Arba'ah Turim

''Arba'ah Turim'' ( he, אַרְבָּעָה טוּרִים), often called simply the ''Tur'', is an important Halakhic code composed by Yaakov ben Asher (Cologne, 1270 – Toledo, Spain c. 1340, also referred to as ''Ba'al Ha-Turim''). The four-part structure of the ''Tur'' and its division into chapters (''simanim'') were adopted by the later code Shulchan Aruch. This was the first book to be printed in Southeast Europe and the Near East.

Meaning of the name

The title of the work in Hebrew means "four rows", in allusion to the jewels on the High Priest's breastplate. Each of the four divisions of the work is a "Tur", so a particular passage may be cited as "Tur Orach Chayim, siman 22", meaning "Orach Chayim division, chapter 22". This was later misunderstood as meaning "Tur, Orach Chayim, chapter 22" (to distinguish it from the corresponding passage in the Shulchan Aruch), so that "Tur" came to be used as the title of the whole work.

Arrangement and contents

The ''Arba'ah Turim'', as the name implies, consists of four divisions ("Turim"); these are further organised by topic and section (''siman'', pl. ''simanim'').The Shulchan Aruch contains a further division by paragraph (''sa'if'', pl. ''se'ifim''), which is incorporated into some editions of the Arba'ah Turim to enable point-by-point comparison.
:The four Turim are as follows:
:* Orach Chayim - laws of prayer and synagogue, Sabbath, holidays
:* Yoreh De'ah - miscellaneous ritualistic laws, such as shechita and kashrut
:* Even Ha'ezer - laws of marriage, divorce
:* Choshen Mishpat - laws of finance, financial responsibility, damages (personal and financial) and legal procedure

In the ''Arba'ah Turim'', Rabbi Jacob traces the practical Jewish law from the Torah text and the dicta of the Talmud through the '' Rishonim''. He used the code of Rabbi Isaac Alfasi as his starting point; these views are then compared to those of Maimonides, as well as to the Ashkenazi traditions contained in the Tosafist literature. Unlike Maimonides' ''Mishneh Torah'', the ''Tur'' is not limited to normative positions, but compares the various opinions on any disputed point. (In most instances of debate, Rabbi Jacob follows the opinion of his father, Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel, the ''Rosh''.) The ''Arba'ah Turim'' also differs from the ''Mishneh Torah'', in that, unlike Maimonides' work, it deals only with areas of Jewish law that are applicable in the Jewish exile.

Later developments

The best-known commentary on the ''Arba'ah Turim'' is the '' Beit Yosef'' by rabbi Joseph ben Ephraim Karo: this goes beyond the normal functions of a commentary, in that it attempts to review all the relevant authorities and come to a final decision on every point, so as to constitute a comprehensive resource on Jewish law. Other commentaries are ''Bayit Chadash'' by rabbi Joel Sirkis, ''Darkhei Moshe'' by Moses Isserles, ''Beit Yisrael (Perishah u-Derishah)'' by rabbi Joshua Falk, as well as works by a number of other ''Acharonim''. These often defend the views of the Tur against the Beit Yosef.

The ''Tur'' continues to play an important role in Halakha.
* Joseph Caro's ''Shulchan Aruch'', the fundamental work of ''Halakha'', is a condensation of his ''Beit Yosef'' and follows the basic structure of the ''Arba'ah Turim'', including its division into four sections and chapters - ''Tur's'' structure down to the ''siman'' is retained in the ''Shulchan Aruch''.
* The views in the other commentaries are often relevant in ascertaining or explaining the Ashkenazi version of Jewish law, as codified by Moses Isserles in his ''Mappah''.

Students of the ''Shulchan Aruch'', particularly in Orthodox Semikhah programs, typically study the ''Tur'' and the ''Beit Yosef'' concurrently with the ''Shulchan Aruch'' itself: in some editions the two works are printed together, to allow comparison of corresponding ''simanim''.

See also

* Mishneh Torah
* Shulchan Aruch
* Mishnah Berurah
* Shulchan Aruch HaRav
* Kitzur Shulchan Aruch
* Aruch HaShulchan

References

External links

Arba'ah Turim
Prof. Eliezer Segal
*
*''Tur'' text in clear Hebrew print
TurShulchanArukh – AlHaTorah.org

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Jewish medieval literature
Rabbinic legal texts and responsa
Hebrew-language religious books
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
Sifrei Kodesh