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Amarna letter EA 364, titled ''Justified War,'' is a
clay tablet In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age. Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a sty ...
letter from
Ayyab Ayyab was a ruler of Aštartu (present day Tell Ashtara) south of Damascus. According to the Amarna letters, cities/city-states and their kings in the region — just like countries to the north, such as Hatti of the Hittites, fell prey to a wav ...
, ruler of Aštartu, to Pharaoh
Akhenaten Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth D ...
(1350s–1330s BC). It is one of the
Amarna letters The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between ...
, 382 in total, dating from c. 1360 – c. 1332 BC. The initial
corpus Corpus is Latin for "body". It may refer to: Linguistics * Text corpus, in linguistics, a large and structured set of texts * Speech corpus, in linguistics, a large set of speech audio files * Corpus linguistics, a branch of linguistics Music * ...
of letters were found at the city of
Amarna Amarna (; ar, العمارنة, al-ʿamārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city of the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Ph ...
, founded by
Akhenaten Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth D ...
, in the floor of the
Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh The building known as the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh (also known as the Records Office) is located in the 'Central City' area of the ancient Egyptian city of Akhetaten, known as Amarna in modern times. The city was the short-lived capit ...
. The letter is a reply to the pharaoh referring to a letter from the pharaoh's messenger Tahmassi. In it, Ayyab, ''governing-man'' (often—("who/which"-( ša))-"
man A man is an adult male human. Prior to adulthood, a male human is referred to as a boy (a male child or adolescent). Like most other male mammals, a man's genome usually inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromo ...
,
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
")- Aštartu, who is in control of one of the
city-state A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...
s in Canaan, is stating his commitment to guarding the city (and the region), after three cities in the region were taken in attacks by
Habiru Habiru (sometimes written as Hapiru, and more accurately as ʿApiru, meaning "dusty, dirty"; Sumerian: 𒊓𒄤, ''sagaz''; Akkadian: 𒄩𒁉𒊒, ''ḫabiru'' or ''ʿaperu'') is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile C ...
raiders. The tablet measures about 4 in x 2.3 in and is in relatively pristine condition. Because of its narrowness, each line averages only between 4 and 7
cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo- syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. It is named for the characteristic wedge- ...
characters in the
Akkadian language Akkadian (, Akkadian: )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages''. Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge) Pages 218-280 is an extinct East Semitic language t ...
.
Glossenkeil The ''Winkelhaken'' (, "angular hook"), also simply called a hook, is one of five basic wedge elements appearing in the composition of signs in Akkadian cuneiform. It was realized by pressing the point of the stylus into the clay. A single Winkelh ...
s used in letter 364:


Text

The following
English language English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the ...
text, and
Akkadian Akkadian or Accadian may refer to: * Akkadians, inhabitants of the Akkadian Empire * Akkadian language, an extinct Eastern Semitic language * Akkadian literature, literature in this language * Akkadian cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic ...
is from
Rainey Rainey is a name of British-Irish origin. People with the surname * Bobby Rainey (born 1987), American National Football League player * Chuck Rainey (born 1940), American bassist * David "Puck" Rainey (born 1968), American reality TV personalit ...
, 1970, ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379'': :(Line 1)--To the "King, my Lord", :(2)--thus (speaks)
Ayyab Ayyab was a ruler of Aštartu (present day Tell Ashtara) south of Damascus. According to the Amarna letters, cities/city-states and their kings in the region — just like countries to the north, such as Hatti of the Hittites, fell prey to a wav ...
:(3)--your servant: at :(4)--the feet of my lord :(5)--7 times (and) 7 times :(6)--I have fallen down. I am the servant :(7)--of the "King, my Lord", ''"And"''-- Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey).html" ;"title="Ù_(cuneiform).html" ;"title=""and"= Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey)">Ù_(cuneiform).html"_;"title=""and"=Ù_(cuneiform)">Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey):(8)--(''"and"'')_the_dust_of(at?)_(i.e._beneath)-(dust=_SAHAR_/_:_(– Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey)">Ù_(cuneiform).html"_;"title=""and"=Ù_(cuneiform)">Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey):(8)--(''"and"'')_the_dust_of(at?)_(i.e._beneath)-(dust=_SAHAR_/_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)_-( Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey)">Ù_(cuneiform).html"_;"title=""and"=Ù_(cuneiform)">Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey):(8)--(''"and"'')_the_dust_of(at?)_(i.e._beneath)-(dust=_SAHAR_/_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)_-(a_(cuneiform)">a- Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey)">Ù_(cuneiform).html"_;"title=""and"=Ù_(cuneiform)">Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey):(8)--(''"and"'')_the_dust_of(at?)_(i.e._beneath)-(dust=_SAHAR_/_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)_-(a_(cuneiform)">a-pa_(cuneiform)">pa- Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey)">Ù_(cuneiform).html"_;"title=""and"=Ù_(cuneiform)">Ù_(omitted_by_Rainey):(8)--(''"and"'')_the_dust_of(at?)_(i.e._beneath)-(dust=_SAHAR_/_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)_-(a_(cuneiform)">a-pa_(cuneiform)">pa-ru_(cuneiform)">ru)-("''And-("dust-and-dust")''"))_(____) ::i.e.((7.7-8))--("''And-("dust-and-dust")''") :(9)--(at/beneath)-his_two_feet. :(10)--I_have_obeyed_(lit.:_heard)_the_message :(11)--of_the_"King,_my_Lord", :(12)--to_me_from :(13)--the_hand_of_Tahmassi.html" ;"title="ru_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="pa_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="a_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters).html" ;"title="Ù (cuneiform)">Ù (omitted by Rainey)">Ù_(cuneiform).html" ;"title=""and"=Ù (cuneiform)">Ù (omitted by Rainey):(8)--(''"and"'') the dust of(at?) (i.e. beneath)-(dust= SAHAR / : (–Glossenkeil (Amarna letters)">gl–) -(a (cuneiform)">a-pa (cuneiform)">pa-ru (cuneiform)">ru)-("''And-("dust-and-dust")''")) ( ) ::i.e.((7.7-8))--("''And-("dust-and-dust")''") :(9)--(at/beneath)-his two feet. :(10)--I have obeyed (lit.: heard) the message :(11)--of the "King, my Lord", :(12)--to me from :(13)--the hand of Tahmassi">Atahmaya. :(14)--I will still guard :(15)--very diligently :(16)--[the land]s of the "King, my Lord". :(end photo obverse) :(17)--Furthermore, see! :(18)--the king of Hasora :(19)--has occupied (taken) :(20)--3 towns from me! :(21)--On the day that I heard (of it), I commanded (!) :(22)--to commence hostilities :(23)--against them :(24-25)--until the "King, my Lord" may be apprised. :(26)--And may the "King, my Lord", :(27)--take counsel :(28)--concerning his land. Akkadian: :(Line 1)-- a- na
LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state coul ...
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:(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am- ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na- ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
__EN- ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia_
ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia_Ù_(cuneiform)">Ù-(Rainey_omitted) :(8)-- ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia_Ù_(cuneiform)">Ù-(Rainey_omitted) :(8)--SAHAR_(dust_Sumerogram)">SAHAR_Sahar_may_refer_to:_People *_Sahar_(name),_Arabic_feminine_name_or_Hebrew_unisex_name *_Sahar_(singer),_Iranian_singer,_musician_and_dancer. *_Sahar_Aslam,_former_Scottish_international_cricketer. *__Sahar_Ansari,_Urdu_poet_and_linguist_from_Karachi_...
_//_:_(– ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
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_//_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)__a- ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
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_//_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)__a-pa_(cuneiform)">pa- ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
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_//_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)__a-pa_(cuneiform)">pa-ru_(cuneiform)">ru....(also_used_in_Amarna_letters_ The_Amarna_letters_(;_sometimes_referred_to_as_the_Amarna_correspondence_or_Amarna_tablets,_and_cited_with_the_abbreviation_EA,_for_"El_Amarna")_are_an_archive,_written_on_clay_tablets,_primarily_consisting_of__diplomatic_correspondence_between__...
–--see_ ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia_Ù_(cuneiform)">Ù-(Rainey_omitted) :(8)--SAHAR_(dust_Sumerogram)">SAHAR_Sahar_may_refer_to:_People *_Sahar_(name),_Arabic_feminine_name_or_Hebrew_unisex_name *_Sahar_(singer),_Iranian_singer,_musician_and_dancer. *_Sahar_Aslam,_former_Scottish_international_cricketer. *__Sahar_Ansari,_Urdu_poet_and_linguist_from_Karachi_...
_//_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)__a-pa_(cuneiform)">pa-ru_(cuneiform)">ru....(also_used_in_Amarna_letters_ The_Amarna_letters_(;_sometimes_referred_to_as_the_Amarna_correspondence_or_Amarna_tablets,_and_cited_with_the_abbreviation_EA,_for_"El_Amarna")_are_an_archive,_written_on_clay_tablets,_primarily_consisting_of__diplomatic_correspondence_between__...
–--see_Amarna_letter_EA_147">EA_147_) :(9)--2_ ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
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_//_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)__a-pa_(cuneiform)">pa-ru_(cuneiform)">ru....(also_used_in_Amarna_letters_ The_Amarna_letters_(;_sometimes_referred_to_as_the_Amarna_correspondence_or_Amarna_tablets,_and_cited_with_the_abbreviation_EA,_for_"El_Amarna")_are_an_archive,_written_on_clay_tablets,_primarily_consisting_of__diplomatic_correspondence_between__...
–--see_Amarna_letter_EA_147">EA_147_) :(9)--2_GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR. ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
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_//_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)__a-pa_(cuneiform)">pa-ru_(cuneiform)">ru....(also_used_in_Amarna_letters_ The_Amarna_letters_(;_sometimes_referred_to_as_the_Amarna_correspondence_or_Amarna_tablets,_and_cited_with_the_abbreviation_EA,_for_"El_Amarna")_are_an_archive,_written_on_clay_tablets,_primarily_consisting_of__diplomatic_correspondence_between__...
–--see_Amarna_letter_EA_147">EA_147_) :(9)--2_GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ- ia_.html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_">ia_(cuneiform).html"_;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_:(2)--um_(cuneiform)">um-ma_(cuneiform)">ma_a_(cuneiform)">A-ia_(cuneiform)">iYa-ab_(cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka_(cuneiform)">ka__a-_na! :(4)--GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ__EN-ia_(cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu_(cuneiform)">šu_7-ta_(cuneiform)">ta-an_(cuneiform)">an :(6)--am_(cuneiform)">am-qut_(cuneiform)">qut__a-_na-ku_(cuneiform)">ku :(7)--LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
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_//_:_(–Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters)">gl–)__a-pa_(cuneiform)">pa-ru_(cuneiform)">ru....(also_used_in_Amarna_letters_ The_Amarna_letters_(;_sometimes_referred_to_as_the_Amarna_correspondence_or_Amarna_tablets,_and_cited_with_the_abbreviation_EA,_for_"El_Amarna")_are_an_archive,_written_on_clay_tablets,_primarily_consisting_of__diplomatic_correspondence_between__...
–--see_Amarna_letter_EA_147">EA_147_) :(9)--2_GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ_(cuneiform)">MEŠ-šu_(cuneiform)">šu :(10)--[eš15(=GIŠ_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="šu_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="MEŠ_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram).html" ;"title="Amarna_letter_EA_147.html" ;"title="ru_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="pa_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="Glossenkeil_(Amarna_letters).html" ;"title="SAHAR_(dust_Sumerogram).html" "title="Ù_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ku_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="qut_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="am_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="an_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ta_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="šu_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="MEŠ_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="GÌR_(foot_Sumerogram).html" ;"title="ka_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ARAD_(servant_Sumerogram).html" ;"title="ab_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="a_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ma_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="um_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ia_(cuneiform)">ia_.html" ;"title="ia_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ia (cuneiform)">ia ">ia_(cuneiform).html" ;"title="ia (cuneiform)">ia :(2)--um (cuneiform)">um-ma (cuneiform)">ma a (cuneiform)">A-ia (cuneiform)">iYa-ab (cuneiform)">aB :(3)--ARAD (servant Sumerogram)">ARAD-ka (cuneiform)">ka a- na! :(4)--GÌR (foot Sumerogram)">GÌR.MEŠ (cuneiform)">MEŠ EN-ia (cuneiform)">ia :(5)--7-šu (cuneiform)">šu 7-ta (cuneiform)">ta-an (cuneiform)">an :(6)--am (cuneiform)">am-qut (cuneiform)">qut a- na-ku (cuneiform)">ku :(7)--
LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state coul ...
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Amarna letters The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between ...
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LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state coul ...
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LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state coul ...
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Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." 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__EN-_ia :(26)--_ù_LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
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__EN-_ia :(26)--_ù_LUGAL_ Lugal_(_Sumerian:_)_is_the__Sumerian_term_for_"king,_ruler"._Literally,_the_term_means_"big_man."_In_Sumerian,_''lu''_"𒇽"_is_"man"_and_''gal''_"_𒃲"_is_"great,"_or_"big." It_was_one_of_several_Sumerian_titles_that_a_ruler_of_a_city-state_coul_...
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LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state coul ...
EN- ia :(26)-- ù
LUGAL Lugal ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lu'' "𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great," or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state coul ...
EN- ia :(27)--li (cuneiform)">li-im (cuneiform)">im-lu-uk-mi (cuneiform)">mi :(28)-- a- na ARAD (servant Sumerogram)">ARAD-šu (cuneiform)">šu


Letter EA 364, Moran translation

Moran's non-linear letter
English language English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the ...
translation (translated from the French language): EA 364, Obverse: :(Lines 1-9)--"To the king, my lord: Message of
Ayyab Ayyab was a ruler of Aštartu (present day Tell Ashtara) south of Damascus. According to the Amarna letters, cities/city-states and their kings in the region — just like countries to the north, such as Hatti of the Hittites, fell prey to a wav ...
, your servant. I fall at the feet of my lord 7 times and 7 times. I am the servant of the king, my lord, ''("and"-omitted)'' the dirt- : (– gl–) (dirt) ''((i.e. dust & dust))'' at his feet. :(lines 10-16)--I have heard what the king, my lord, wrote to me through (='by the hand', '' qa- ti'' ) Atahmaya. Truly, I have guarded1 very carefully ''( ma- gal ma- gal)'' he ''citie''2 of the king, my lord. EA 364, continued Bottom, Reverse: :(lines 17-28)--Moreover, ''( ša- ni- tam)'' note that it is the ruler of Haṣura who has taken 3 cities from me. From the time I heard and verified this,3 there has been waging of war against him. Truly, may the king, my lord, take cognizance, and may the king, my lord, give thought to his servant."--(complete EA 364, with minor lacunae, lines 1-28)


Selected cuneiform signs in EA 364


Sign "tah"

Often personal names (PN) contain special cuneiform characters, and Tahmassi's name, spelled "Atahmaya"-(~
Ptah Ptah ( egy, ptḥ, reconstructed ; grc, Φθά; cop, ⲡⲧⲁϩ; Phoenician: 𐤐𐤕𐤇, romanized: ptḥ) is an ancient Egyptian deity, a creator god and patron deity of craftsmen and architects. In the triad of Memphis, he is the hu ...
is Mine) is an example of such. Sign "tah" (based on the more common "qab"-"GABA"-) can be seen in line 13—''I A-TaH- Ma- iYa''. (In the photo of EA 364 (obverse), the cuneiform signs become out-of-focus below lines 9 and 10.) The "tah" sign has only one use, as ''tah'', in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', (12 times). Because the name ''Tahmassi's'' comes from the Egyptian god
Ptah Ptah ( egy, ptḥ, reconstructed ; grc, Φθά; cop, ⲡⲧⲁϩ; Phoenician: 𐤐𐤕𐤇, romanized: ptḥ) is an ancient Egyptian deity, a creator god and patron deity of craftsmen and architects. In the triad of Memphis, he is the hu ...
(a creator god), the origion of the spelling and pronunciation of "ptah" can be guessed. "Ptah-mine", ''Ptah (is) mine'', "Mine, My (God) is Ptah", with ''-iya'' the suffix for 'my' still used in the languages of present day.


Variants of EN, for "Lord"

The " en" cuneiform sign, is used frequently in the Canaanite
city-state A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...
letters to the Pharaoh for "Lord", (as EN (lord Sumerogram)), for Akkadian language bēlu. It is often part of the phrase "King-Lord-mine", ''LUGAL-EN-ia''; a variant often in the letters (because of the addendum of an RI sign) contains an equivalent for LUGAL, "ŠÀR", for (LUGAL=king=Šarru), "ŠÀR-RI, EN-ia". Also, singly "Lord-mine" is used in some letter texts, and often with ''alphabeltic'' spellings of "bēlu" instead of using "EN": in EA 364, (above)–line (end l.3) and 4 state: ''"...at feet 'Lord(EN)-mine' "''. In letter EA 364, the common variety of many sub-varieties is used, . It shows distinctly in lines 364:1,4,7, and 11 the two verticals-right, with the angled wedges at their base. The lone vertical at center-left is equally tall (not on all Amarna letters), and strikingly visible, and without the angled wedge at the base. Some letters have an additional wedge at the base (making it the 3rd, 'vertical-with-wedge-base').


See also

*
Ayyab Ayyab was a ruler of Aštartu (present day Tell Ashtara) south of Damascus. According to the Amarna letters, cities/city-states and their kings in the region — just like countries to the north, such as Hatti of the Hittites, fell prey to a wav ...
* Glossenkeil (Amarna letters) * Amarna letters–phrases and quotations *
List of Amarna letters by size This is a List of Amarna letters by size, mostly length X width, and starting with the shortest (in Height). Note: a few Amarna letters are wider than tall, for example Amarna letter EA 290, EA 290. It should be understood the definition of ''"mayo ...
**
Amarna letter EA 5 Amarna Letter EA5, one of the Amarna letters (cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna"), is a diplomatic correspondence, correspondence between Kadashman-Enlil I, Kadašman-Enlil I and Amenhotep III. The letter exists as two artifacts, on ...
, EA 9, EA 15, EA 19, EA 26, EA 27, EA 35, EA 38 ** EA 153, EA 161, EA 288, EA 364, EA 365, EA 367


References


Sources

*
Moran, William L. William Lambert Moran (August 11, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Assyriologist. He was born in Chicago, United States. In 1939, Moran joined the Jesuit order. He then attended Loyola University in Chicago, where he received hi ...
''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, ) * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian
Epic of Gilgamesh The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' () is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, and is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with ...
'', Parpola, Simo,
Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project is an international scholarly project aimed at collecting and publishing ancient Assyrian texts and studies based on them. Its headquarters are in Helsinki in Finland. State Archives of Assyria State Archives ...
, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. *
Rainey Rainey is a name of British-Irish origin. People with the surname * Bobby Rainey (born 1987), American National Football League player * Chuck Rainey (born 1940), American bassist * David "Puck" Rainey (born 1968), American reality TV personalit ...
, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.


External links


CDLI entry of EA 364 ( ''Chicago Digital Library Initiative'', ID=P270874 )
and cuneiform drawing of clay tablet
CDLI listing of all EA Amarna letters, 1-382Photo, EA 252 ObverseSchechem, etc.
{{Louvre Museum Amarna letters Near East and Middle East antiquities of the Louvre Ancient Syria