Amarna letter EA 365 on:
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_
Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big."
It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
-EN_(lord_Sumerogram).html" ;"title="LUGAL_(king_Sumerogram).html" "title="mi_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="di_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="li_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_.html" ;"title="U_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="U (cuneiform)">u ">U_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="U (cuneiform)">u li (cuneiform)">li-di (cuneiform)">di-mi (cuneiform)">mi
:(Side of
Amarna letter EA 365, titled ''Furnishing
The following 
:(15)-- u-(''Note:''-slightly visible) a- mur- me
:(16)--clay_tablet_
In_the__Ancient_Near_East,___clay_tablets_(Akkadian__)_were_used_as_a_writing_medium,_especially_for_writing_in_cuneiform,_throughout_the_Bronze_Age_and_well_into_the__Iron_Age.
Cuneiform_characters_were_imprinted_on_a_wet_clay_tablet_with_a__sty_...
)
:(31)--LUGAL_(king_Sumerogram)">LUGALCorvée
Corvée () is a form of unpaid, forced labour, that is intermittent in nature lasting for limited periods of time: typically for only a certain number of days' work each year.
Statute labour is a corvée imposed by a state for the purposes of ...
Workers,'' is a squarish, mostly flat clay tablet
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.
Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a sty ...
, but thick enough (pillow-shaped), to contain text that continues toward the right margin, the right side of the obverse side, and also to the right side of the reverse side of the tablet.
The text is continuous, such that a final line (line 31) is needed, and is written on a final available edge of the tablet – thus text is found upon 5 sections — ''Obverse, Bottom Edge, Reverse, Top Edge,'' and ''Side''.
Letter EA 365 is authored by Biridiya
Biridiya was the ruler of Megiddo in the 14th century BC. Biridiya authored five of the Amarna letters correspondence.
The name 'Biridiya' is also mentioned in the corpus from the city of 'Kumidu' (letter KL 72:600), the Kamid al lawz. However, ...
of Megiddo Megiddo may refer to:
Places and sites in Israel
* Tel Megiddo, site of an ancient city in Israel's Jezreel valley
* Megiddo Airport, a domestic airport in Israel
* Megiddo church (Israel)
* Megiddo, Israel, a kibbutz in Israel
* Megiddo Junctio ...
and is written to the Pharaoh of Egypt (in the 14th century BC, Egypt referred to as Mizri/Miṣri). The letter's subject is the harvesting of crops by corvée
Corvée () is a form of unpaid, forced labour, that is intermittent in nature lasting for limited periods of time: typically for only a certain number of days' work each year.
Statute labour is a corvée imposed by a state for the purposes of ...
(forced) labor men/women.
The Amarna letters
The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between ...
, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are mid 14th century BC, about 1360 BC and 35? years later, correspondence. The initial corpus of letters were found at Akhenaten
Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth D ...
's city Akhetaten, in the floor of the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh
The building known as the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh (also known as the Records Office) is located in the 'Central City' area of the ancient Egyptian city of Akhetaten, known as Amarna in modern times. The city was the short-lived capit ...
; others were later found, adding to the body of letters.
----
Text of EA 365, reverse
Reverse, top half
:''(Start of Reverse)''
The following English language
English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the ...
text, and Akkadian Akkadian or Accadian may refer to:
* Akkadians, inhabitants of the Akkadian Empire
* Akkadian language, an extinct Eastern Semitic language
* Akkadian literature, literature in this language
* Akkadian cuneiform
Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic ...
is from Rainey Rainey is a name of British-Irish origin.
People with the surname
* Bobby Rainey (born 1987), American National Football League player
* Chuck Rainey (born 1940), American bassist
* David "Puck" Rainey (born 1968), American reality TV personalit ...
, 1970, ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379'':
:(Line 15)--But-(=and) see! (But Look!, the major topic segue
A segue (; ) is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next. The term is derived from Italian ''segue'', which literally means "follows".
In music
In music, ''segue'' is a direction to the performer. It means ''continue (the next ...
)
:(16)--The city rulers
:(17)--who are with me
:(18)--are not doing
:(19)--as I. They are not
:(20)--cultivating
:(21)--in Šunama ("(city)-Šunama-(yours)")
:(22)--and they are not furnishing
:(23)--corvée workers; and
:(end photo top half)
:(24)--as for me, ( gl (AL) (:"))..i.e. (all by myself),
:(25)--I am furnishing corvée workers.
:(26)--From Yapû ("(city)-Yapu-(yours)")
:(27)--they have come, from th m:(28)--(as well as) from here, and fro :(29)--Nuribta
:(Side-Lines 30-31)--And may the King, my Lord, be apprised concerning his city.
Reverse, top half, Akkadian:
:''(Bottom half of Reverse)''
:(15)-- u-(''Note:''-slightly visible) a- mur- me
:(16)--LÚ
The cuneiform sign LÚ () is the sign used for "man"; its complement is the symbol for woman: '' šal'' (). Cuneiform ''LÚ'', (or ''lú'' as rendered in some texts) is found as a Sumerogram in the '' Epic of Gilgamesh''. It also has a commo ...
. MEŠ-(meš--note:biotic plant material in clay)- ha- za- na- tu-meš
The cuneiform MEŠ, or meš is a plural form attached at the end of Mesopotamian cuneiform words as a suffix. As part of a name (PN, personal name, or other), or major class being referenced, in capital letters (a Sumerogram form), it is typica ...
:(17)-- ša it- ti- ia
:(18)-- la- a- ti- pu- šu-na
:(19)-- ki-(damaged/+ on tablet edge)- ma ia-ti-ia
:(20)-- te- er- ri- šu- na
:(21)-- i- na URU- Šu-Na- Ma- ki
:(22)-- u la- a tu-ub-ba- lu- na
:(23)--LÚ
The cuneiform sign LÚ () is the sign used for "man"; its complement is the symbol for woman: '' šal'' (). Cuneiform ''LÚ'', (or ''lú'' as rendered in some texts) is found as a Sumerogram in the '' Epic of Gilgamesh''. It also has a commo ...
. MEŠ- ma- as-sà-meš
The cuneiform MEŠ, or meš is a plural form attached at the end of Mesopotamian cuneiform words as a suffix. As part of a name (PN, personal name, or other), or major class being referenced, in capital letters (a Sumerogram form), it is typica ...
Ù
:(end photo top half)
:(24)--a- na- ku- ma gl (AL) (:") ya- hu- du- un- ni
:(25)-- ub- ba- lu LÚ
The cuneiform sign LÚ () is the sign used for "man"; its complement is the symbol for woman: '' šal'' (). Cuneiform ''LÚ'', (or ''lú'' as rendered in some texts) is found as a Sumerogram in the '' Epic of Gilgamesh''. It also has a commo ...
. MEŠ-ma- as-sà-meš
The cuneiform MEŠ, or meš is a plural form attached at the end of Mesopotamian cuneiform words as a suffix. As part of a name (PN, personal name, or other), or major class being referenced, in capital letters (a Sumerogram form), it is typica ...
:(26)-- iš- tu URU- iYa- Pu- ki
:(27)--(yi(= pi)), yi- la- ku iš- tu šu- nu
:(28)-- an- ni- ki- ma iš- t :(29)-- URU_.html" ;"title=" URU "> URU Nu- Ri- iB- Tá- ki
:(30)-- u_.html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_">U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_ u_.html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_">U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_li_(cuneiform)">li- u_.html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_">U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_li_(cuneiform)">li-di_(cuneiform)">di-u_.html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_">U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_li_(cuneiform)">li-di_(cuneiform)">di-mi_(cuneiform)">mi
:(Side_of_clay_tablet_
In_the__Ancient_Near_East,___clay_tablets_(Akkadian__)_were_used_as_a_writing_medium,_especially_for_writing_in_cuneiform,_throughout_the_Bronze_Age_and_well_into_the__Iron_Age.
Cuneiform_characters_were_imprinted_on_a_wet_clay_tablet_with_a__sty_...
)
:(31)-- u_.html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_">U_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="U_(cuneiform)">u_li_(cuneiform)">li-di_(cuneiform)">di-mi_(cuneiform)">mi
:(Side_of_clay tablet
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.
Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a sty ...
)
:(31)--LUGAL (king Sumerogram)">LUGAL
Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great," or "big."
It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state coul ...-EN (lord Sumerogram)">EN- ia a-na URU- ki-("city-yours")/ šu-("-His")
Reverse, bottom half, and Moran translation (''lines 15-31'')
Moran's non-linear letter English language
English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the ...
translation (translated from the French language):Moran, William L.
William Lambert Moran (August 11, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Assyriologist. He was born in Chicago, United States.
In 1939, Moran joined the Jesuit order. He then attended Loyola University in Chicago, where he received hi ...
1987, 1992, ''The Amarna Letters,'' letter EA 365, ''Furnishing Corvée Workers,'' p. 363
:(Lines 1-7)--"Say [to the ki]ng, my lord and my [Su]n: Message of Biridiya
Biridiya was the ruler of Megiddo in the 14th century BC. Biridiya authored five of the Amarna letters correspondence.
The name 'Biridiya' is also mentioned in the corpus from the city of 'Kumidu' (letter KL 72:600), the Kamid al lawz. However, ...
, the loyal servant of the king. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord and my Sun, 7 times and 7 times.
:(8-14)--May the king, my lord, take cognizance of his servant and his city. In fact only I am cultivating: ( gl (AL)} ''ah- ri- šu'' in Šunama, and only I am furnishing corvée workers.
EA 365, Reverse:
:(15-23)--But consider the mayors that are near me. They do not act as I do. They do not cultivate in Šunama ("City-ŠuNaMa-(His)") and they do furnish corvée
Corvée () is a form of unpaid, forced labour, that is intermittent in nature lasting for limited periods of time: typically for only a certain number of days' work each year.
Statute labour is a corvée imposed by a state for the purposes of ...
workers.
:(24-31)--Only I: ( gl (AL)} ''ia8- hu- du- un- ni (by myself)'' furnish corvée workers. From (City) Yapu they come, from '' yresources'' here, (and) from (City)-Nuribta
Nuribta, also Nuribda, was a city, or city-state located in the vicinity of Magiddo in Israel, in historical Canaan during the time of the Amarna letters correspondence, a 15-20 year period of about 1350- 1335 BC.
The majority of the Amarna lett ...
-( Nu- Ri- iB- Ta). And may the king, my lord, take cognizance of his city. --(complete EA 365, with minor lacunae, lines 1-31)
Gallery
See also
*Amarna letters–phrases and quotations
The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...
*Biridiya
Biridiya was the ruler of Megiddo in the 14th century BC. Biridiya authored five of the Amarna letters correspondence.
The name 'Biridiya' is also mentioned in the corpus from the city of 'Kumidu' (letter KL 72:600), the Kamid al lawz. However, ...
*Corvée
Corvée () is a form of unpaid, forced labour, that is intermittent in nature lasting for limited periods of time: typically for only a certain number of days' work each year.
Statute labour is a corvée imposed by a state for the purposes of ...
''(Forced labor)''
* Glossenkeil (Amarna letters)
*List of Amarna letters by size This is a List of Amarna letters by size, mostly length X width, and starting with the shortest (in Height). Note: a few Amarna letters are wider than tall, for example Amarna letter EA 290, EA 290.
It should be understood the definition of ''"mayo ...
**Amarna letter EA 5
Amarna Letter EA5, one of the Amarna letters (cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna"), is a diplomatic correspondence, correspondence between Kadashman-Enlil I, Kadašman-Enlil I and Amenhotep III.
The letter exists as two artifacts, on ...
, EA 9, EA 15, EA 19, EA 26, EA 27, EA 35, EA 38
** EA 153, EA 161, EA 288, EA 364, EA 365, EA 367
External links
Louvre article for EA 365, spec. AO 7095
(with H, W, specifications; Photos of ''Obverse'' & ''Reverse'')
CDLI entry of EA 365 ( ''Chicago Digital Library Initiative'' )
Specific EA 365 translations
Photo of Obverse
* ttps://sites.google.com/site/megiddoexpedition/the-site/history-of-megiddo Photo of Obverse, Megiddo article* ttps://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/amarna-letter-pharaoh-governor-megiddo?sous_dept=1 Photo of ''Obverse'', LouvreReferences
*Moran, William L.
William Lambert Moran (August 11, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Assyriologist. He was born in Chicago, United States.
In 1939, Moran joined the Jesuit order. He then attended Loyola University in Chicago, where he received hi ...
''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )
* Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh
The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' () is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, and is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with ...
'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project is an international scholarly project aimed at collecting and publishing ancient Assyrian texts and studies based on them. Its headquarters are in Helsinki in Finland.
State Archives of Assyria
State Archives ...
, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.
*Rainey Rainey is a name of British-Irish origin.
People with the surname
* Bobby Rainey (born 1987), American National Football League player
* Chuck Rainey (born 1940), American bassist
* David "Puck" Rainey (born 1968), American reality TV personalit ...
, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.
{{Louvre Museum
Amarna letters
Near East and Middle East antiquities of the Louvre
Canaan