Arete of Cyrene

Arete of Cyrene (; el, Ἀρήτη; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was a Cyrenaic philosopher who lived in Cyrene, Libya. She was the daughter of Aristippus of Cyrene.

Life and teachings

Arete learned philosophy from her father, Aristippus, who had himself learned philosophy from Socrates. Arete, in turn, taught philosophy to her son - Aristippus the Younger - hence her son was nicknamed "Mother-taught" ( el, μητροδίδακτος).

Arete reportedly took over the leadership of the School of Cyrene upon her father's death. She is mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius, Strabo, Aelius, Clement of Alexandria, Theodoret of Cyrus, Aristocles and in the ''Suda''. Diogenes records that among her pupils were Theodorus the Atheist and Anniceris. While no credible historic source has survived on Arete's teachings, the tenets of the School of Cyrene which her father founded are known. It was one of the first to advance a systematic view on the role of pleasure and pain in human life. The Cyrenaics argued that discipline, knowledge, and virtuous actions are more likely to result in pleasure. Whereas negative emotions, such as anger and fear, multiplied pain. Towards the end of Plato's ''Protagoras'' it is reasoned that the "salvation of our life" depends upon applying to pleasures and pains a "science of measurement". The School of Cyrene provided one of the first approaches to hedonism, which surfaced again in 18th and 19th century Europe and was advanced by thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham.

Spurious historic sources

Among the spurious Socratic epistles (dating perhaps from the 1st century) there is a fictitious letter from Aristippus addressed to Arete.The fictitious Socratic Letters cannot automatically be use as an historical source, but the anonymous author of these letters is "interested in historical detail," and he appears to have access to "a handbook on Greek philosophy which is similar in content to that of Diogenes Laertius but more extensive in content." Abraham J. Malherbe, (1977), ''The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition'', page 28. SBL

John Augustine Zahm (writing under the pseudonym of Mozans), claimed that the 14th century scholar Giovanni Boccaccio had access to some "early Greek writers," which allowed Boccaccio to give special praise to Arete "for the breadth and variety of her attainments":H. J. Mozans, (1913)
''Woman in Science''
pages 197-9. New York. This passage, however, does not seem to be present in any surviving work by Boccaccio, and the obvious candidate – Boccaccio's '' De mulieribus claris'' (''On Famous Women'') – contains no mention of Arete. Zahm's source for this information is Johann Christoph Wolf's 1739 ''Mulierum Graecarum''. Wolf cites Book II of ''De Laudibus Mulierum'' (''In Praise of Women'') by "Bocatius". However, there is no work by Boccaccio entitled ''De Laudibus Mulierum'', but there is an obscure 1487 book with this title by one Bartolommeo Goggio.

She is said to have publicly taught natural and moral philosophy in the schools and academies of Attica for thirty-five years, to have written forty books, and to have counted among her pupils one hundred and ten philosophers. She was so highly esteemed by her countrymen that they inscribed on her tomb an epitaph which declared that she was the splendour of Greece and possessed the beauty of Helen, the virtue of Thirma, the pen of Aristippus, the soul of Socrates and the tongue of Homer.

References

External links

Cyrenaics Resource
Handbook of Cyrenaic resources, primary and secondary
Project Continua: Biography of Arete

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arete of Cyrene
5th-century BC births
4th-century BC deaths
4th-century BC philosophers
Ancient Greek women philosophers
Cyrenaic philosophers
Ancient Greek ethicists
5th-century BC Greek women
4th-century BC Greek women