capability and is in low-rate initial production as of 2022.

A number of Flight IIA ships were constructed without any Phalanx CIWS because of the planned Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile, Evolved SeaSparrow Missile; the Navy had initially decided that ESSM made Phalanx redundant. However, the Navy later changed its mind and decided to retrofit all IIA ships to carry at least one Phalanx CIWS by 2013.Analyst: DDGs without CIWS vulnerable
''Navy Times''. 16 September 2008.

The experimental 60 kW High Energy Laser and Integrated Optical-dazzler and Surveillance (HELIOS) underwent land-based testing from August 2021 to March 2022. In August 2022, became the first ship to be equipped with the system. It is expected that ''Preble'' will begin at-sea testing of the HELIOS in FY2023.

USS ''Pinckney'', , , , , and have superstructure differences to accommodate the AN/WLD-1 RMS Remote Minehunting System, Remote Mine-hunting System (RMS). Additionally, the Mk 32 torpedo tubes were repositioned from amidships to the aft missile deck.

Modernization

In an effort to address United States battleship retirement debate, congressional concerns over the retirement of the , the Navy began a modernization program for the ''Arleigh Burke''s aimed at improving their gun systems. This modernization was to include an extension of the range of the guns on the Flight I ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers (''Arleigh Burke'' to ''Ross'') with Extended Range Guided Munition, extended range guided munitions (ERGMs) that would have given the guns a range of . However, the ERGM was canceled in 2008.

The current modernization program is designed to provide a comprehensive mid-life upgrade to ensure that the class remains effective. Reduced manning, increased mission effectiveness, and reduced total cost—including construction, maintenance, and operation—are the goals of the modernization program. Modernization technologies were integrated during the construction of DDG-111 and 112, and they are planned to be retrofitted into DDG Flight I and II ships during in-service overhaul periods. The first phase will update the hull, mechanical, and electrical systems, while the second phase will introduce an open architecture computing environment (OACE). The result will be improved capability in both BMD and littoral combat. By 2018, all ''Arleigh Burke''-class ships homeported in the Western Pacific will have upgraded ASW systems, including the new AN/SQR-20, renamed the TB-37U, Multi-Function Towed Array (MFTA) sonar systems.

The Navy is also upgrading the ships' ability to process data. Beginning with , the Navy is installing an internet protocol (IP)-based data backbone, which enhances the ship's ability to handle video. ''Spruance'' is the first destroyer to be fitted with the Boeing Company's gigabit Ethernet data multiplex system (GEDMS).

In July 2010, BAE Systems announced that they had been awarded a contract to modernize 11 ships. In May 2014, Sam LaGrone reported that 21 of the 28 Flight I/II ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers would not receive a mid-life upgrade that included electronics and Aegis Baseline 9 software for SM-6 compatibility; instead, they would retain the basic BMD 3.6.1 software in a $170 million upgrade concentrating on mechanical systems, and on some ships, their anti-submarine suite. Seven Flight I ships—DDG 51–53, 57, 61, 65, 69—received the full US$270m Baseline 9 upgrade. Deputy of surface warfare Dave McFarland said that this change was due to the budget cuts in the Budget Control Act of 2011.

In 2016, the Navy announced they would begin the outfitting of 34 Flight IIA ''Arleigh Burke'' vessels with a hybrid-electric drive (HED) to lower fuel costs. While the four LM-2500 gas turbines of the ''Arleigh Burke''s are most efficient at high speeds, an electric motor is to be attached to the main reduction gear to turn the drive shaft to propel the ship at speeds under , such as during BMD or maritime security operations. Use of the HED for half the time could extend time on station by 2.5 days before refueling. In March 2018, the Navy announced the HED would complete installation onto , but upgrades of further destroyers would be halted. Budget priorities and design issues caused the move, and ''Truxtun'' will be used to test the technology and see if it can be improved.

Also in 2016, four destroyers patrolling with the U.S. 6th Fleet based in Naval Station Rota, Spain (USS ''Carney'', USS ''Ross'', USS ''Donald Cook'', and USS ''Porter'') received self-protection upgrades, replacing one of their two Phalanx CIWS with a SeaRAM CIWS, which combines the Phalanx sensor dome with an 11-cell RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, RIM-116 launcher. This was the first time the system was paired with an Aegis ship. Another four ships (USS ''Arleigh Burke'', USS ''Roosevelt'', USS ''Bulkeley'', and USS ''Paul Ignatius'') have since been forward-deployed to Rota and also received a SeaRAM.

In February 2018, Lockheed Martin received a contract to deliver their High Energy Laser and Integrated Optical-dazzler with Surveillance (HELIOS) system for installation onto an ''Arleigh Burke'' destroyer to "dazzle" or destroy small boats and UAVs and be the first time a laser weapon would be put on a warship. In November 2019, had the Optical Dazzling Interdictor, Navy (ODIN) system installed, which was publicly revealed in February 2020. Going from an approved idea to installation in two and a half years, ODIN differs from the Laser Weapon System, XN-1 LaWS previously mounted on from 2014 to 2017 in that it functions as a dazzler, the first operational employment of such a stand-alone system, which blinds or destroys delicate optical sensors on drones rather than fully shooting down the aircraft. HELIOS was delivered to the Navy in August 2022 and installed on the . It is a "60+ kW"-class laser that can be scaled up to 120 kW and is expected to start conducting at-sea tests in fiscal 2023. At 60 kW, it can engage targets up to away.

In October 2020, United States National Security Advisor, National Security Advisor Robert C. O'Brien said that the Common-Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) missile developed under the Conventional Prompt Strike program would be fielded on all three Flights of ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers. However, the C-HCB is expected to be around wide, making it too large to fit in Mk 41 VLS tubes or on deck launchers. Installing them on ''Arleigh Burke'' destroyers would require removing some Mk 41 cells to accommodate the larger weapon, which would be expensive and time-consuming. There is some criticism to this idea, including the oldest Flight I ships needing a service life extension to justify refit costs that would only prolong their service lives a short time when they are already more expensive to operate, and the newest Flight III ships being optimized for BMD so they would be given a new, complex mission requiring a major refit so soon.

In December 2021, Raytheon was awarded a $237 million contract for integration and production support to enable the upgrading of Flight IIA ships from AN/SPY-1 to AN/SPY-6V(4) radar. This upgrade would provide capabilities similar to Flight III ships, such as providing integrated air and missile defense with the ability to track multiple ballistic missile or air-breathing targets. Due to the smaller superstructure of the Flight IIA ships compared to Flight III ships, the radar implementation will be scaled down from the Flight III AN/SPY-6V(1) version with fewer (24 vs. 37) radar module assemblies.

Production restarted and further development

The class was scheduled to be replaced by ''Zumwalt''-class destroyers beginning in 2020, but an increasing threat from both long- and short-range missiles caused the Navy to restart production of the ''Arleigh Burke'' class and consider placing littoral combat ship, littoral combat mission modules on the new ships. ''Arleigh Burke'' class production is being restarted in place of additional ''Zumwalt''-class destroyers.

In April 2009, the Navy announced a plan limiting the ''Zumwalt'' class to three units while ordering another three ''Arleigh Burke''-class ships from both Bath Iron Works and Ingalls Shipbuilding.Contractors Agree on Deal to Build Stealth Destroyer
. Navy Times, 8 April 2009. In December 2009, Northrop Grumman received a $170.7 million letter contract for long-lead-time materials. Shipbuilding contracts for DDG-113 to USS Rafael Peralta (DDG-115), DDG-115 were awarded in mid-2011 for US$679.6m–$783.6m; these do not include government-furnished equipment such as weapons and sensors, which will take the average cost of the FY2011/12 ships to US$1.843b per vessel. Since 1 and 2 ships are procured in alternate years and the "1 in a year" ships cost more, the fairest estimate of unit price comes from averaging three ships across two years. US$50-300m is spent on long lead-time items in the year before the main procurement of each ship. DDG-114 and DDG-115 together cost US$577.2m (FY2010) + US$2.922b (FY2011)= US$3.500b, (p25) and DDG-116 cost US$48m (FY2011) + US$1.981b (FY2012)= US$2.029b, (p12) making an average for the three ships of US$1.847b. DDG-113 cost US$2.235b. (p6)

DDG-113 to DDG-115 are "restart" ships, similar to previous Flight IIA ships, but including modernization features such as Open Architecture Computing Environment. Additionally, DDG-113 onwards are installed with the TB-37U (previously known as the AN/SQR-20) Multi-Function Towed Array (MFTA), the successor to the older AN/SQR-19 TACTAS on Flight I and II ships.

to DDG-121 will be "Technology Insertion" ships with elements of the future Flight III. For example, and onwards have the AN/SPQ-9#SPQ-9B, AN/SPQ-9B instead of the AN/SPS-67, a feature planned for Flight III. Flight III proper will begin with the third ship procured in 2016.

Flight III ships, construction starting in FY2016 in place of the canceled CG(X) program, have various design improvements, including radar antennas of mid-diameter increased to from the previous . The AN/SPY-6 Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) uses an active electronically scanned array with digital beamforming instead of the earlier passive electronically scanned array radars. Raytheon, the contractor for the SPY-6, claims that the 37-RMA SPY-6(V)1 offers a 15 dB improved sensitivity compared to SPY-1—in other words, capable of detecting an object "half the size at twice the distance."

Costs for the Flight III ships increased rapidly as expectations and requirements for the program have grown. In particular, this was due to the changing requirements needed to carry the proposed Air and Missile Defense Radar system required for the ships' BMD role. The Government Accountability Office found that the design of the Flight IIIs was based on "a significantly reduced threat environment from other Navy analyses" and that the new ships would be "at best marginally effective". The U.S. Navy disagrees with the GAO findings, claiming the DDG-51 hull is "absolutely" capable of fitting a large enough radar to meet requirements. The Navy says there is room to fit what is needed inside the hull despite installation of the AMDR requiring double the power and cooling.

In spite of the production restart, the U.S. Navy is expected to fall short of its requirement for 94 destroyer or cruiser platforms capable of missile defense starting in FY 2025 and continuing past the end of the 30-year planning window. While this is a new requirement as of 2011, and the U.S. Navy has never had so many large missile-armed surface combatants, the relative success of the Aegis BMD System has shifted this national security requirement onto the U.S. Navy. The shortfall will arise as older platforms that have been refitted to be missile-defense-capable (particularly the cruisers) are retired in bulk before new destroyers are planned to be built.

The U.S. Navy was considering extending the acquisition of ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers into the 2040s, according to revised procurement tables sent to Congress, with the procurement of Flight IV ships from 2032 through 2041. This was canceled to cover the cost of the s, with the air defense commander role retained on one cruiser per carrier battle group.

In April 2022, the Navy proposed a procurement plan for nine ships, with an option for a tenth, to build two ships a year from 2023 to 2027. Some lawmakers pushed to add a third ship to be built in 2023, bringing the total of the proposed deal to eleven ships. This would follow the Navy's two-ship per year procurement from 2018 to 2022.

Future replacement

was originally intended to be the last of the ''Arleigh Burke'' class. However, with the reduction of the ''Zumwalt''-class destroyer production, the U.S. Navy requested new DDG-51-class ships. Long-lead materials contracts were awarded to Northrop Grumman in December 2009 for DDG-113 and in April 2010 for DDG-114. General Dynamics received a long-lead materials contract for DDG-115 in February 2010. It was anticipated that in FY2012 or FY2013, the U.S. Navy would commence detailed work for a Flight III design and request 24 ships to be built from 2016 to 2031. In May 2013, a total of 76 ''Arleigh Burke''-class ships were planned. The Flight III variant is in the design phase . In June 2013, the U.S. Navy awarded $6.2 billion in destroyer contracts. Up to 42 Flight III ships may be procured by the U.S. Navy, with the first ship, , entering service in 2023.

Future Surface Combatant

In April 2014, the U.S. Navy began the early stages of developing a new destroyer to replace the ''Arleigh Burke'' class called the "Future Surface Combatant". The new class is expected to enter service in the early 2030s and initially serve alongside the 22 Flight III DDGs. No hull design or shape has been speculated yet. However, it is known that the destroyer class will incorporate emerging technologies like lasers, onboard power-generation systems, increased automation, and next-generation weapons, sensors, and electronics. They will leverage technologies in use on other platforms such as the ''Zumwalt''-class destroyer, Littoral combat ship, littoral combat ships, and the .

The Future Surface Combatant may place importance on the ''Zumwalt''-class destroyer's electric drive system that propels the ship while generating 58 megawatts of onboard electrical power, levels required to operate future directed energy weapons. Laser weapon systems are likely to become more prominent to engage threats without using missiles that could potentially cost more than the target being engaged. Less expensive weapon systems may help keep the destroyer class from becoming too expensive. Initial requirements for the Future Surface Combatant will emphasize lethality and survivability, as well as continuing to aircraft carriers. The ships must also be modular to allow for inexpensive upgrades of weaponry, electronics, computing, and sensors over time as threats evolve. The Future Surface Combatant has evolved into the Large Surface Combatant, which became the DDG(X).

Operational history

In October 2011, it was announced that four ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers would be forward-deployed in Europe to support the NATO missile defence system, NATO missile defense system. The ships, to be based at Naval Station Rota, Spain, were named in February 2012 as ''Ross'', ''Donald Cook'', ''Porter'', and ''Carney''. By reducing travel times to station, this forward deployment will allow for six other destroyers to be shifted from the Atlantic in support of the East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration, Pivot to East Asia. Russia has threatened to quit the New START treaty over this deployment, calling it a threat to their nuclear deterrent. In 2018, however, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral John M. Richardson (admiral), John Richardson criticized the policy of keeping six highly mobile BMD platforms "in a little tiny box, defending land", a role that he believed could be performed equally well at less cost by shore-based systems.

In October 2016, the ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyer ''Mason'' and two other ships were deployed to the coast of Yemen after a HSV-2 Swift, UAE auxiliary ship was hit in an attack for which Houthi movement, Houthi rebels claimed responsibility. On 9 October, while in the Red Sea, USS ''Mason'' detected two anti-ship missiles headed towards herself and nearby USS ''Ponce'' fired from Houthi-controlled territory. ''Mason'' fired two SM-2s, one ESSM, and launched a Nulka decoy. One AShM was confirmed to have struck the water on its own, and it is unknown if the second missile was taken out by an interceptor or hit the water on its own. This incident was the second time in history that a warship fired surface-to-air missiles against a missile threat in combat (the first being the attack in 1991). On 12 October, in the Bab-el-Mandeb, Bab el-Mandeb strait, ''Mason'' again detected an inbound anti-ship missile. It was intercepted at a range of by an SM-2, marking the first confirmed time in history a warship successfully defended itself with SAMs against an anti-ship missile. On 13 October, nearby ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyer ''Nitze'' conducted Tomahawk strikes, destroying three Houthi radar sites that were used in the previous attacks. Back in the Red Sea, ''Mason'' experienced yet a third attack on 15 October, this time with 5 AShMs. She fired SM-2s, destroying four of the missiles. ''Nitze'' neutralized the fifth missile with a radar decoy.

Accidents and major incidents

USS ''Cole'' bombing

was damaged on 12 October 2000 in Aden, Yemen, while docked by USS Cole bombing, an attack in which a shaped charge of 200–300 kg in a boat was placed against the hull and detonated by suicide attack, suicide bombers, killing 17 crew members. The ship was repaired and returned to duty in 2001.

USS ''Porter'' and MV ''Otowasan'' collision

On 12 August 2012, USS ''Porter'' collided with the oil tanker MV ''Otowasan'' near the Strait of Hormuz. Though there were no injuries on the ships, the U.S. Navy removed the ''Porter''s commanding officer from duty. Repairs took two months at a cost of $700,000.

USS ''Fitzgerald'' and MV ''ACX Crystal'' collision

On 17 June 2017, collided with the MV ''ACX Crystal'' cargo ship near Yokosuka, Japan. Seven sailors drowned. Following an investigation, the ship's commanding officer, executive officer, and Command Master Chief Petty Officer were relieved of their duties. In addition, close to a dozen sailors were given non-judicial punishment for losing situational awareness. Repairs were to be completed by summer 2019 originally. However, initial repairs were made by February 2020. After the subsequent sea trials, she was brought in for additional repairs. The ship departed for home port in June 2020.

USS ''John S. McCain'' and ''Alnic MC'' collision

On 21 August 2017, USS John S. McCain (DDG-56), USS ''John S. McCain'' collided with the container ship ''Alnic MC''. The collision injured 48 sailors and killed 10, whose bodies were all recovered by 27 August. The cause of the collision was determined to be poor communication between the two ships and the bridge crew lacking situational awareness. In the aftermath, the ship's top leadership, including the commanding officer, executive officer, and Command Master Chief Petty Officer were removed from command. In addition, top leadership of the U.S. Seventh Fleet, including the commander, Vice Admiral Joseph Aucoin, were relieved of their duties due to loss of confidence in their ability to command. Other commanders who were relieved included Rear Admiral Charles Williams, commander of Task Force 70, and Captain Jeffrey Bennett, commodore of Destroyer Squadron 15. This was the third incident involving a US Navy ship in 2017, with a repair cost of over $100 million.

Contractors

*Builders: 34 units constructed by Bath Iron Works, General Dynamics, Bath Iron Works Division, and 28 by Huntington Ingalls Industries (formerly Northrop Grumman Ship Systems), Ingalls Shipbuilding
*AN/SPY-1 radar and combat system integrator: Lockheed Martin
*AN/SPY-6 radar: Raytheon Technologies, Raytheon

Ships in class

In popular culture

The 2012 film ''Battleship (film), Battleship'' features the ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyer as a major setting for most of the film's scenes.

The 2014 television series ''The Last Ship (TV series), The Last Ship'', loosely based on the 1988 novel of The Last Ship (novel), the same name, is set on the fictional . Its hull designation in the book is DDG-80, but was changed to DDG-151 for the television series, to avoid confusion with the real-life USS ''Roosevelt'', which did not exist when the book was written. , a real Flight IIA ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyer, stood in for ''Nathan James'' during filming.

See also

* List of naval ship classes in service
* List of current ships of the United States Navy

References

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Further reading

* Describes the construction of at Bath Iron Works.

External links

''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyers
a
Destroyer History Foundation



''Arleigh Burke'' class (Aegis) page on naval-technology.com

''Arleigh Burke'' Flight I & Flight II Class destroyer- United States Navy on navyrecognition.com

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Arleigh Burke-class destroyers,
Naval ships of the United States
Destroyer classes