Architecture of Turkey or Turkish architecture in the Republican Period refers to the

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings ...

practised in the territory of present-day

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

since the foundation of the republic in 1923. In the first years of the republic, Turkish architecture was influenced by Seljuk and

Ottoman architecture Ottoman architecture is the architectural style that developed under the Ottoman Empire. It first emerged in northwestern Anatolia in the late 13th century and developed from earlier Seljuk Turkish architecture, with influences from Byzantine ...

, in particular during the ''First National Architectural Movement'' (also called the ''Turkish Neoclassical'' architecture movement.) However, starting from the 1930s, architectural styles began to differ from traditional architecture, also as a result of an increasing number of foreign architects being invited to work in the country, mostly from

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

and

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

. The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the ''Second National Architectural Movement'' emerged. Similar to

Fascist architecture Fascist architecture encompasses various stylistic trends in architecture developed by architects of fascist states, primarily in the early 20th century. Fascist architectural styles gained popularity in the late 1920s with the rise of modernism a ...

, the movement aimed to create a modern but nationalistic architecture. Starting from the 1950s, isolation from the rest of the world began to diminish, which enabled the Turkish architects to experiment with new styles and become increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. However, they were largely constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources until the 1980s. Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards

export-led growth Export-oriented industrialization (EOI) sometimes called export substitution industrialization (ESI), export led industrialization (ELI) or export-led growth is a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a ...

paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture in Turkey.

1920s to early 1930s: First national architectural movement

The ''First National Architectural Movement'' ( Turkish: ''Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı'') was an architectural movement led by Turkish architects

Vedat Tek Mehmet Vedat Tek (1873–1942) was a Turkish architect who was one of the leading figures of the First Turkish National Architectural Movement. Early life and education Of Cretan Muslim origin, Vedat Tek was born in Istanbul to the governor of ...

(1873–1942) and

Mimar Kemaleddin Ahmet Kemalettin or Kemaleddin (1870-13 July 1927), widely known as Mimar Kemalettin (Kemalettin the Architect) and Kemalettin Bey, was a renowned Turkish architect the during the late Ottoman Empire and the early years of the newly established ...

Bey (1870–1927). Followers of the movement wanted to create a new and "national" architecture, which was based on motifs from Seljuk and

. The movement was also labelled ''Turkish Neoclassical'' architecture, or the ''National Architectural Renaissance''. Other prominent followers of this movement were

Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (1888 - 1982) was a Turkish architect best known for his work on the State Art and Sculpture Museum in Ankara, Turkey. He died at the age of 94. Image gallery Ankara asv2021-10 img64 Arts and Sculpture Museum.jpg, State A ...

(1888–1982) and Giulio Mongeri (1873–1953). Notable buildings from this era are the Istanbul Main Post Office (1905–1909),

Tayyare Apartments The Tayyare Apartments (initially ota, Harikzedegân Apartmanları, script=Latn or later tr, Tayyare Apartmanları) are a complex of four buildings designed by Turkish architect Mimar Kemaleddin, completed in 1922 and located in the old city o ...

(1919–1922), Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han (1911–1926),

State Art and Sculpture Museum State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States * ''Our S ...

(1927–1930),

Ethnography Museum of Ankara The Ethnography Museum of Ankara is dedicated to the cultures of Turkic civilizations. The building was designed by architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu and was built between 1925 and 1928. The museum temporarily hosted the sarcophagus of Mustafa Kem ...

(1925–1928),

Bebek Mosque Bebek Mosque ( tr, Bebek Camii), officially Hümayûn-u Âbad Mosque ( ota, Hümayûn-u Âbad Cami for: Prosperous Imperial Mosque) is a 1913-built mosque located in Bebek neighborhood of Beşiktaş district in Istanbul, Turkey. Bebek Mosque wa ...

, and Kamer Hatun Mosque. File:Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg, Istanbul Main Post Office in Sirkeci, designed by

(1905–1909). File:GrandPostOfficeIstanbul04.JPG, Istanbul Main Post Office interior FatihBelediyeBinası.jpg, Old Fatih Municipality Building built by Yervant Terziyan File:4th_Vakıf_Han.jpg, Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han in Eminönü, designed by

Mimar Kemaleddin Bey Ahmet Kemalettin or Kemaleddin (1870-13 July 1927), widely known as Mimar Kemalettin (Kemalettin the Architect) and Kemalettin Bey, was a renowned Turkish architect the during the late Ottoman Empire and the early years of the newly established ...

(1911–1926). File:Istanbul asv2020-02 img05 Crowne Plaza Old City.jpg,

in Laleli,

Istanbul ) , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 34000 to 34990 , area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side) , registration_plate = 34 , blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD , blank_i ...

, designed by

(1919–1922). File:Banks_Street_(Atatürk_Boulevard)_the_Building_of_Ziraat_Bankası_(Agricultural_Bank),_1930s_(16851406391).jpg, First

Ziraat Bank Ziraat Bankası is a state-owned bank in Turkey founded in 1863. Offers commercial loan support to companies and tradesmen, as well as personal loans such as consumer loans, vehicle loans and housing loans. History During the first half of the 1 ...

Headquarters in

Ankara Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, maki ...

File:Ziraat Bankası 5.JPG, First

Headquarters in

, designed by Giulio Mongeri (1925–1929). File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img64_Arts_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg,

, designed by

(1927–1930). File:Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg,

was designed by architect

(1925-1928). File:Ankara_Palas_1.JPG, Ankara Palas Hotel File:TR_Denizli_asv2020-02_img14_Gazi_School.jpg, Denizli Gazi Mustafa Kemal Elementary School (1932)

1930s to 1950s: Modernism and the influence of foreign architects

The

Bauhaus The Staatliches Bauhaus (), commonly known as the Bauhaus (), was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts.Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 20 ...

style Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion (1935) and the

Art Deco Art Deco, short for the French ''Arts Décoratifs'', and sometimes just called Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design, that first appeared in France in the 1910s (just before World War I), and flourished in the Unit ...

style Ankara Central Station (1937) are among the notable examples of this era. As there were not enough architects in Turkey until the 1950s, various architects were invited by the government from

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

and

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

, in order to manage the rapid construction of the new capital

. About 40 architects and urban planners designed and oversaw various projects (mostly in Ankara, and to a lesser extent in Istanbul and Izmir) between 1924 and 1942. Among them were Gudrun Baudisch,

Rudolf Belling Rudolf Belling (26 August 1886 – 9 June 1972) was a German sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Artistic theories At the very beginning of the 20th century Rudolf Bell ...

Paul Bonatz Paul Bonatz (6 December 1877 – 20 December 1956) was a German architect, member of the Stuttgart School and professor at the technical university in that city during part of World War II, and from 1954 until his death. He worked in many styl ...

, Ernst Arnold Egli,

Martin Elsaesser Martin Elsaesser (28 May 1884 – 5 August 1957) was a German architect and professor of architecture. He is especially well known for the many churches he built. Life From 1901 to 1906, Elsaesser studied architecture at the Technical Universit ...

, Anton Hanak, Franz Hillinger,

Clemens Holzmeister Clemens Holzmeister (27 March 1886 – 12 June 1983) was a prominent Austrian architect and stage designer of the early twentieth century. The Austrian Academy of Fine Arts listed his life's work as containing 673 projects. He was the father of ...

Henri Prost Henri Prost (February 25, 1874 – July 16, 1959) was a French architect and urban planner. He was noted in particularly for his work in Morocco and Turkey, where he created a number of comprehensive city plans for Casablanca, Fes, Marrakes ...

, Paolo Vietti-Violi, Werner Issel, Hermann Jansen, Theodor Jost, Heinrich Krippel, Carl Christoph Lörcher, Robert Oerley, Bernhard Pfau,

Bruno Taut Bruno Julius Florian Taut (4 May 1880 – 24 December 1938) was a renowned German architect, urban planner and author of Prussian Lithuanian heritage ("taut" means "nation" in Lithuanian). He was active during the Weimar period and is kno ...

and

Josef Thorak Josef Thorak (7 February 1889 in Vienna, Austria – 26 February 1952 in Bad Endorf, Bavaria) was an Austrian-German sculptor. He became known for oversize monumental sculptures, particularly of male figures, and was one of the most promin ...

. Selected examples of buildings from this era are the

style Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion (1935) designed by Seyfi Arkan; the

style

Ankara railway station Ankara railway station ( tr, Ankara Garı) is the main railway station in Ankara, Turkey, and is a major transportation hub within the city. The station is the eastern terminus of the Istanbul-Ankara railway corridor, as well as the easternmost s ...

(1937) designed by

Şekip Akalın Sabri Şekip Akalın (1910–1976) was a Turkish architect and engineer. His most famous building is the Art-deco Ankara railway station, which was built between 1935–37. Aside from architecture, he also worked at the Ministry of Public Works, T ...

; the

Court of Cassation A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems. Courts of cassation do not re-examine the facts of a case, they only interpret the relevant law. In this they are appellate courts of the highest instance. In th ...

building (1933–35) designed by

; the Faculty of Languages, History and Geography building (1937) of

Ankara University Ankara University ( tr, Ankara Üniversitesi) is a public university in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. It was the first higher education institution founded in Turkey after the formation of the republic in 1923. The university has 40 vocat ...

; and the

Grand National Assembly of Turkey The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( tr, ), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament ( tr, or ''Parlamento''), is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Cons ...

building (1938–63) designed by

. File:Florya001.jpg, Designed by Seyfi Arkan, Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion (1935) is a notable

style building in Istanbul. File:Atatürk_Boulevard,_Exhibition_House_(Sergi_Evi),_1934_(16826593236).jpg,

Ankara Opera House Ankara Opera House ( tr, Opera Sahnesi) of the Turkish State Opera and Ballet is the largest of the three venues for opera and ballet in Ankara, Turkey, the other two being ''Leyla Gencer Sahnesi'' in Ostim and ''Operet Sahnesi'' (Operetta Theater ...

, designed by Şevki Balmumcu (1933–34) and renovated by

(1946–47). File:19_May_Square,_Ankara_Railway_Station,_Railway_Station_Club,_Building_of_Directorate_General_of_State_Railways,_1940s_(16851288402).jpg, Ankara Central Station (1937), designed by

in the

style. File:Ankara Train Station.JPG, Designed by

, Ankara Central Station (1937) is a notable

design of its era. File:Atatürk_Boulevard,_Faculty_of_Language,_History_and_Geography,_İsmet_Pasha_Girls'_Institute,_1940s_(16852461225).jpg, The Faculty of Languages, History and Geography building (1937) of

File:Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Binası, Ankara.jpg, The Faculty of Languages, History and Geography building (1937) of

was designed by

Second national architectural movement

The

Stripped Classicism Stripped Classicism (or "Starved Classicism" or "Grecian Moderne") Jstor is primarily a 20th-century classicist architectural style stripped of most or all ornamentation, frequently employed by governments while designing official buildings. ...

movement of the late 1930s and early 1940s in Europe and North America sought a

modern Modern may refer to: History *Modern history ** Early Modern period ** Late Modern period *** 18th century *** 19th century *** 20th century ** Contemporary history * Moderns, a faction of Freemasonry that existed in the 18th century Philosophy ...

interpretation of

Neoclassical architecture Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France. It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western world. The prevailing sty ...

. The movement had a particularly notable impact on

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

and Nazi architecture in

, which aimed to develop the modern versions of the architecture of the

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: * Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lett ...

(Italy) and Holy Roman (Germany) empires, according to their ideologies. In the same period, there was a trend towards creating a new national architecture in Turkey, which was called the ''Second National Architectural Movement'' ( Turkish: ''İkinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı''). The foreign architects employed in Turkey in this period (especially from

and

) played an important role in the introduction of this architectural movement and its stylistical characteristics. The pioneers of the movement in Turkey were Sedad Hakkı Eldem, Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdihttps://www.dunyabizim.com/images/haberler/haber/2016/04/25/ekrem-hakki-ayverdi.jpg and Emin Halid Onat. In order to lead this movement, Sedad Hakkı Eldem, who was a professor, held National Architecture seminars at the

Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University The Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University ( tr, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, or MSGSÜ) is a Turkish public university dedicated to higher education in the fine arts. It is located in the Fındıklı neighbourhood of Beyoğlu, Istanbul ...

, focusing on the traditional Turkish house styles. Similar to their contemporary equivalents in Europe and North America, the government buildings of this style in Ankara and Istanbul had typically large proportions (high ceilings, high windows, etc.) in order to give the impression of a strong state authority. Some of them also had monumental facade designs reminiscent of

; but with more modern and plain rectangular shapes, symmetry, simplicity, and a general lack of ornateness. Some of the buildings related to this style are the

(1946–47); the TCDD General Headquarters Building designed by Bedri Uçar in 1938;

Istanbul University , image = Istanbul_University_logo.svg , image_size = 200px , latin_name = Universitas Istanbulensis , motto = tr, Tarihten Geleceğe Bilim Köprüsü , mottoeng = Science Bridge from Past to the Future , established = 1453 1846 1933 ...

Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature buildings (1944–52);

Anıtkabir Anıtkabir is the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the leader of the Turkish War of Independence and the founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey. It is located in Ankara and was designed by architects Professor Emin On ...

(1944–53); Istanbul Radio Headquarters (1945–49); Şişli Mosque (1945–49); and the

Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial The Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial ( tr, Çanakkale Şehitleri Anıtı) is a war memorial commemorating the service of about 253,000 Turkish soldiers who participated at the Battle of Gallipoli, which took place from April 1915 to December 1915 dur ...

(1954–60). The movement was particularly influential between 1935 and 1950. From the 1950s, the influence of this style started to diminish due to the next wave of influences, especially International Style and

Rationalism In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".Lacey, A.R. (1996), ''A Dictionary of Philosophy' ...

. File:Ankara-Hukuk-Fakültesi.jpg, The Faculty of Law building (1937) of

. File:Süleyman_Demirel_Funeral_1.jpg, The

building (1938–63) in Ankara was designed by

. File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img22_TCDD_building.jpg, TCDD General Headquarters Building, designed by Bedri Uçar (1939–41). File:Mersin_Halkevi.jpg, The Halkevi in

Mersin Mersin (), also known as İçel, is a large city and a port on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey. It is the provincial capital of Mersin (İçel) Province. It is made up of four municipalities and district governorates: Akdeniz, Mezitl ...

, designed by Ertuğrul Menteşe (1944–46). File:Istanbul_UniversityFaculty_of_Science_and_Faculty_of_Literature_Buildings2.jpg,

Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings, designed by Sedad Hakkı Eldem and Emin Halid Onat (1944–52). Istanbul_UniversityFaculty_of_Science_and_Faculty_of_Literature_Buildings1.jpg,

Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_Anıtkabir.jpg,

, designed by Emin Halid Onat and Ahmet Orhan Arda (1944–53). File:İstanbul radio1.JPG, Istanbul Radio Hall, designed by Doğan Erginbaş, Ömer Güney and İsmail Utkular (1945). File:Çanakkale_Martyrs_Memorial_-_panoramio.jpg,

, designed by Feridun Kip, Doğan Erginbaş and İsmail Utkular (1954–60).

1950s and more Western influence

At the beginning of the 1950s, a new generation of architects such as Nevzat Erol,

Turgut Cansever Turgut Cansever (12 September 1921 – 22 February 2009) was a Turkish architect and city planner. He is the only architect to win the Aga Khan Award for Architecture three times. He is known as "The Wise Architect". He took charge in many towns ...

, Abdurrahman Hancı, Cengiz Bektaş, Hayati Tabanlıoğlu, Enver Tokay, İlhan Tayman and Yılmaz Sanlı became more influential in the architectural arena. These were architects who either studied in Europe or had information of the modernist architecture of the time. Their quest for modernist architecture was in line with the International Style and

. However, the development of the Turkish economy was an important factor as well. Even though Turkish architects were able to follow up on the modern design of important architects of the time, they were constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources. Selected examples of buildings from this era are the Anadolu Club Hotel (1951–1957) in

Büyükada Büyükada ( el, Πρίγκηπος or Πρίγκιπος, rendered ''Prinkipos'' or ''Prinkipo''), meaning "Big Island" in Turkish, is the largest of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul, with an area of about . It is offic ...

and Abdurrahman Hancı;

Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus The Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus ( tr, Hilton İstanbul Bosphorus) is a five star hotel in Istanbul, Turkey. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, it opened in 1955 as the Istanbul Hilton and is the longest operating Hilton Hotel outside the Unit ...

(1952–1955) designed by

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) is an American architectural, urban planning and engineering firm. It was founded in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel A. Owings, Nathaniel Owings in Chicago, Illinois. In 1939, they were joined by engineer Jo ...

and Sedad Hakkı Eldem; Istanbul Municipality Headquarters (1953–1960) designed by Nevzat Erol; Emek Business Center (1959–1965) in Ankara designed by Enver Tokay and İlhan Tayman; and Tekel Headquarters (1958–1960) in Istanbul designed by Yılmaz Sanlı and İlhan Tayman. One of the most important developments of this period was the establishment of the ''Chamber of Architects of Turkey'' in 1954. Various professional organizations for architects had existed beforehand, but there were no laws for the architectural profession until 1954.

Brutalist architecture Brutalist architecture is an architectural style that emerged during the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are characterised by minimalist constructions that showcase the ...

become popular during 1950s, the work of Behruz Çinici in

Middle East Technical University Middle East Technical University (commonly referred to as METU; in Turkish, ''Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi'', ODTÜ) is a public technical university located in Ankara, Turkey. The university emphasizes research and education in engineering ...

is the best example of this era. File:Vraagteken_vlucht_Lockheed_Electra_naar_Istanbul_Hilton_Hotel,_Bestanddeelnr_910-7821.jpg,

was designed in 1952 by SOM and Sedad Hakkı Eldem. File:Istanbul Hilton.JPG,

was designed in 1952 by SOM and Sedad Hakkı Eldem. File:İstanbul_5882.jpg, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality City Hall was designed in 1953 by Nevzat Erol. File:Gezi Park from the Marmara hotel.jpg, InterContinental Hotel, formerly Sheraton Istanbul, was designed in 1959 by

AHE Ahe, Ahemaru or Omaru, is a coral atoll in the northern Tuamotu Archipelago, 14 km to the west of Manihi, in French Polynesia. Its ring shape is broken by only a single small passage into the lagoon. It has a land area of approximately 12 ...

and Rolf Gutbrod. File:METU,_Rectorate_Building_(14849783445).jpg,

Rectorate Building File:METU_Campus_and_Pedestrian_Way_-_14847341964.jpg,

Pedestrian Way File:METU_Library_-_14663259627.jpg,

Library File:METU_Library.jpg,

Library File:METU,_Faculty_of_Architecture_(14826813396).jpg,

Faculty of Architecture File:METU,_Rectorate_Building_(14663167999).jpg,

Rectorate Building File:METU_Science_and_Literature_Faculty_-_14846726511.jpg,

Faculty of Architecture File:METU,_Faculty_of_Architecture_(14826813346).jpg,

Faculty of Architecture File:METU,_Faculty_of_Architecture_(14826812816).jpg,

Faculty of Architecture File:Rıza_Derviş_House_(14483169380).jpg, Rıza Derviş House, also known as Derviş Manizade Mansion, built 1956-1957, is one of two buildings designed by Sedad Hakkı Eldem that was realized on

File:Rıza_Derviş_House_(14483169760).jpg, Rıza Derviş House. Architect, Sedad Hakkı Eldem was inspired by modernist architecture, which is evident not only in the architecture of the house, but also in the simplicity of the garden and its furniture File:Rıza_Derviş_House_(14646852506).jpg, Rıza Derviş House is considered an experimental project in rationalism, a trend that became popular after World War II File:Rıza_Derviş_House_(14689747653).jpg, Rıza Derviş House built in 1956-1957 File:Rıza_Derviş_House_(14669854015).jpg, Rıza Derviş House built in 1956-1957 File:Rıza_Derviş_House_(14669517492).jpg, Rıza Derviş House built in 1956-1957 File:Rıza_Derviş_House_(14483395887).jpg, Rıza Derviş House built in 1956-1957

1960s and 1970s

Following the 1960 coup d'état, Turkey endured various kinds of political and

economic crises A financial crisis is any of a broad variety of situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were associated with banking panics, and man ...

which affected the construction industry as well as the architectural sector. Despite these hardships, architects were able to design some important buildings. Abandoning

, Turkish architects tried to design their buildings in more flexible and fragmented forms. Important works from this period are the Vakıflar Hotel in Istanbul (1968, today the ''Ceylan Intercontinental Hotel''), Middle East Technical University Campuses (1961) in Ankara, Istanbul Manufacturers' Market (1959), Turkish Historical Society Building (1967), Grand Ankara Hotel (1960, today the Rixos Grand Ankara Hotel) and Atatürk Cultural Center (1969) in Istanbul. As a result of economic and social turbulence, architecture in Turkey suffered also in the 1970s. There were no significant breakthroughs during this period. Some important designs from the 1970s are the Turkish Language Association Building (1972), Atatürk Library (1973) and

Abdi İpekçi Arena Abdi İpekçi Arena, formerly known as Abdi İpekçi Sports Complex, was a multi-purpose indoor arena located in the Zeytinburnu district of Istanbul, Turkey, situated just outside the ancient city walls, in Yedikule. History Designed in 1979 ...

(1979). File:Radisson Blu Hotel.JPG, Radisson Blu Hotel in Ankara, originally built as Stad Oteli (1970), was designed in 1964 by Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa and Metin Hepgüler. File:AtaturkCulturalCenterIstanbul.jpg, Atatürk Cultural Center (1969) on

Taksim Square Taksim Square ( tr, Taksim Meydanı, ), situated in Beyoğlu in the European part of Istanbul, Turkey, is a major tourist and leisure district famed for its restaurants, shops, and hotels. It is considered the heart of modern Istanbul, with the ...

in Istanbul, designed by Hayati Tabanlıoğlu. File:The Bosphorus Bridge (8425286568).jpg, The

Bosphorus Bridge The Bosphorus Bridge ( tr, Boğaziçi Köprüsü), known officially as the 15 July Martyrs Bridge ( tr, 15 Temmuz Şehitler Köprüsü) and unofficially as the First Bridge ( tr, Birinci Köprü), is one of the three suspension bridges spanning ...

(1973) in Istanbul was designed in 1968–1970 by Gilbert Roberts and William Brown. File:The Marmara Istanbul 2.jpg, The Marmara Hotel (1976) at

was designed in 1972 by Fatin Uran. File:A view of the BDDK building, Atatürk Avenue in Ankara.jpg, BDDK Building (1975) in Ankara, originally the

Türkiye İş Bankası Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

headquarters, designed by

Ayhan Böke Ayhan is a Turkish masculine name and a family name. Ayhan means the moon king . Given name * Ayhan Akman (born 1977), Turkish footballer * Ayhan Aydan (1924–2009) Turkish opera singer * Ayhan Gezen (born 1972), Turkish-German footballer * Ay ...

and Yılmaz Sargın.

1980s and 1990s

In January 1980, the government of Prime Minister

Süleyman Demirel Süleyman Sami Demirel (; 1 November 1924 – 17 June 2015) was a Turkish politician, engineer, and statesman who served as the 9th President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000. He previously served as the Prime Minister of Turkey seven times betwee ...

began implementing a far-reaching reform program designed by then Undersecretary of the Prime Ministry

Turgut Özal Halil Turgut Özal (; 13 October 192717 April 1993) was a Turkish politician, who served as the 8th President of Turkey from 1989 to 1993. He previously served as the 26th Prime Minister of Turkey from 1983 to 1989 as the leader of the Mothe ...

to shift Turkey's economy toward

. These reforms had a positive effect on the construction industry and architecture. New methods such as

prefabrication Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is ...

and curtain wall systems were introduced to Turkish architects and contractors in the 1980s. In addition, steel, aluminum, plastic and glass production increased, which allowed architects to free themselves from rigid forms. Istanbul panorama and skyline

Until the 1980s, the government sector was the leading client when it came to architecture and construction. However, the liberalization of the economy paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence. Notable architects from this period include Behruz Çinici, Merih Karaaslan, Sevinç Hadi, Şandor Hadi, Ersen Gürsel, Mehmet Çubuk, Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa, Emre Arolat, Murat Tabanlıoğlu, Melkan Tabanlıoğlu, Hüsrev Tayla, Doğan Hasol, Atilla Yücel, Sema Soygeniş, Murat Soygeniş and

Kaya Arıkoğlu Kaya Arıkoğlu (born 1949) is a Turkish architect and urban designer. Early life and education After completing his bachelor's degree in architecture at the University of Maryland, College Park, he was a student of Colin Rowe at Cornell Univ ...

, among others.

21st century

File:QNB_Finansbank_Kristal_Kule.jpg, Finansbank Tower and Istanbul Sapphire on Büyükdere Avenue File:Zorlu_center01.jpg,

Zorlu Center Zorlu Center is a multiple-use complex in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey containing an upscale shopping mall, a five-star Raffles hotel and a Cinemaximum megaplex, as well as residences and offices. It is home to Zorlu PSM, the large ...

File:Avrupa-office-atasehir.jpg, Avrupa Office in Ataşehir File:Kanyon_Mall_Istanbul_14.jpg, Kanyon Shopping Mall File:Ish_Bank_Buildings_0733.jpg, Türkiye İş Bankası Tower 1 (1995–2000) in

Levent Levent is a neighbourhood and one of the main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city. It is a part of the municipality of Beşiktaş and is situated to the north of the Golden Horn, at the western s ...

File:Sapphire_building_9010.jpg,

Istanbul Sapphire Istanbul Sapphire, or Sapphire, is a skyscraper located in the central business district of Levent in Istanbul, Turkey. It was Istanbul's and Turkey's tallest skyscraper between 2010 and 2016, and the 4th tallest building in Europe when its co ...

(2006–2011) is currently the tallest building in

and

, and the 4th tallest in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

. File:YDA-Center-03.jpg, Skyline of

File:Levent,_Istanbul_at_night.jpg, Skyline of

File:Hudavendigar_Park_in_Bursa_Turkey.jpg, Skyline of

Bursa ( grc-gre, Προῦσα, Proûsa, Latin: Prusa, ota, بورسه, Arabic:بورصة) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the ...

File:Airport Café at Esenboğa Havalimanı, Ankara, Turkey.jpg, Esenboğa International Airport (2006) in

. File:EAA MINICITY.jpg, Minicity Theme Park, Antalya (2004) File:EAA Raif Dinçkök Yalova Cultural Center.jpg, Raif Dinçkök Yalova Cultural Center, Yalova (2011) File:EAA Maslak No.1 Office Building.jpg, Maslak No.1 Office Building, Istanbul (2014) File:EAA Zorlu Center.jpg,

, Istanbul (2013) File:EAA St.Regis Intanbul.jpg, St.Regis Istanbul, Istanbul (2015) File:YalikavakPalmarina.jpg, Yalikavak Palmarina, Bodrum (2014) File:Adnan_Menderes_Havalimanı_iç_görünüm_3.jpg, İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport File:Sakirin_mihrap.jpg, Sakirin Mosque, The mosque's architect is believed to be the first woman to design a mosque. (2009) File:Ahmedhamdiaksekicami.jpg, Ahmed Hamdi Akseki Mosque File:Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque,_Ankara_02.jpg, Ahmed Hamdi Akseki Mosque File:Folkart_2021.jpg, Izmir Folkart Towers File:TV_tower,_Istanbul_(_1100239).jpg,

Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower Küçük means "small" in Turkish and may refer to: People Epithet * Küçük Ali (died 1804), also known as ''Ali Đevrlić'', Ottoman janissary and civil servant * Kuchuk Hanem (fl. 1850–1870), Ghawazi famed beauty and dancer * Küçük M ...

File:Skyland_Istanbul.jpg, Skyland İstanbul File:Le_Méridien_Istanbul_Etiler_Hotel_4.jpg, Le Méridien in

Etiler Etiler is a neighbourhood on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey, in the district of Beşiktaş, close to the business quarters of Levent and Maslak. Etiler is famous for its upmarket cafés, pubs, night clubs, restaurants, gyms, coiffeurs, ...

, Istanbul File:Mistral_Office_Tower.jpg, Mistral Office Tower in Izmir File:Yavuz_sultan_selim_köprüsü_(cropped).jpg,

Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge The Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge ( tr, Yavuz Sultan Selim Köprüsü) is a bridge for rail and motor vehicle transit over the Bosphorus strait, to the north of two existing suspension bridges in Istanbul, Turkey. It was initially named the Third Bos ...

(2016) File:Yavuz-Sultan-Selim-Brücke.jpg,

(2016)

Notes

References

* *

External links

"Turkish Architecture in the Republican Period" (English)"Cumhuriyet dönemi mimarlığından bir panorama" (Turkish)
{{Turkey topics, state=collapsed