Anarchism in Mexico

Anarchism in Mexico, the anarchist movement in Mexico, extends from Plotino Rhodakanaty's organization of peasant workers in the 1890s, to Ricardo Flores Magón's activism prior to the Mexican Revolution, to the punk subcultures of the 1990s.

Origins and early movement

The Mexican anarchist movement originated in the mid-19th century, a product of both Mexico's unique historical development and European influences. Utopian ideas and movements went back further. Vasco de Quiroga attempted in the 1530s to create Thomas More's ''Utopia'' in two communities, while the priest and senator José María Alpudre tried to start another socialist community of Freemasons in 1825. In 1828, the English socialist Robert Owen requested permission from the Mexican government to start a utopian colony in Texas. Melchor Ocampo, a Mexican radical, while in exile in New Orleans read Charles Fourier and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and translated a chapter of the latter's '' Philosophy of Poverty''.

The Greek-born philosopher Plotino Rhodakanaty, like the famed anarchist Mikhail Bakunin of aristocratic descent, arrived in Mexico in February 1861 and was the first advocate for anarchist ideas in the country. He had participated in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and then in Berlin come into contact with Hegel, Fourier, and Proudhon's ideas. Upon arriving in Mexico, he concluded that traditional Mexican peasant villages were already implementing Fourier and Proudhon's ideals. These communities, however, were under threat from '' hacendados'' and the government and Rhodakanaty sought to organize them and build a network of socialist agrarian colonies. He wrote the pamphlet ''Cartilla Socialista'', the first socialist publication in Mexico, to gain supporters in this struggle. It argued that humankind was essentially good, but was corrupted by private property, social inequality, and exploitation. He failed to gain adherents for his agrarian colonies. He took on a teaching post and started the Group of Socialist Students (''Grupo de Estudiantes Socialistas''), which followed Bakunin's teachings. It included Francisco Zalasota and Santiago Villanueva who would be leaders in agrarian and urban labor struggles, respectively. After the 1871 Paris Commune, Rhodakanaty's group turned its focus to urban workers and founding a proletarian anarchist movement. While Rhodakanaty's moral outreach did not reach beyond young artisans and peasants, he inspired Julio López Chávez to lead a peasant rebellion in the late 1860s.

In the mid-19th century, workers' organizations confronted inadequate working conditions. Mutualist groups offered members compensation for unemployment, medical leave, and old age, and focused on providing equal social provisions to workers rather than critiquing capitalism. Separately, anarchist groups, who blamed capitalism and the state for workers' ills, encouraged worker protest, as influenced by the European anarchist movement. Anarchists organized the country's first industrial strikes. Mutualist groups were hesitant to strike, but eventually joined. The strikes, mostly for wages and working conditions, were primarily in textile and mining industries.

Mexican Revolution

Ricardo Flores Magón was the preeminent figure in early 20th-century Mexican anarchism and a progenitor of the 1910 Mexican Revolution. He wrote the newspaper ''Regeneración'' with his brother Enrique. Their movement of followers were known as the Magonistas.

Anselmo L. Figueroa was a Mexican-American anarchist political figure, journalist and member of the Organizing Council of the Mexican Liberal Party (MLP). He was imprisoned in the United States between 1911 and 1914 due to violations of U.S. neutrality laws. He published ''Regeneración'', the official newspaper of the MLP, before and after his imprisonment. At the time of the uprisings, ''Regeneración'' generated about US$1,000 per week in subscription fees. Even after covering its publication costs, several hundred dollars per week were made available for MLP revolutionary causes. Smaller sums of money were received from outside donors to the organization.{{cite journal, editor-last=Crawford, editor-first=Richard W., title=The Magonista Revolt in Baja California, journal=Journal of San Diego History, date=Winter 1999, volume=45, issue=1, url=http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/99winter/magonista.htm, access-date=June 22, 2013 ''Regeneración'' was published until 1918. It was distributed in Mexican communities in the United States and used in literacy lessons there, as books were often scarce.{{cite web, title=A History of Mexican Americans in California: Historic Sites, url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/5views/5views5h75.htm, work=Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California, publisher=National Park Service, access-date=June 22, 2013

Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza was an anarchist and feminist activist, typographer, journalist and poet born in San Juan del Río, Durango, Mexico. While many women contributed in the Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 by fighting alongside their husbands, others wrote against the injustices of the Díaz regime. In May 1901 she found an anti-Díaz newspaper called ''Vésper''. She attacked the clergy in Guanajuato and wrote against foreign domination in Mexico. She also wrote against the Díaz regime and criticized Díaz for not carrying out the requests and needs of the people. As a result, her newspaper was confiscated and she was also put in jail several times by Díaz between 1904 and 1920. She established a new newspaper called ''El Desmonte'' (1900-1919) and continued her writings. She translated the works of Peter Kropotkin, Mikhail Bakunin, and Pierre Joseph Proudhon to Spanish. She was also a Caxcan Indian from the state of Durango.

The Mexican Anarchist Federation

The Mexican Anarchist Federation ( sp: Federación Anarquista Mexicana) was a Mexican anarchist organization that existed from December 28, 1945, until the 1970s."Regeneración y la Federación Anarquista Mexicana (1952-1960)" by Ulises Ortega Aguilar
{{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726051942/http://www.portaloaca.com/historia/historia-libertaria/1735-regeneracion-y-la-federacion-anarquista-mexicana-1952-1960-tesis.html , date=2011-07-26 It appeared as the Anarchist Federation of the Center joined with the Anarchist Federation of the Federal District. It published the periodical ''Regeneración''. It received the energy of recent Spanish anarchists who sought refuge in Mexico escaping from Francisco Franco's dictatorship.

Shortly after its establishment it gained the attention of the Mexican police forces and the Mexican government after some Spanish exiled anarchists along with members of the Mexican Anarchist Federation were arrested after trying to rob a truck that carried large amounts of money from a beer industry. Also linked to the Mexican Anarchist Federation was the Libertarian Youth (sp:Juventudes Libertarias) and the publication Tierra y Libertad.

Present day

Formed in 1997, the Popular Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (CIPO-RFM) is a grassroots organization based on the philosophy of Ricardo Magón.An Interview with Raúl Gatica
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109080553/http://zmagsite.zmag.org/May2006/kolhatkar0506.html , date=2007-11-09 , Z Magazine (December 2005)

See also

* Emiliano Zapata
* Zapatista Army of National Liberation

References

{{Reflist

Bibliography

* {{cite book, last=Cappelletti, first=Ángel J., title=Anarchism in Latin America, year=2017, translator-first=Gabriel, translator-last=Palmer-Fernández, publisher=AK Press, location= Chico, California, chapter=Mexico, pages=242–291, isbn=978-1-84935-282-6, lccn=2017936242, oclc=1124018966
* {{cite book, last=Hart, first=John M., title=Anarchism & The Mexican Working Class, 1860-1931, year=1978, publisher=University of Texas Press, location=Austin, Texas, isbn=9780292704008, oclc=253767474, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h14CDQAAQBAJ
* {{cite journal, last=Valadés, first=José C., title=Cartilla socialista de Plotino C. Rhodakanaty. Noticia sobre el socialismo en México durante el siglo XIX, journal= Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México, year=1970, volume=3, issue=03, pages=9–41, doi=10.22201/iih.24485004e.1970.03.69249, doi-access=free

External links

*{{Spunk, places/mexico
Insurrectionary Anarchism in Mexico

{{North America topic, Anarchism in, countries_only=yes
{{Anarchism by region

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anarchism In Mexico

Political movements in Mexico
Mexico