"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness''" is the published and amended version of the second Chancellor's Lecture given by

Chinua Achebe Chinua Achebe (; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as the dominant figure of modern African literature. His first novel and '' magnum opus'', ''Things Fall Apart'' (1958), occupies ...

at the

University of Massachusetts Amherst The University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst, UMass) is a public research university in Amherst, Massachusetts and the sole public land-grant university in Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Founded in 1863 as an agricultural college, ...

, in February 1975. The essay was included in his 1988 collection, ''

Hopes and Impediments ''Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays, 1965-1987'' is collection of essays by Chinua Achebe, published in 1988.Achebe, Chinua (1988) ''Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays, 1965-1987''. Heinemann, Several of the essays caution against gene ...

''. The text is considered to be part of the postcolonial critical movement, which advocates to Europeans the consideration of the viewpoints of non-European nations, as well as peoples coping with the effects of

colonialism Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colony, colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose the ...

. In "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s '' Heart of Darkness''", Achebe accuses Joseph Conrad of being "a thoroughgoing racist" for depicting Africa as "the other world".

The essay

According to Achebe, Conrad refuses to bestow "human expression" on Africans, even depriving them of language. Africa itself is rendered as "a foil to Europe, as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in comparison with which Europe's own state of spiritual grace will be manifest". Conrad, he says, portrays Africa as the other world', the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization", which Achebe attributes to Conrad's "residue of antipathy to black people". Achebe moves beyond the text of Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness'' in advancing his argument. Achebe quotes a passage from Conrad, as Conrad recalls his first encounter with an African in his own life:

A certain enormous buck nigger encountered in Haiti fixed my conception of blind, furious, unreasoning rage, as manifested in the human animal to the end of my days. Of the nigger I used to dream for years afterwards.

Achebe concludes that "Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. Sometimes his fixation on blackness is equally interesting ..." Achebe asserts that while Conrad was not himself responsible for the

xenophobic Xenophobia () is the fear or dislike of anything which is perceived as being foreign or strange. It is an expression of perceived conflict between an in-group and out-group and may manifest in suspicion by the one of the other's activities, a ...

"image of Africa" that appears in ''Heart of Darkness'', his novel continues to perpetuate the damaging stereotypes of black peoples by its inclusion in the

literary canon The term canon derives from the Greek (), meaning "rule", and thence via Latin and Old French into English. The concept in English usage is very broad: in a general sense it refers to being one (adjectival) or a group (noun) of official, authent ...

of the modern Western world. His searing critique is sometimes taught side by side with Conrad's work, and is regularly included in critical editions of the text.

Counterpoint

The essay has been criticised for being "a political statement rather than a literary criticism". Conrad has frequently been defended on the basis of the historical context in which he lived, or on the grounds that his writing is nonetheless "beautiful".Penn Video Productions: Africana Studies
/ref> The first comprehensive rebuttal of Achebe's critique was published in 1983 by British critic Cedric Watts. His essay "A Bloody Racist: About Achebe's View of Conrad" defends ''Heart of Darkness'' as an anti-imperialist novel, suggesting that "part of its greatness lies in the power of its criticisms of racial prejudice." Palestinian–American theorist

Edward Said Edward Wadie Said (; , ; 1 November 1935 – 24 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American professor of literature at Columbia University, a public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies.Robert Young, ''Whit ...

agreed in his book ''

Culture and Imperialism ''Culture and Imperialism'' (1993), by Edward Said, is a collection of thematically related essays that trace the connection between imperialism and culture throughout the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. The essays expand the arguments of '' Orie ...

'' that Conrad criticised imperialism, but added: "As a creature of his time, Conrad could not grant the natives their freedom, despite his severe critique of the imperialism that enslaved them".Quoted in Atkinson, William (1 January 2004), "Bound in Blackwood's: The Imperialism of 'The Heart of Darkness' in Its Immediate Context". ''Twentieth Century Literature'' Vol. 50, No. 4, p. 368. Building on Watts and Said, Nidesh Lawtoo argued that "underneath the first layer of straightforward opposition ..we find an underlying mimetic continuity between Conrad's colonial image of Africa n ''Heart of Darkness''and Achebe's postcolonial representation" in ''Things Fall Apart''. When questioned about his view as to the "artistic merit" of Conrad's work, Achebe responded:

I never said at any point that you should stop attaching artistic merit to ''Heart of Darkness''; if you want to you can. There are all kinds of sophisticated readings of ''Heart of Darkness'', and there are some people who will not be persuaded there is anything wrong with it. But all that I'm really demanding, I'm not simply putting it, I'm demanding that my reading stand beside these other readings ... Although he's writing good sentences, he's also writing about a people, and their life. And he says about these people that they are rudimentary souls ... The Africans are the rudimentaries, and then on top are the good whites. Now I don't accept that, as a basis for ... As a basis for anything.

References

Sources

External links

Achebe, Chinua: "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness''" {{DEFAULTSORT:Image of Africa 1975 non-fiction books Books by Chinua Achebe Books about race and ethnicity History books about colonialism Essays in literary criticism Joseph Conrad

The essay

Counterpoint

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Further reading

External links