Andrea Palladio ( ; ; 30 November 1508 – 19 August 1580) was an

Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance ( it, Rinascimento ) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the trans ...

architect active in the

Venetian Republic The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia ...

. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily

Vitruvius Vitruvius (; c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled '' De architectura''. He originated the idea that all buildings should have three attribut ...

, is widely considered to be one of the most influential individuals in the history of architecture. While he designed churches and palaces, he was best known for country houses and villas. His teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise, '' The Four Books of Architecture'', gained him wide recognition. The city of Vicenza, with its 23 buildings designed by Palladio, and 24 Palladian villas of the Veneto are listed by

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

as part of a World Heritage Site named City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto. The churches of Palladio are to be found within the "Venice and its Lagoon" UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Biography and major works

Palladio was born on 30 November 1508 in

Padua Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the ...

and was given the name Andrea di Pietro della Gondola. His father, Pietro, called "della Gondola", was a miller. From an early age, Andrea Palladio was introduced into the work of building. When he was thirteen, his father arranged for him to be an apprentice stonecutter for a period of six years in the workshop of Bartolomeo Cavazza da Sossano, a noted sculptor, whose projects included the altar in the Basilica del Carmine in Padua. Bartolomeo Cavazza is said to have imposed particularly hard working conditions: Palladio fled the workshop in April 1523 and went to Vicenza, but was forced to return to fulfil his contract. In 1524, when his contract was finished, he moved permanently to Vicenza, where he resided for most of his life. He became an assistant to a prominent stonecutter and stonemason, Giovanni di Giacomo da Porlezza in Pedemuro San Biagio, where he joined the guild of stonemasons and bricklayers. He was employed as a stonemason to make monuments and decorative sculptures. His career was unexceptional until 1538–39; when he had reached the age of thirty, he was employed by the humanist poet and scholar

Gian Giorgio Trissino Gian Giorgio Trissino (8 July 1478 – 8 December 1550), also called Giovan Giorgio Trissino and self-styled as Giovan Giωrgio Trissino, was a Venetian Renaissance humanist, poet, dramatist, diplomat, grammarian, linguist, and philosopher. ...

to rebuild his residence, the Villa Trissino at Cricoli. Trissino was deeply engaged in the study of

ancient Roman architecture Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Ancient Greek Architecture, Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architecture, architectural style ...

, particularly the work of

, which had become available in print in 1486. In 1540, Palladio finally received the formal title of architect. In 1541, he made a first trip to Rome, accompanied by Trissino, to see the classical monuments first-hand. He took another, longer trip to Rome with Trissino from the autumn of 1545 to the first months of 1546, and then another trip in 1546–1547. He also visited and studied the Roman works in Tivoli,

Palestrina Palestrina (ancient ''Praeneste''; grc, Πραίνεστος, ''Prainestos'') is a modern Italian city and ''comune'' (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about east of Rome. It is connected to the latter by the Via Pre ...

and Albano Trissino exposed Palladio to the history and arts of Rome, which gave him inspiration for his future buildings. In 1554 he would publish guides to the city's ancient monuments and churches. Trissino also gave him the name by which he became known, Palladio, an allusion to the Greek goddess of wisdom

Pallas Athene Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of v ...

and to a character in a play by Trissino. The word ''Palladio'' means ''Wise one''.

Early villas

File:Palladio Villa Godi photo.jpg, One of the first works by Palladio, Villa Godi (begun 1537) File:Villa godi valmarana saal.jpg, Hall of the Muses of the Villa Godi (1537–1542) File:VillaPiovene20070707-1 rect.jpg, Villa Piovene (1539) File:VillaPisani Bagnolo 2007 07 06 2.jpg,

Villa Pisani, Bagnolo The Villa Pisani is a patrician villa designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, located in Bagnolo, a hamlet in the ''comune'' of Lonigo in the Veneto region of Italy. History The Pisani were a rich family of Venetian nobles wh ...

(1542) His early works include a series of villas around Vicenza. These were sometimes influenced by the work of his predecessor,

Giulio Romano Giulio Romano (, ; – 1 November 1546), is the acquired name of Giulio Pippi, who was an Italian painter and architect. He was a pupil of Raphael, and his stylistic deviations from High Renaissance classicism help define the sixteenth-cent ...

, and were similar to the villa of his patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, at Cricoli, for which he had built an addition before his first trip to Rome. The earliest of his villas is generally considered to be the Villa Godi (begun 1537). This design already showed the originality of Palladio's conception. There is a central block flanked by two wings, the central block is recessed and the two wings are advanced and more prominent. Inside the central block, the '' piano nobile'' or main floor opened onto a

loggia In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior gallery or corridor, usually on an upper level, but sometimes on the ground level of a building. The outer wall is open to the elements, usually supported by a series of columns ...

with a triple arcade, reached by a central stairway. On the reverse of building, the rounded gallery projects outward to the garden. Palladio made numerous changes and additions over the years, adding lavish frescoes framed by classical columns in the Hall of the Muses of the Villa Godi in the 1550s. In his early works in Vicenza in the 1540s, he sometimes emulated the work of his predecessor Giulio Romano, but in doing so he added his own ideas and variations. An example was the Palazzo Thiene in Vicenza, which Romano had begun but which, after Romano's death, Palladio completed. It was his first construction of a large town house. He used Romano's idea for windows framed by stone ''corbeaux'', a ladder of stone blocks, but Palladio gave the heavy facade a new lightness and grace. Several other villas of this time are attributed to Palladio, including the Villa Piovene (1539) and

Villa Pisani Villa Pisani at Stra refers to the monumental, late-Baroque rural palace located along the Brenta Canal ( Riviera del Brenta) at Via Doge Pisani 7 near the town of Stra, on the mainland of the Veneto, northern Italy. This villa is one of the lar ...

(1542). Of the Villa Pisani, only the central structure of the original plan remains. The loggia is opened by three arcades beneath a

frieze In architecture, the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs. Paterae are also usually used to decorate friezes. Even when neither columns nor ...

, beneath a

pediment Pediments are gables, usually of a triangular shape. Pediments are placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. Pediments can contain an overdoor and are usually topped by hood moulds. A pedim ...

. The interior of the main hall has a barrel-vaulted ceiling lavishly decorated with murals of mythological themes.

Urban palaces

One of the most important works of his early Vicenza period is the

Basilica Palladiana The Basilica Palladiana is a Renaissance building in the central Piazza dei Signori in Vicenza, north-eastern Italy. The most notable feature of the edifice is the loggia, which shows one of the first examples of what have come to be known as ...

in Vicenza (1546), the palace of the city government. Palladio called it "

Basilica In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's Forum (Roman), forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building ...

", explaining that the functions and form of a modern city hall resembled those of an ancient Roman Basilica. He did not construct the building from the ground up, but added two-story loggias to the exterior of an older building, which had been finished in 1459. For the facade, Palladio made harmonious use of two levels of arcades with rounded arches and columns, which opened up the exterior of the building to the interior courtyard. The arcades were divided by columns and small circular windows (''oculi''), with a variety and richness of decorative detail. The building was not completed until 1617, after Palladio's death. Its design had a notable influence on many buildings across Europe, from Portugal to Germany. File:Palazzo Thiene (Vicenza) - courtyard.jpg, Palazzo Thiene (1542–1558), (begun by

, revised and completed by Palladio) File:Basilica Palladiana (Vicenza) - facade on Piazza dei signori.jpg, Facade of the

(begun 1546) File:Basilica Palladiana 1.jpg, Ground floor and entrance stairway of the Basilica Palladiana File:Palladio Palazzo della Ragione upper.jpg, Upper level loggia of the Basilica Palladiana

Variations of the urban palace

Palazzo Chiericati (begun in 1550) was another urban palace, built on a city square near the port in Vicenza. It was constructed after the Palazzo della Ragione, but it was very different in its plan and decoration. The two-story facade with a double loggia was divided into eleven spaces by rows of

Doric columns The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek and later Roman architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. The Doric is most easily recognized by the simple circular capitals at the top of col ...

, while a Doric cornice separated the lower level from the more important ''piano nobile'' above. The original plan of Palladio had the upper level identical to the lower level, but the owners wanted more space for ceremonies, so the central section on the ''piano nobile'' was brought forward and given windows with decorative frontons, doubling the interior space. The Palazzo del Capitaniato, the offices of the Venetian governor of the region, is a later variation on the urban palace, built in Vicenza facing the Basilica Palladiana, and the finest of his late urban palaces. The four brick half-columns on the facade give a strong element of verticality, carefully balanced by the horizontal balustrades on the ''piano nobile'', and on the projecting cornice at the top. The red brick of the walls and columns and the white stone of the balustrades and bases of the columns give another contrast. The facade was later given stucco sculptural decoration in the

Mannerist Mannerism, which may also be known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Ita ...

style, which has considerably deteriorated. File:Palazzo Chiericati (Vicenza).jpg, Palazzo Chiericati (1550) in Vicenza File:Palazzo del Capitanio - Vicenza.jpg, Palazzo del Capitaniato (1565–1572)

Classical studies

The success of the Basilica Palladiana propelled Palladio into the top ranks of the architects of Northern Italy. He had travelled to Rome in 1549, hoping to become a Papal architect, but the death of Pope Paul III ended that ambition. His patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, died in 1550, but in the same year Palladio gained new supporter, the powerful Venetian aristocrat

Daniele Barbaro Daniele Matteo Alvise Barbaro (also Barbarus) (8 February 1514 – 13 April 1570) was an Italian cleric and diplomat. He was also an architect, writer on architecture, and translator of, and commentator on, Vitruvius. Barbaro's fame is chief ...

. Through Barbaro he became known to the major aristocratic families of Northern Italy. In addition to the

Barbaros Hayreddin Barbarossa ( ar, خير الدين بربروس, Khayr al-Din Barbarus, original name: Khiḍr; tr, Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa), also known as Hızır Hayrettin Pasha, and simply Hızır Reis (c. 1466/1478 – 4 July 1546), was an O ...

, the aristocratic Cornaro, Foscari, and Pisani families supported Palladio's career, while he continued to construct a series of magnificent villas and palaces in Vicenza in his new classical style, including the Palazzo Chiericati in Vicenza, the

in Montagnana, and the Villa Cornaro in

Piombino Dese Piombino Dese is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about northwest of Venice and about north of Padua. Piombino Dese borders the following municipalities: Camposampiero, Istrana, Loreggi ...

. Cardinal Barbaro brought Palladio to Rome and encouraged him to publish his studies of

classical architecture Classical architecture usually denotes architecture which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of Greek and Roman architecture of classical antiquity, or sometimes even more specifically, from the works of the Roman architect ...

. In 1554, he published the first of a series of books, ''Antiquities of Rome''. He continued to compile and write his architectural studies, lavishly illustrated, which were published in full form in 1570 as ''

I quattro libri dell'architettura ''I quattro libri dell'architettura'' (''The Four Books of Architecture'') is a treatise on architecture by the architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580), written in Italian. It was first published in four volumes in 1570 in Venice, illustrated wi ...

'' (''The Four Books of Architecture''), in Venice. These books, reprinted in different languages and circulated widely in Europe, secured his reputation as the most influential figure in the renewal classical architecture, a reputation which only continued to grow after his death. File:Palladio Titel 1642.jpg, The front page of ''

'' (''The Four Books of Architecture)'' (1642 edition)

Rustic-suburban villas

The type of villa invented by Palladio at the Villa Cornaro (begun 1553), located at Piombino Dese near Padua, was a mixture of '' villa rustica'' (country house), designed for country living, and a suburban villa, designed for entertaining and impressing. The distinction between the two parts was clearly expressed in the architecture. The central block is nearly square, with two low wings. The rear facade facing the garden has a spacious loggia, or covered terrace, supported by independent columns, on both the ground level and above on the ''piano nobile''. The front facade facing the road has the same plan but with narrower loggias. The Hall of the Four Columns, the grand salon, could be entered by a grand stairway from either the front or back of the house. It has a very high ceiling, creating a large cubic space, and a roof supported by four Doric columns. Palladio placed niches in the walls of this salon, which were later filled with full-length statues of the ancestors of the owner. The more rustic functions of the house were carried on in the adjoining wings. File:VillaCornaro 2007 07 14 front 1.jpg, Villa Cornaro (begun 1553) combined rustic living and an imposing space for formal entertaining File:VillaCornaro 2007 07 14 main hall.jpg, The Hall of the Four Columns File:Villa Cornaro pianta Bertotti Scamozzi 1781.jpg, Plan of the Villa Cornaro

Suburban villas

The suburban villa was a particular type of building, a house near a city designed primarily for entertaining.

Villa Barbaro Villa Barbaro, also known as the Villa di Maser, is a large villa at Maser in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It was designed and built by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, with frescos by Paolo Veronese and sculptures by Al ...

(begun 1557) at Maser was an imposing suburban villa, built for the brothers

Marcantonio Marcantonio Raimondi, often called simply Marcantonio (c. 1470/82 – c. 1534), was an Italian engraver, known for being the first important printmaker whose body of work consists largely of prints copying paintings. He is therefore a key figure ...

and

, who were respectively occupied with politics and religious affairs in the

Veneto it, Veneto (man) it, Veneta (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = ...

, or Venice region. The long facade was perfectly balanced. The interior, following the professions of the brothers, had both classical and religious motifs. The central hall, The Hall of Olympus on the ground floor, was decorated with Roman gods and goddesses, but when one mounted the stairs, the long upper floor was in the form of a cross and Christian images predominate. The villa also has a series of remarkable frescos and ceiling paintings by Paolo Veronese combining mythical themes with scenes of everyday life. Behind the villa, Palladio created a remarkable nymphaeum, or Roman fountain, with statues of the gods and goddesses of the major rivers of Italy. The most famous suburban villa constructed by Palladio was the

Villa Capra "La Rotonda" Villa La Rotonda is a Renaissance villa just outside Vicenza in northern Italy designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The villa's correct name is Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana, but it is also known as "La Rotonda", "Villa Rot ...

, not far from Vicenza, begun in 1566 for Count Paolo Almerico, the

canon Canon or Canons may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Canon (fiction), the conceptual material accepted as official in a fictional universe by its fan base * Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture ** Western ca ...

of Pope Pius IV and Pope Pius V. The site is on a gentle wooded hilltop, with views of the countryside in all directions. The villa is perfectly symmetrical, with four identical facades with porticos around the domed centre. The height of the base is exactly the height of the attic, and the width of each portico exactly half the length of the facade. The interior frescos were painted by Ludovico Dorigny in 1680–1687), and were not part of Palladio's plan. The building was especially influential, particularly in England and the United States, where it inspired "Neo-Palladianist" buildings such as Mereworth Castle (1724) in

Kent Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west, and Essex to the north across the estuary of the River Thames; it faces ...

and Thomas Jefferson's Montecello in Virginia (1772). File:Villa Barbaro panoramica fronte Marcok.jpg, The

in Maser (begun 1557) File:VillaBarbaro 2007 07 08 09.jpg, The Nymphaeum of the Villa Barbaro File:Veronese Villa Barbaro.jpg, Detail of the Hall of Olympus, with frescoes by Paolo Veronese File:Larotonda2009.JPG,

(begun 1566) Image:PalladioRotondaPlan.jpg, Palladio's plan of the Villa in ''

'', 1570

Suburban villas

Villa Foscari Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. It is also known as ''La Malcontenta'' ("The Discontented"), a nickname which—according to a legend—it ...

, also known as "La Malcontenta" for the name of the suburban village near

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...

where it is located, faces the Brenta Canal and for this reason, unlike his other villas, it faces south to the canal. The villa is set upon a large base, and the central portico is flanked by two stairways. The upper and lower borders of the ''piano nobile'' clearly indicated on the facade by darker reddish bands of stone. The same reddish border outlines the pediment over the portico and the attic, and appears on the rear facade. In another departure from traditional villas, the front doors lead directly into the main salon. The salon is let by a virtual wall of glass around the doorway of the south facade. The exterior and interior are closely integrated; the same classical elements own the facade, the columns and pediments, reappear in the interior, decorated with ''

trompe-l'œil ''Trompe-l'œil'' ( , ; ) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface. ''Trompe l'oeil'', which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into ...

'' murals on the walls and ceiling. File:Villa Foscari 20070710-1.jpg, North facade of

, facing the Brenta Canal File:Malcontenta grotesque.jpg, Interior decoration of

grotesques Since at least the 18th century (in French and German as well as English), grotesque has come to be used as a general adjective for the strange, mysterious, magnificent, fantastic, hideous, ugly, incongruous, unpleasant, or disgusting, and thus ...

on salon ceiling of Villa Foscari File:VillaFoscari20070710-06.jpg, South facade of Villa Foscari, with the large windows that illuminate the main salon

Churches

Daniele Barbaro and his younger brother Marcantonio introduced Palladio to Venice, where he developed his own style of religious architecture, distinct from and equally original as that of his villas. His first project in Venice was the cloister of the church of Santa Maria della Carità (1560–61), followed by the refectory and then the interior of the San Giorgio Monastery (1560–1562), His style was rather severe compared with the traditional lavishness of

Venetian Renaissance architecture Venetian Renaissance architecture began rather later than in Florence, not really before the 1480s, and throughout the period mostly relied on architects imported from elsewhere in Italy. The city was very rich during the period, and prone to fire ...

. San Georgio Maggiore was later given a new facade by

Vincenzo Scamozzi Vincenzo Scamozzi (2 September 1548 – 7 August 1616) was an Italian architect and a writer on architecture, active mainly in Vicenza and Republic of Venice area in the second half of the 16th century. He was perhaps the most important figure t ...

(1610), which integrated it more closely into the Venetian skyline. The original rigorous, perfectly balanced interior is the original work of Palladio. In 1570, he was formally named "Proto della Serenissima" (chief architect of the Republic of Venice), following Jacopo Sansovino. File:Nave - San Giorgio Maggiore - Venice 2016 (2).jpg, Nave of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice (1565) File:Chiesa del Santissimo Redentore, Venice, Italy.jpg, '' Il Redentore'' Church in Venice (1576) File:Chiesa del Redentore (Venice) Interior.jpg, Interior of ''Il Redentore'' Church in Venice (1576)

Last church

The Tempieto Barbaro, built at the end of his life, was one of his most accomplished works. It was begun in 1580 as an addition to the

at Maser. It unites two classical forms, a circle and a

Greek cross The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the main religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with a figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a ''crucifix'' and the figure is often referred to as the ''corpus'' (La ...

. The facade features a particularly imposing classical portico, like that of the Pantheon in Rome, placed before two tall bell towers, before an even higher cupola, which covers the church itself. The effect is to draw the eye upward, level by level. Inside, the circular interior is surrounded by eight half columns and niches with statues. An open balustrade runs around the top of the interior wall, concealing the base of the dome itself, making it appear that the dome is suspended in the air. This idea would be adopted frequently in later Baroque churches. He achieves a perfect balance between the circle and the cross, and the horizontal and vertical elements, both on the facade and in the interior. File:Tempietto Barbaro - plan de Bertotti Scamozzi.JPG, Plan by Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi File:TempiettoBarbaro 2007 07 08 01.jpg, Facade of the Tempietto Barbaro File:Tempietto Villa Barbaro sezione Bertotti Scamozzi 1783.jpg, Section of the Tempietto Barbaro, drawn by Scamozzi (1783)

Last work

The final work of Palladio was the Teatro Olimpico in the Piazza Matteotti in Vicenza, built for the theatrical productions of the Olympic Society of Vicenza, of which Palladio was a member. He was asked to produce a design and model, and construction began in February 1580. The back wall of the stage was in the form of an enormous triumphal arch divided into three levels, and three portals through which actors could appear and disappear. This wall was lavishly decorated with columns and niches filled with statuary. The view through the arches gave the illusion of looking down classical streets. The painted ceiling was designed to give the illusion of sitting under an open sky. Behind the hemicycle of seats Palladio placed a row of Corinthian columns. Palladio died on 19 August 1580, not long after the work was begun. It was completed, with a number of modifications, by

and inaugurated in 1584 with a performance of the tragedy '' Oedipus Rex'' by

Sophocles Sophocles (; grc, Σοφοκλῆς, , Sophoklễs; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. is one of three ancient Greek tragedians, at least one of whose plays has survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or c ...

. File:Interior of Teatro Olimpico (Vicenza) scena .jpg, Stage with scenery designed by

, who completed the theatre after the death of Palladio File:Interior of Teatro Olimpico (Vicenza) - Gradinata.jpg, Stage and seating of his last work, the Teatro Olimpico (1584)

Personal life

Very little is known of Palladio's personal life. Documents show that he received a dowry in April 1534 from the family of his wife, Allegradonna, the daughter of a carpenter. They had four sons: Leonida, Marcantonio, Orazio and Silla, and a daughter, Zenobia. Two of the sons, Leonida and Orzzio, died during a short period in 1572, greatly affecting their father. He died on 19 August 1580 at either Vicenza or Maser, and was buried in the church of Santa Corona in Vicenza. In 1844, a new tomb was built in a chapel dedicated to him in that cemetery. Although all of his buildings are found in relatively small corner of Italy, they had an influence far beyond. They particularly inspired neoclassical architects in Britain and in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries. While he designed churches and urban palaces, his plans for villas and country houses were particularly admired and copied. His books with their detailed illustrations and plans were especially influential. His first book, ''L'Antichida di Roma'' (''Antiquities of Rome'') was published in 1554. He then made architectural drawings to illustrate a book by his patron,

, a commentary on

. His most famous work was ''

'' (''The Four Books of Architecture''), published in 1570, which set out rules others could follow. The first book includes studies of decorative styles, classical orders, and materials. He illustrated a rich variety of columns, arcades, pediments, pilasters and other details which were soon adapted and copied. The second book included Palladio's town and country house designs and classical reconstructions. The third book had bridge and basilica designs, city planning designs, and classical halls. The fourth book included information on the reconstruction of ancient Roman temples. The books were translated into many languages, and went through many editions, well into the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

Influence

France and Germany

Palladio's style inspired several works by

Claude Nicolas Ledoux Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (21 March 1736 – 18 November 1806) was one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only domestic architecture but also town planning; as ...

in France, including the

Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans The Saline Royale (Royal Saltworks) is a historical building at Arc-et-Senans in the department of Doubs, Eastern France. It is next to the Forest of Chaux and 29.2 kilometres (18.1 miles) to the southwest of Besançon. The architect was Claude- ...

, begun in 1775. In Germany, Johann von Goethe in his ''

Italian Journey ''Italian Journey'' (in the German original: ) is Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's report on his travels to Italy from 1786 to 1788 that was published in 1816 & 1817. The book is based on Goethe's diaries and is smoothed in style, lacks the spont ...

'' described Palladio as a genius, declaring that his unfinished Convent of Santa Maria della Carità was the most perfect existing work of architecture. The German architects David Gilly and his son Friedrich Gilly were also admirers of Palladio, and constructed palaces for the German Emperor Frederick-William III in the style, including the Paretz Palace. Friedrich Gilly's work, the National Theatre in Berlin (1798), built for Frederick the Great. Most of his buildings were destroyed during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

. File:France arc et senas saline royal main building 1.jpg, House of the Director of the

, by

(1775) File:Parc Monceau - La Rotonde 02-03-06.jpg, La Rotonde customs barrier, Parc Monceau, by

File:Schloss Steinhöfel 14-07-2010 75.jpg, Palladian garden structure at Steinhöfel by David Gilly (1798)

England

Palladio's work was especially popular in England, where the villa style was adapted for country houses. The first English architect to adapt Palladio's work was Inigo Jones, who made a long trip to Vicenza and returned full of Palladian ideas. His first major work in the style was the

Queen's House Queen's House is a former royal residence built between 1616 and 1635 near Greenwich Palace, a few miles down-river from the City of London and now in the London Borough of Greenwich. It presently forms a central focus of what is now the Old Ro ...

Greenwich Greenwich ( , ,) is a town in south-east London, England, within the ceremonial county of Greater London. It is situated east-southeast of Charing Cross. Greenwich is notable for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich ...

(1616–1635), modelled after Palladio's villas.

Wilton House Wilton House is an English country house at Wilton near Salisbury in Wiltshire, which has been the country seat of the Earls of Pembroke for over 400 years. It was built on the site of the medieval Wilton Abbey. Following the dissolution ...

is another adaptation of Palladio's villa plans. It had a particularly famous feature, the Palladio Bridge, designed around 1736. The bridge was extremely popular, and copies were made for other houses, including Stowe House. Another variation, the Marble Bridge, was made for Empress Catherine the Great of Russia for her gardens at Tsarskoe Selo near

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

, Russia. Other English architects, including

Elizabeth Wilbraham Elizabeth, Lady Wilbraham (née Mytton; 14 February 1632 – 27 July 1705) was a member of the English aristocracy, who traditionally has been identified as an important architectural patron. It has been suggested that she was the first woman ar ...

, and Christopher Wren also embraced the Palladian style. Another English admirer was the architect, Richard Boyle, 4th

Earl of Cork Earl of Cork is a title in the Peerage of Ireland, held in conjunction with the Earldom of Orrery since 1753. It was created in 1620 for Richard Boyle, 1st Baron Boyle. He had already been created Lord Boyle, Baron of Youghal, in the County o ...

, also known as

Lord Burlington Earl of Burlington is a title that has been created twice, the first time in the Peerage of England in 1664 and the second in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1831. Since 1858, Earl of Burlington has been a courtesy title used by the duk ...

, who, with

William Kent William Kent (c. 1685 – 12 April 1748) was an English architect, landscape architect, painter and furniture designer of the early 18th century. He began his career as a painter, and became Principal Painter in Ordinary or court painter, bu ...

, designed

Chiswick House Chiswick House is a Neo-Palladian style villa in the Chiswick district of London, England. A "glorious" example of Neo-Palladian architecture in west London, the house was designed and built by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington (1694– ...

. The Italian-born Giacomo Leoni also constructed Palladian houses in England. File:Queens House 2006.jpg, The

by Inigo Jones (1616–1635) File:Chiswick House.jpg,

Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork, (25 April 1694 – 4 December 1753) was a British architect and noble often called the "Apollo of the Arts" and the "Architect Earl". The son of the 2nd Earl of Burlington and 3rd Ea ...

and

(completed 1729) File:Wilton House.jpg,

south front by Inigo Jones (1650) File:Wilton House bridge over creek.jpg, Palladio Bridge at

(1736–37) File:Stourhead House - geograph.org.uk - 31721.jpg, Stourhead House by Colen Campbell (1721–24), inspired by Villa Capra

United States

The influence of Palladio also reached to the United States, where the architecture and symbols of the

Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Ki ...

were adapted for the architecture and institutions of the newly independent nation. The Massachusetts governor and architect Thomas Dawes also admired the style, and used it when rebuilding

Harvard Hall Harvard Hall is a Harvard University classroom building in Harvard Yard, Cambridge, Massachusetts. First Harvard Hall The present Harvard Hall replaces an earlier structure of the same name on the same site. The first Harvard Hall was built bet ...

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...

in 1766. Palladio's villas inspired

Monticello Monticello ( ) was the primary plantation of Founding Father Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, who began designing Monticello after inheriting land from his father at age 26. Located just outside Charlottesville, V ...

, the residence of the third U.S. President,

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was previously the natio ...

, himself an architect. Jefferson organized a competition for the first

United States Capitol The United States Capitol, often called The Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, which is formally known as the United States Congress. It is located on Capitol Hill ...

building. It was won by

William Thornton William Thornton (May 20, 1759 – March 28, 1828) was a British-American physician, inventor, painter and architect who designed the United States Capitol. He also served as the first Architect of the Capitol and first Superintendent of the ...

with a design inspired in part Palladio and La Rotonda. The One Hundred Eleventh

Congress of the United States of America The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washingt ...

called him the "Father of American Architecture" (Congressional Resolution no. 259 of 6 December 2010). His influence can also be seen in American plantation buildings. File:Harvard Hall (Harvard University) - DSC00058.JPG, Harvard Hall at

by Thomas Dawes (1766) File:Thomas Jefferson's Monticello (cropped).JPG,

, residence of

(1772) File:Flickr - USCapitol - Thornton Capitol Winning Design.jpg, Winning design for the first

(1793)

Palladian style

Palladio is known as one of the most influential architects in Western architecture. His architectural works have "been valued for centuries as the quintessence of

High Renaissance In art history, the High Renaissance was a short period of the most exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, particularly Rome, capital of the Papal States, and in Florence, during the Italian Renaissance. Most art historians stat ...

calm and harmony". The basic elements of Italian Renaissance architecture, including Doric columns, lintels,

cornices In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a ...

loggias In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior gallery or corridor, usually on an upper level, but sometimes on the ground level of a building. The outer wall is open to the elements, usually supported by a series of columns ...

, pediments and domes had already been used in the 15th century or earlier, before Palladio. They had been skilfully brought together by Brunelleschi in the

Pazzi Chapel The Pazzi Chapel ( it, Cappella dei Pazzi) is a chapel located in the "first cloister" on the southern flank of the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. Commonly credited to Filippo Brunelleschi, it is considered to be one of the masterp ...

(1420) and the Medici-Riccardi Palace (1444–1449). At the beginning of the High Renaissance in the early 16th century, Bramante used these elements together in the Tempietto in Rome (1502), which combined a dome and a central plan based on a

Greek Cross The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the main religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with a figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a ''crucifix'' and the figure is often referred to as the ''corpus'' (La ...

. The architect Baldassare Peruzzi had introduced the first Renaissance suburban villas, based on a Roman model and surrounded by gardens. The

Farnese Palace Palazzo Farnese () or Farnese Palace is one of the most important High Renaissance palaces in Rome. Owned by the Italian Republic, it was given to the French government in 1936 for a period of 99 years, and currently serves as the French emb ...

in Rome (1530–1580) by Sangallo introduced a new kind of Renaissance palace, with monumental blocks, ornate cornices, lateral wings and multiple stairways. Michelangelo had made a plan for a central dome at Saint Peter's Basilica and added a new loggia to the facade of the Farnese Palace. All of these plans already existed before Palladio; his contribution was to refine, simplify, and use them in innovative ways. The style of Palladio employed a classical repertoire of elements in new ways. He clearly expressed the function of each part of the building by its form, particularly elevating giving precedence to the '' piano nobile'', the ceremonial floor, of his villas and palaces. As much as possible he simplified the forms, as he did at Villa Capra "La Rotonda", surrounding a circular dome and interior with perfectly square facades, and placing the building pedestal to be more visible and more dramatic. Palladio was inspired by classical Roman architecture, but he did not slavishly imitate it. He chose elements and assembled them in innovative ways appropriate to the site and function of the building. His buildings were very often placed on pedestals, raise them up and make them more visible, and so they could offer a view. The villas very often had loggias, covered arcades or walkways on the outside of upper levels, which gave a view of the scenery or city below, and also gave variety to the facade. When he designed his rustic villas and suburban villas, he paid particular attention to the site, integrating them as much as possible into nature, either by sites on hilltops or looking out at gardens or rivers. The Sarlian window, or

Venetian window A Venetian window (also known as a Serlian window) is a large tripartite window which is a key element in Palladian architecture. Although Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554) did not invent it, the window features largely in the work of the Italian ar ...

, also known as a Palladian window, was another common feature of his style, which he used both for windows and the arches of the loggias of his buildings. It consists of an arched window flanked by two smaller square windows, divided by two columns or pilasters and often topped by a small entablature and by a small circular window or hole, called an oculus. These particular features originally appeared in the triumphal arches of Rome, and had been used in the earlier Renaissance by Bramante, but Palladio used them in novel ways, particularly in the facade of the

and in the

Villa Pojana Villa Pojana or Poiana, is a patrician villa in Pojana Maggiore, a town of the Province of Vicenza in the Veneto region of Italy. It was designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. It is conserved as part of the UNESCO World He ...

. They also became a common feature of later Palladian buildings in England and elsewhere. In his later work, particularly the Palazzo Valmarana and the Palazzo del Capitaniato in Vicenza, his style became more ornate and more decorative, with more sculptural decoration on the facade, tending toward Mannerism. His buildings in this period were examples of the transition beginning to what would become

Baroque architecture Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe. It was originally introduced by the Catholic Church, particularly by the Jesuits, as a means t ...

. File:Villa Badoer Fratta Polesine facciata by Marcok 2009-08-16 n08.jpg, Clarity and harmony.

Villa Badoer A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became sm ...

(1556–1563), an early use by Palladio of the elements of a Roman temple File:2017 vicenza 022.jpg, The

, Vicenza, (begun 1546) with arched Palladian window and round oculi to the

. File:Villa Pojana photo by Marcok 2009-08-08 n06.jpg, A variation of the Palladian or

, with round oculi, at

(1548–49) File:Stemma del palazzo del Capitaniato.JPG, Late Palladio style,

decoration on the facade of the

Palazzo del Capitanio The palazzo del Capitaniato, also known as loggia del Capitanio or loggia Bernarda, is a Palace#Italy, palazzo in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1565 and built between 1571 and 1572. It is located on the central Piazza d ...

(1565–1572)

Characteristics

Palladio's architecture was not dependent on expensive materials, which must have been an advantage to his more financially pressed clients. Many of his buildings are of brick covered with stucco. Stuccoed brickwork was always used in his villa designs in order to give the appearance of a classical Roman structure. His success as an architect is based not only on the beauty of his work, but also for its harmony with the culture of his time. His success and influence came from the integration of extraordinary aesthetic quality with expressive characteristics that resonated with his clients' social aspirations. His buildings served to communicate, visually, their place in the social order of their culture. This powerful integration of beauty and the physical representation of social meanings is apparent in three major building types: the urban palazzo, the agricultural villa, and the church. Relative to his trips to Rome, Palladio developed three main palace types by 1556. In 1550, the Palazzo Chiericati was completed. The proportions for the building were based on musical ratios for adjacent rooms. The building was centralized by a tripartite division of a series of columns or colonnades. In 1552, the

Palazzo Porto Palazzo Porto is a palace built by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in Contrà Porti, Vicenza, Italy. It is one of two palaces in the city designed by Palladio for members of the Porto family (the other being Palazzo Porto in Piazza ...

located in Vicenza was rebuilt incorporating the Roman Renaissance element for façades. A colonnade of Corinthian columns surrounded a main court. The Palazzo Antonini in Udine, constructed in 1556, had a centralized hall with four columns and service spaces placed relatively toward one side. He used styles of incorporating the six columns, supported by pediments, into the walls as part of the façade. This technique had been applied in his villa designs as well. Palladio experimented with the plan of the Palazzo Porto by incorporating it into the Palazzo Thiene. It was an earlier project from 1545 to 1550 and remained uncompleted due to elaborate elevations in his designs. He used Mannerist elements such as stucco surface reliefs and large columns, often extending two stories high. File:Palazzo Strozzi - panoramio.jpg,

Palazzo Strozzi Palazzo Strozzi is a palace in Florence, Italy. History The construction of the palace was begun in 1489 by Benedetto da Maiano, for Filippo Strozzi the Elder, a rival of the Medici who had returned to the city in November 1466 and desired the ...

courtyard File:Villa rotonda.JPG,

outside Vicenza File:San Francesco della vigna.jpg,

San Francesco della Vigna San Francesco della Vigna is a Roman Catholic church in the Sestiere of Castello in Venice, northern Italy. History Along with Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, this is one of two Franciscan churches in Venice. The site, originally a vineyard (''v ...

in Venice In his urban structures he developed a new improved version of the typical early Renaissance palazzo (exemplified by the

). Adapting a new urban palazzo type created by Bramante in the House of Raphael, Palladio found a powerful expression of the importance of the owner and his social position. The main living quarters of the owner on the second level were clearly distinguished in importance by use of a pedimented classical portico, centered and raised above the subsidiary and utilitarian ground level (illustrated in the Palazzo Porto and the Palazzo Valmarana). The tallness of the portico was achieved by incorporating the owner's sleeping quarters on the third level, within a

giant In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: ''gigas'', cognate giga-) are beings of human-like appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word ''giant'' is first attested in 1297 fr ...

two-story classical colonnade, a motif adapted from Michelangelo's

Capitoline The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome. The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. T ...

buildings in Rome. The elevated main floor level became known as the ''piano nobile'', and is still referred to as the "first floor" in Europe. Palladio also established an influential new building format for the agricultural villas of the Venetian aristocracy. Palladio's approach to his villa designs was not relative to his experience in Rome. His designs were based on practicality and employed few reliefs. He consolidated the various stand-alone farm outbuildings into a single impressive structure, arranged as a highly organized whole, dominated by a strong centre and symmetrical side wings, as illustrated at

. In the project of the Villa Barbaro, Palladio most likely was also engaged in the interior decoration. Alongside the painter Paolo Veronese, he invented the complex and sophisticated illusionistic landscape paintings that cover the walls of various rooms. The

of 1552, outside Vicenza, was constructed as a summer house with views from all four sides. The plan has centralized circular halls with wings and porticos expanding on all four sides. Palladio began to implement the classical temple front into his design of façades for villas. He felt that to make an entry appear grand, the Roman temple front would be the most suitable style. The Palladian villa configuration often consists of a centralized block raised on an elevated podium, accessed by grand steps, and flanked by lower service wings, as at

and

. This format, with the quarters of the owners at the elevated centre of their own world, found resonance as a prototype for Italian villas and later for the country estates of the British nobility (such as

, Vanbrugh's Blenheim, Walpole's

Houghton Hall Houghton Hall ( ) is a country house in the parish of Houghton in Norfolk, England. It is the residence of David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley. It was commissioned by the ''de facto'' first British Prime Minister, Sir Robert Wa ...

, and Adam's

Kedleston Hall Kedleston Hall is a neo-classical manor house, and seat of the Curzon family, located in Kedleston, Derbyshire, approximately 4 miles (6 km) north-west of Derby. The medieval village of Kedleston was moved in 1759 by Nathaniel Curzon to mak ...

an
Paxton House
in Scotland). His villas were used by a capitalist gentry who developed an interest in agriculture and land. The configuration was a perfect architectural expression of their world view, clearly expressing their perceived position in the social order of the times. His influence was extended worldwide into the

British colonies A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony administered by The Crown within the British Empire. There was usually a Governor, appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the UK Government, with or without the assistance of a local Coun ...

. Palladio developed his own prototype for the plan of the villas that was flexible to moderate in scale and function. The Palladian villa format was easily adapted for a democratic world view, as may be seen at

and his arrangement for the

University of Virginia The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson, the university is ranked among the top academic institutions in the United States, with highly selective ad ...

. It also may be seen applied as recently as 1940 in Pope's

National Gallery The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director ...

in Washington D.C., where the public entry to the world of high culture occupies the exalted centre position. The rustication of exposed basement walls of Victorian residences is a late remnant of the Palladian format, clearly expressed as a podium for the main living space for the family. Similarly, Palladio created a new configuration for the design of Catholic churches that established two interlocking architectural orders, each clearly articulated, yet delineating a hierarchy of a larger order overriding a lesser order. This idea was in direct coincidence with the rising acceptance of the theological ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas, who postulated the notion of two worlds existing simultaneously: the divine world of faith, and the earthly world of humans. Palladio created an architecture which made a visual statement communicating the idea of two superimposed systems, as illustrated at

. In a time when religious dominance in Western culture was threatened by the rising power of science and

secular humanists Secular humanism is a philosophy, belief system or life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, and superstition as the basis of morality an ...

, this architecture found great favor with the Catholic Church as a clear statement of the proper relationship of the earthly and the spiritual worlds. Aside from Palladio's designs, his publications further contributed to Palladianism. During the second half of his life, Palladio published many books on architecture, most famously, ''

'' (''The Four Books of Architecture'', Venice, 1570).

Chronology of the works

Note: The first date given is the beginning of the project, not its completion.Source:

Villas

*1534 (built 1534–1538): Villa Trissino a Cricoli, Vicenza (once traditionally attributed, but probably designed by

) *1537 (built 1539–1557): Villa Godi, for Girolamo, Pietro and Marcantonio Godi, Lonedo di Lugo di Vicenza *c. 1539 (built 1539–1587): Villa Piovene, Lonedo di Lugo di Vicenza, Province of Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * Before 1542 (built 1542–c. 1550): Villa Gazzotti, for Taddeo Gazzotti, Bertesina, Vicenza * 1542 (built 1542–1560): Villa Valmarana, for Giuseppe and Antonio Valmarana, Vigardolo di Monticello Conte Otto, Province of Vicenza * 1542 (built 1542–1545):

, for Vettore, Marco and Daniele Pisani, Bagnolo di

Lonigo Lonigo is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, northern Italy, its population counts around 16,400 inhabitants.Source: ISTAT - Bilancio demografico al 31/12/200 In its ''frazione'' of Bagnolo is the Villa Pisani, a Renaissanc ...

, Province of Vicenza * 1542 ? (built before 1545–1550): Villa Thiene, for Marcantonio e Adriano Thiene, Quinto Vicentino, Province of Vicenza (probably a re-elaboration of a project by

) * c. 1546:

Villa Contarini Villa Contarini is a mostly Baroque-style, patrician rural palace in Piazzola sul Brenta, province of Padova, in the region of the Veneto of northern Italy. The villa is spread over a 40 hectare area, with canals, and a lake. Now owned by the go ...

degli Scrigni, for Paolo Contarini and brothers,

Piazzola sul Brenta Piazzola sul Brenta is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about west of Venice and about northwest of Padua. Main sights * Villa Contarini, begun by Andrea Palladio Andrea Palladio ( ; ...

, Province of Padua (attributed) * 1547 (built 1547, 1565): Villa Arnaldi, for Vincenzo Arnaldi, Meledo di Sarego, Province of Vicenza (unfinished) * c. 1548 (built 1548–before 1555): Villa Saraceno, for Biagio Saraceno, Finale di

Agugliaro Agugliaro is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, north-eastern Italy. It is located east of road SP247 provincial road, between the Berici Hills and the Euganean Hills. In the hamlet of Finale di Agugliaro is the 16th-cent ...

, Province of Vicenza * 1548 (built 1554–1556):

Villa Angarano The Villa Angarano or ''Villa Angarano Bianchi Michiel'' is a villa in Bassano del Grappa, Veneto, northern Italy. It was originally conceived by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, who published a plan in his book ''I quattro libri dell ...

, for Giacomo Angarano,

Bassano del Grappa Bassano del Grappa ( vec, Basan or ''Bassan'', ) is a city and ''comune'', in the Vicenza province, in the region of Veneto, in northern Italy. It bounds the communes of Cassola, Marostica, Solagna, Pove del Grappa, Romano d'Ezzelino, Campolongo ...

, Province of Vicenza (main body of the villa later rebuilt by Baldassarre Longhena; the ''barchesse'' are part of the original) * 1549 (built 1549–1563):

, for Bonifacio Pojana, Pojana Maggiore, Province of Vicenza * After 1550 (built c. 1555–1584): Villa Chiericati, for Giovanni Chiericati, Vancimuglio di Grumolo delle Abbadesse, Province of Vicenza (completed in 1584 by Domenico Groppino after Palladio's death) * 1552 (built 1552; 1569; 1588): Villa Cornaro, for Giorgio Cornaro,

, Province of Padua * c. 1552 (built 1552–1555):

, for Francesco Pisani, Montagnana, Province of Padua * c. 1553: Villa Ragona Cecchetto, per Girolamo Ragona, Ghizzole di Montegaldella, Province of Padua (unbuilt project) * c. 1553 (built 1553–1554; 1575): Villa Trissino, Meledo di Sarego, Province of Vicenza (only partially realized) * 1554 (built 1554–1558): Villa Porto, for Paolo Porto, Vivaro di Dueville, Province of Vicenza (attributed) * c. 1554 (built 1554–1558):

, for Daniele and Marcantonio Barbaro, Maser, Province of Treviso * 1554 ? (built 1560–1565):

called "La Malcontenta", for Nicolò and Alvise Foscari, Malcontenta di

Mira Mira (), designation Omicron Ceti (ο Ceti, abbreviated Omicron Cet, ο Cet), is a red-giant star estimated to be 200–400 light-years from the Sun in the constellation Cetus. ο Ceti is a binary stellar system, consisting of a vari ...

, Province of Venice * 1554 ? (built: 1555 ?): Villa Zeno, for Marco Zeno, Donegal di Cessalto, Province of Treviso * 1554 ? (built 1560–1564): Villa Mocenigo "sopra la Brenta", Dolo, Province of Venice) (demolished) * 1554 – c. 1555 (built before 1556):

called "La Badoera", for Francesco Badoer,

Fratta Polesine Fratta Polesine is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Rovigo in the Italian region Veneto, located about southwest of Venice and about southwest of Rovigo. Its main attraction is Andrea Palladio's Villa Badoer. Fratta Polesine is th ...

, Province of Rovigo * before 1556 (built 1559–1565):

Villa Emo Villa Emo is one of the many creations conceived by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. It is a patrician villa located in the Veneto region of northern Italy, near the village of Fanzolo di Vedelago, in the Province of Treviso. The pa ...

, for Leonardo Emo, Fanzolo di

Vedelago Vedelago ( vec, Vedeàgo) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Treviso in the Italian region Veneto, located about northwest of Venice, about east of Vicenza, about north of Padua and about west of Treviso. The main attraction is ...

, Province of Treviso * 1556 (built 1563–1567): Villa Thiene, for Francesco Thiene and sons, Cicogna di Villafranca Padovana, Province of Padua (unfinished; only a ''barchessa'' remaining) * 1560 ? (built after 1563–before 1565; after 1570 ?): Villa Repeta, for Mario Repeta, Piazza Vecchia, Campiglia dei Berici, Province of Vicenza (destroyed by a fire, then rebuilt in other shape in 1672) * c. 1561 (built before 1569): Big ''barchesse'' of

villa Pisani Villa Pisani at Stra refers to the monumental, late-Baroque rural palace located along the Brenta Canal ( Riviera del Brenta) at Via Doge Pisani 7 near the town of Stra, on the mainland of the Veneto, northern Italy. This villa is one of the lar ...

, Bagnolo di

, Province of Vicenza (attributed; destroyed) * 1562 (built 1564–1566): Villa Sarego called "La Miga", for Annibale Serego, Miega di

Cologna Veneta Cologna Veneta is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about west of Venice and about southeast of Verona. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 8,207 and an area of .All demographic ...

, Province of Verona (unfinished, demolished in the 1920s) * c 1563 (built 1564–1566): Villa Valmarana, for Gianfrancesco Valmarana, Lisiera di Bolzano Vicentino, Province of Vicenza * After 1564 (built 1565–1570): Villa Forni Cerato, for Girolamo Forni, Montecchio Precalcino, Province of Vicenza * 1565 (built 1565–c. 1585): Villa Serego, for Marcantonio Serègo, Santa Sofia di Pedemonte di San Pietro in Cariano, Province of Verona * 1566 – 1567 (built 1567–1605): Villa Almerico Capra called "La Rotonda", for Paolo Almerico, Vicenza (completed in 1585 by

after Palladio's death) * 1570 (built 1572–1580): Villa Porto, for Iseppo da Porto, Molina di

Malo Mal, which in Spanish means ''bad or evil'', may also refer to: Places * Malo, Italy, a town *Malo Island, formerly known as St. Bartholomew, Vanuatu * Malo (Solomon Islands), an island *Malo, Washington, Ferry County, Washington, United States * ...

, Province of Vicenza (unfinished) File:Villa Porto (Vivaro di Dueville) 20081204-1.jpg, Villa Porto File:VillaValmaranaScagnolariZen 2007 07 16 01.jpg, Villa Valmarana File:Villa Emo in Fanzolo.jpg,

File:VillaSaraCeno2007 07 11 1.jpg, Villa Saraceno File:VillaCornaroPiombino.jpg, Villa Cornaro

Palaces

* 1540 (built 1540–1542): Palazzo Civena, for Giovanni Giacomo, Pier Antonio, Vincenzo and Francesco Civena, Vicenza (rebuilt in 1750 and after World War II) * 1542 (built 1542–1558): Palazzo Thiene, for Marcantonio and Adriano Thiene, Vicenza (probably on a project by

) * 1545: Palazzo Garzadori in contra' Piancoli, for Girolamo Garzadori, Vicenza (unbuilt, uncertain attribution) * 1546–1549 (built 1549–1614): Loggias of the Palazzo della Ragione (then called

), Vicenza (completed in 1614 after Palladio's death) * c. 1546 (built: 1546–1552):

, for Iseppo da Porto, Vicenza * 1548 (built 1548–1552): Palazzo Volpe in contra' Gazzolle, for Antonio Volpe, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1550 (built 1551–1557; c. 1680): Palazzo Chiericati, for Girolamo Chiericati, Vicenza (completed about 1680 after Palladio's death) * c. 1555–c. 1566: Palazzo Pojana, for Vincenzo Pojana, Vicenza (attributed) * c. 1555: Palazzo Dalla Torre, for Giambattista Dalla Torre,

Verona Verona ( , ; vec, Verona or ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city municipality in the region and the second largest in nor ...

(only partially realized; partially destroyed by a bombing in 1945) * 1555 ?: Palazzo Poiana in contra' San Tomaso, for Bonifacio Pojana, Vicenza (unfinished) * 1555–1556 ?: Palazzo Garzadori, for Giambattista Garzadori, Polegge, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * c. 1556 (built 1556–1595): Palazzo Antonini, for Floriano Antonini,

Udine Udine ( , ; fur, Udin; la, Utinum) is a city and ''comune'' in north-eastern Italy, in the middle of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, between the Adriatic Sea and the Alps (''Alpi Carniche''). Its population was 100,514 in 2012, 176,000 with t ...

(altered by later arrangements) * After 1556: Loggia Valmarana in the Giardini Salvi, for Gian Luigi Valmarana, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1557 – 1558: Palazzo Trissino in contra' Riale, for Francesco and Ludovico Trissino, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * 1559 (built 1559–1562): Casa Cogollo, for Pietro Cogollo, traditionally known as ''Casa del Palladio'' ("Palladio's home"), Vicenza (attributed) * 1560 (built 1560–1565; 1574 – 1575): Palazzo Schio, for Bernardo Schio, Vicenza (façade) * After 1561: Palazzo Della Torre ai Portoni della Bra', for Giambattista Della Torre, Verona (unbuilt project) * 1564 (built 1565–1586): Palazzo Pretorio, for the town council,

Cividale del Friuli Cividale del Friuli ( fur, Cividât (locally ); german: Östrich; sl, Čedad) is a town and '' comune'' in the Province of Udine, part of the North-Italian Friuli Venezia Giulia ''regione''. The town lies above sea-level in the foothills of th ...

, Province of Udine (project, attributed) * 1564 ?: Palazzo Angaran, for Giacomo Angaran, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * After 1564: Palazzo Capra al Corso, for Giulio Capra, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * 1565 (built 1571–1572): Palazzo del Capitaniato (or Loggia del Capitanio), for the town council, Vicenza * 1565 (built 1566–1580): Palazzo Valmarana, for Isabella Nogarola Valmarana, Vicenza * 1569 (built 1570–1575): Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, for Montano Barbarano, Vicenza * 1571 ? (built 1572–1585): Palazzo Porto in Piazza Castello, for Alessandro Porto, Vicenza (unfinished; partially completed in 1615 by

) * 1572 ? (built before 1586–1610s): Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare, for Francesco Thiene, Vicenza (progetto; costruito da Vincenzo Scamozzi) * 1574: Rooms of Palazzo Ducale, Venice Basilica Palladiana (Vicenza) - facade on Piazza dei signori.jpg,

, Vicenza Palazzo del Capitanio (Vicenza).jpg, Palazzo del Capitaniato, Vicenza Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare Vicenza centro storico.jpg, Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare, Vicenza

Church architecture

*1531: Portal for the church of Santa Maria dei Servi, Vicenza (attributed; with Girolamo Pittoni and Giacomo da Porlezza) * 1537: Monument to Girolamo Schio, Bishop of Vaison in the Cathedral of Vicenza (with Girolamo Pittoni, attributed) * 1558 (built 1558–1559; 1564 – 1566): Dome of the

Cathedral A cathedral is a church that contains the '' cathedra'' () of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denominatio ...

, Vicenza (destroyed in a bombing during World War II, then rebuilt) * 1559: Façade for the Basilica of

San Pietro di Castello San Pietro di Castello ( vec, San Piero de Casteło), formerly Olivolo ( it, Olivòlo; vec, Ołivoło), is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, northern Italy, forming part of the Castello sestiere. It is linked to the main islands of Venice by ...

, Venice (completed after Palladio's death) * 1560 (built 1560–1563):

Refectory A refectory (also frater, frater house, fratery) is a dining room, especially in monasteries, boarding schools and academic institutions. One of the places the term is most often used today is in graduate seminaries. The name derives from the Lat ...

of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venezia *1560 (built 1561–1562):

Convento della Carità A convent is a community of priests, religious brothers, religious sisters or nuns, or the building used by such a community. Convent or convento may also refer to: Places * Convent, Louisiana, U.S. * Convent Gallery, an art museum in Australia * ...

, Venice (only the cloister and the

atrium Atrium may refer to: Anatomy * Atrium (heart), an anatomical structure of the heart * Atrium, the genital structure next to the genital aperture in the reproductive system of gastropods * Atrium of the ventricular system of the brain * Pulmona ...

destroyed in 1630 in a fire) * 1560: Monument to Giano Fregoso in the church of Santa Anastasia of the Dominicans, for Ercole Fregoso, Verona (uncertain attribution; with Danese Cattaneo) * After 1563: Funeral monument to Luigi Visconti in the cloister of the Chapter in the Basilica of Saint Anthony,

(attributed) * 1564 (built 1564–1565): North portal and Almerico Chapel in the

Vicenza Cathedral Vicenza Cathedral ( it, Cattedrale di Santa Maria Annunziata, ''Duomo di Vicenza'') is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Vicenza, Veneto, northern Italy. It is the seat of the Bishop of Vicenza, and is dedicated to the Annunciation of the Virgin Mar ...

, for Paolo Almerico, Vicenza *1564: Façade for the church of

, for

Giovanni Grimani Giovanni VI Grimani (8 July 1506, Venice - 3 October 1593, Venice) was an Italian bishop and patriarch of Aquileia. Life Nephew of Cardinal Domenico Grimani, brother of Marino Grimani and a member of the Venetian noble family of the Grimani, he wa ...

, Venice * 1565 (built 1565–1576): Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, for the Congregation of Santa Giustina, Venice (completed between 1607 and 1611, after Palladio's death, with a different façade, by

) *1574: Façade for San Petronio Basilica,

Bologna Bologna (, , ; egl, label=Emilian language, Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 1 ...

(studies) * 1574 or 1579 ?: Church of Le Zitelle, Venice (uncertain attribution) * c. 1576 (built 1576–1580): Valmarana Chapel in the Church of Santa Corona, for Isabella Nogarola Valmarana, Vicenza * 1576 (built 1577–1586): Church of Il Redentore, Venice * 1578 (built 1588–1590): Church of

Santa Maria Nova Santa Francesca Romana ( it, Basilica di Santa Francesca Romana), previously known as Santa Maria Nova, is a Roman Catholic church situated next to the Roman Forum in the rione Campitelli in Rome, Italy. History An oratory (worship), oratory ...

, Vicenza (project attributed, completed after Palladio's death) *1580: Church of Santa Lucia, Venice (drawings for the interior; demolished) *1580 (built 1580–1584): Church of

(Tempietto Barbaro), for Marcantonio Barbaro, Maser, Province of Treviso

Other

* 1536: Portal of the Domus Comestabilis, Vicenza (attributed) * 1550 (built 1550–1552): Bridge on

Cismon The Cismon is a mountain stream (or torrent) in northern Italy, the main tributary of the Brenta River. The torrent flows from the Dolomites mountains in the Trentino Alto-Adige region through the plains of Venetian territory to the bigger Brenta ...

, Cismon del Grappa, Province of Vicenza (destroyed) * 1556: Arco Bollani (an arch over the road leading to the

Udine Castle The Castle of Udine (Italian: Castello di Udine) is a historical building in Udine, northern Italy, built upon a hill in the historical center of the city (138 meters above sea level). History The Castle hill was long supposed to be made of drif ...

), for

Domenico Bollani Domenico Bollani (1514–1579) was a diplomat and politician of the Republic of Venice, and as Bishop of Brescia from 1559 to 1579 he was a leading figure of the Catholic reform. Political career Domenico Bollani was born to a noble family in V ...

(attributed) * 1561: Wooden theater in the

for the play ''L'Amor Costante'' by

Alessandro Piccolomini Alessandro Piccolomini (13 June 1508 – 12 March 1579) was an Italian humanist, astronomer and philosopher from Siena, who promoted the popularization in the vernacular of Latin and Greek scientific and philosophical treatises. His early works ...

, for the Accademia Olimpica, Vicenza * 1562: Wooden theater in the Basilica for the play ''Sofonisba'' by Giangiorgio Trissino, for the Accademia Olimpica, Vicenza * 1566:

Rialto Bridge The Rialto Bridge ( it, Ponte di Rialto; vec, Ponte de Rialto) is the oldest of the four bridges spanning the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy. Connecting the ' (districts) of San Marco and San Polo, it has been rebuilt several times since its fi ...

(''Ponte di Rialto''), Venice (unbuilt project) * 1567; 1569: Ponte Vecchio,

, Province of Vicenza (rebuilt in 1748 and after World War II) * 1569 o 1580 ? (built 1580 – 1588): Bridge on Tesina,

Torri di Quartesolo Torri di Quartesolo is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, northern-eastern Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in th ...

, Province of Vicenza (attributed) * 1576 (built 1595): Arco delle Scalette, for Giacomo Bragadino, Vicenza (attributed, built after Palladio's death) * 1578: Jewel of Vicenza, for the city as an ex-voto, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1579: Porta Gemona, for the town council, San Daniele del Friuli, Province of Udine * 1580 (built 1580–1584): Teatro Olimpico, for the Accademia Olimpica, Vicenza (completed after Palladio's death by

)

Notes and references

Bibliography

* * Hart, Vaughan, Hicks, Peter (2006), ''Palladio’s Rome''. Translation of Andrea Palladio’s ''L’Antichita di Roma'' and ''Descritione de le chiese…in la città de Roma,'' (1554) including as an appendix Raphael’s famous Letter to Leo X, Yale University Press, London and New Haven, . * * * *

External links

Palladio and Britain
Online exhibition from the Royal Institute of British Architects
Palladio and The Veneto
Online exhibition from the Royal Institute of British Architects
Palladio Centre and Museum in Vicenza, Italy

The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.
website which includes material by the owners of Villa Cornaro
Official Website of the 500 Years Exhibition in Vicenza – Italy (2008)

Quincentenary of Andrea Palladio's birth – Celebration Committee
Describes a major exhibition touring venues in Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Year of PalladioAndrea Palladio on Empty Canon
* ttp://davidlinley.live.venda.com/features/David-Linley-looks-at-the-influence-of-Andrea-Palladio/page/palladio David Linley on the influence of Andrea Palladiobr>How I Spent A Few Days in Palladio's World, The Wall Street Journal, 3 March 2009All He Surveyed, Paul Goldberger, The New Yorker, 30 March 2009Principles of Palladio's Architecture: II, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 1945Nature and Antiquity in the Work of Andrea Palladio, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, September 2000Digital images of 1721 and 1742 edition of The architecture of A. Palladio''Quattro libri dell'architettura''
From th
Rare Book and Special Collections Division
at the

Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library ...

Andrea Palladio Architecture on Google Maps
*Bertotti Scamozzi, Ottavio, " Le fabbriche e i disegni di Andrea Palladio : raccolta ed illustrati" 1776 {{DEFAULTSORT:Palladio, Andrea Andrea Palladio Renaissance architects 1508 births 1580 deaths Architectural theoreticians Republic of Venice architects Italian architecture writers Italian male non-fiction writers 16th-century Italian architects * Architects from Padua

Biography and major works

Early villas

Urban palaces

Variations of the urban palace

Classical studies

Rustic-suburban villas

Suburban villas

Suburban villas

Churches

Last church

Last work

Personal life

Influence

France and Germany

England

United States

Archives

Palladian style

Characteristics

Chronology of the works

Villas

Palaces

Church architecture

Other

See also

Notes and references

Bibliography

External links