Anti-Dutch sentiment, also known as Dutchphobia, is a spectrum of negative feelings, fears and dislikes towards

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

, the

Dutch people The Dutch ( Dutch: ) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Netherlands. They share a common history and culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Aru ...

and the

Dutch culture Dutch culture may refer to: * used more narrowly, the Culture of the Netherlands * used more widely, the culture of Dutch-speaking Europe, including: **Dutch architecture **Dutch literature **Dutch music **Dutch festivities **Dutch folklore See ...

. It historically arose from the colonization that was undertaken by the Netherlands and the roles played by the Dutch in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

an wars. The sentiment is reflected in various expressions that have entered the

English language English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the ...

, one of which is the pejorative '' Kaaskop''.

Dutch colonies

Southeast Asia

Most of present-day Indonesia was a Dutch colony, the Dutch East Indies, from 1800 to the 1942 Japanese invasion during the Second World War. After the defeat of the Japanese, the Dutch attempted to reassert control. Anti-Dutch feeling developed among the native population and encompassed anything associated with the Dutch. The outcome was the Indonesian National Revolution, which culminated in the 1949 independence of Indonesia.

South Africa

In South Africa, the

Second Boer War The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the South ...

(1899–1902) between the British government and the settlers of Dutch descent caused anti-Dutch sentiment in the

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

-speaking population, and it was identified with the Unionist Party.

South America and Caribbean

A growing nationalist movement gave rise to anti-Dutch sentiment in the 1950s in the Dutch colony of Surinam. Suriname became self-governing in 1954 and fully independent in 1975.

European wars

Anglo-Dutch Wars

From the

Anglo-Dutch Wars The Anglo–Dutch Wars ( nl, Engels–Nederlandse Oorlogen) were a series of conflicts mainly fought between the Dutch Republic and England (later Great Britain) from mid-17th to late 18th century. The first three wars occurred in the second ...

in the 17th and 18th centuries, expressions convey varying degrees of hostility or mockery towards the Dutch, such as "

Dutch courage Dutch courage, also known as pot-valiance or liquid courage, refers to courage gained from intoxication with alcohol. History The popular story dates the etymology of the term ''Dutch courage'' to English soldiers fighting in the Anglo-Du ...

", "

Dutch uncle Dutch uncle is an informal term for a person who issues frank, harsh or severe comments and criticism to educate, encourage or admonish someone. Thus, a "Dutch uncle" is the reverse of what is normally thought of as avuncular or uncle-like (indu ...

", "

Going Dutch "Going Dutch" (sometimes written with lower-case dutch) is a term that indicates that each person participating in a paid activity covers their own expenses, rather than any one person in the group defraying the cost for the entire group. The term ...

", "Dutch treat", " Double Dutch" and "I'm a Dutchman". Anti-Dutch sentiment grew in England during the three wars against the Dutch Republic between 1652 and 1674, and continued during and after the reign of William of Orange.Jonathan Israel, "England, the Dutch, and the Struggle for Mastery of World Trade in the Age of the Glorious Revolution (1682-1702)", in

First World War

The neutrality maintained by the Netherlands during the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

evoked unfavourable comment in Britain, as was epitomised by a remark in ''

Punch Punch commonly refers to: * Punch (combat), a strike made using the hand closed into a fist * Punch (drink), a wide assortment of drinks, non-alcoholic or alcoholic, generally containing fruit or fruit juice Punch may also refer to: Places * Pun ...

'':

Second World War

During the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...

, the

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

occupiers in

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

promoted the use of

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

in communities of French-speakers, which led to strong anti-Dutch sentiment there.

Modern times

In the

Muslim world The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. I ...

, anti-Dutch sentiment is often fueled by allegations that the Dutch forces failed to protect Muslim civilians during the

Srebrenica massacre The Srebrenica massacre ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Masakr u Srebrenici, Масакр у Сребреници), also known as the Srebrenica genocide ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Genocid u Srebrenici, Геноцид у Сребрен ...

. Some Muslim leaders even made false claims that Dutch soldiers participated in the massacre. In Indonesia, anti-Dutch sentiment has remained and been fueled many times since the Sukarno era. Anti-Dutch sentiment is now mainly based on old war propaganda like the

South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947 The South Sulawesi Campaign (10 December 1946 – 21 February 1947) was a campaign during the Indonesian National Revolution. It was a counter-insurgency offensive of the special forces of the KNIL against Indonesian infiltrations from Java and ...

in which

Abdul Kahar Muzakkar Abdul Kahar Muzakkar (24 March 1920 – 3 February 1965) was the leader of an Islamic movement in South Sulawesi from 1950 till his death in 1965. He led his group of men in a guerrilla warfare against the Indonesian central government, and w ...

claimed Captain Raymond Westerling had killed 40,000 civilians. It was used by Sukarno to motivate Indonesians to support the Trikora campaign for the colonisation (called "liberation" in Indonesia) of

West New Guinea Western New Guinea, also known as Papua, Indonesian New Guinea, or Indonesian Papua, is the western half of the Melanesian island of New Guinea which is administered by Indonesia. Since the island is alternatively named as Papua, the region ...

. Sukarno said, "Today we all remember the details of 40,000 people of South Sulawesi as victims of the inhumanity of the Dutch colonial army under the command of Westerling. The inhumanity of the right hand of Imperialism is part of the ruthless imperialism to uphold colonialism on Indonesian soil. The death of 40,000 souls in this episode prove that the people of Indonesia paid for Indonesian Independence". That number is still used to support anti-Dutch sentiment in Indonesia. Because anti-Dutch sentiment is still inherent in Indonesia, several campaigns have been carried out such as reporting of Dutch war crimes on social media during their occupation of Indonesia, the vandalism of Dutch monuments and the film ''

De Oost ''The East'' ( nl, De Oost) is a 2020 Dutch war film directed by . Plot The film is set in the Dutch East Indies of 1946 during the Indonesian National Revolution. Twenty-year-old soldier Johan de Vries from Arcen is sent to Semarang, where the Du ...

'' telling about Dutch colonialism in Indonesia that turned out to be financed by three Indonesian companies.

References

{{reflist Foreign relations of the Netherlands

Racism