Amarna letter EA 362

Amarna letter EA 362, titled: ''"A Commissioner Murdered,"'' is a finely-inscribed clay tablet letter from Rib-Haddi, the mayor/'man' of the city of Byblos, (''Gubla'' of the letters). Byblos, being a large coastal seaport Mediterranean city, was a city that was aligned with Egypt (''Miṣri''), and housed an Egyptian community. Rib-Haddi, as the city-state leader wrote the largest number of letters to the Pharaoh, in a sub-corpus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters (about 70 letters).

Near the end of his rule, Rib-Haddi penned two large diplomatic letters summarizing conditions of his hostilities with peoples like the Hapiru, but also other city-state rulers, vying for regional ascendency. Letter EA 362 relates the hostilities, but also talks of disease, upon his land. The letter ends addressing the fate of Egypt's commissioner Pawura.

The Amarna letters, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are a mid 14th century BC, about 1350 BC and 20–25 years later, correspondence. The initial corpus of letters were found at Akhenaten's city Akhetaten, in the floor of the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh; others were later found, adding to the body of letters.

Letter EA 362 is numbered AO 7093, from the Louvre, in France.

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The letter

EA 362: ''"A Reckoning Demanded"''

EA 362, a letter by Rib-Haddi to Pharaoh, 1 of approximately 70 letters in the Rib-Haddi sub-corpus of the Amarna letters. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation, and English from French.)

Obverse: Photo, see here


:(Lines 1-4)-- Rib-Haddi. Say to the king, my lord: I fall beneath the feet of my lord 7 times and 7 times.¹
:(5-11)--I have indeed heard the words of the king, my lord, and my heart is overjoyed. May my lord hasten the sending of the archers (Egyptian pitati), archers with all speed. If the king, my lord, does not send archers, then we ourselves must die and
:(12-20)-- Gubla² will be taken. ''He was distraught'' recently: ''he is'' also ''distraught'' now.³ Recently they were saying, ''"There will be no archers,"'' but I wrote with the result that archers came out and took their father. (fatherlands?).
:(21-30)--Now indeed they are saying, ''"Let him not write or we will certainly be taken."''⁴ They seek to capture Gubla, and they say, ''"If we capture Gubla, we will be strong;"''⁵ there will not be a man left, (and) they (the archers) will certainly be too few for them.⁶
:(31-39)--I for my part have guarded Gubla, the city of the king, "night (and) day".

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Reverse:

:Should I move to the (outlying) territory, then the men will desert in order to take territory for themselves,⁷ and there will be no men to guard Gubla, the city of the king, my lord.
:(40-50)--So may my lord hasten the archers or we must die. Because my lord has written to me, they know indeed that they are going to die, and so they seek to commit a crime.⁸ As to his having said⁹ before the king, ''"There is a pestilence in the lands,"'' the king, my lord, should not listen to the words of other men. There is no pestilence in the lands. It has been over for a long t(i)me.¹⁰
:(51-59)--My lord knows that I do not write lies to my lord. All the mayors are not in favor of the archers' coming out, for they have peace. I am the one who wants them to come out, for I have distress (i.e. discord).
:(60-65)--May the king, my lord, come out, for I have distress. Look, the day you come out, all the lands will be (re)joined to the king, my lord. Who will resist the troops of the king?

''Side:''

:(66-69)--May the king, my lord, not ''leave this year free'' for the sons of Abdi-Aširta, for ''you know'' all their ''acts of hatred''¹¹ against the lands of the king. Who are they that they have committed a crime and killed the commissioner: '' sú- ki- na,'' (Prefect)- Pewure?--(complete Obverse & Reverse, EA 362)

Akkadian text

The Akkadian language text: ''Note''; the Akkadian language text, is mostly a running sequential text (with many exceptions for clarity), from Rainey, 1970. But comparison with the Moran, and French, modern times translation, will show the variety, and stressing of different translations.

Akkadian:

Tablet Obverse: see here

''Note'': -///- represents, a pause, segue, or change in topic.

:(Line 1)– . Rib-Haddi( R ib-^dHaddi) qabû–.–( Rib-Haddi, speaking..!)
:(2)– a na Šarru(LUGAL) bēlu- ia–.–.–.–.–(to King-Lord-mine)
:(3)– a na šupalu šēpu(pl) bēlu- ia–.–.–.–(at (the) feet, my lord)
:(4)–7 ta u 7 ma qā tu–.–.–.–.–.–.–(seven times and seven,.. I bow.)(?I address you?)
:(5)– e nū ma šemû a ma tu(pl)–.–.–("Now-(at-this-time)", I hear (the) words)
:(6)–šarru, bēlu- ia ù ha dû lib bu–.–((of) King, my lord, and 'rejoiced'-heart,..)
:(7)-- ma gal ha mā tu bē li--(greatly. -///- "Hotly"(Quickly) Lord)
:(8)– uš šuru ṣābu( pl) pí-ṭá-ti₇–.–.–.–(send(issue) ''archers'' with aste
:(9)–ar-hi- iš šum ma Šarru(LUGAL) bēlu- ia–.–(haste!.. -///- (If) King-Lord-mine)
:(10)– l ā uš šuru ṣābu( pl) pí-ṭá-ta₅–.–((does) not send ''archers'')
:(11)– ù nī n u nimūt–.–.–.–.–(then,.. we die)
:(12)– ù ālu( pl) Gub li–.–.–(and (the) cities (of) Byblos(Gubli))
:(13)–leqû( tu-ul₁₁-qú- ma) a ga mi–.–((are) taken. -///- ..Today,...)
:(14)– tu mā l šā l ša mi–.–(yesterday,...(and) "the day before",...)
:(15)– m a gā gu i n an na(eninna)–.–.–(it (Byblos) "has been in dire straits". -///- ..Now)
:(16)– tu mā l šā l ša mi–.–((formerly)-yesterday,...(and) "the day before",...)
:(17)– q a bû jā n u–.–.–.–((they) were saying:.."There Are No"..)
:(18)– ṣābu( pl) pí-ṭá-ta₅ ù ša pā ru–.–(''archer-troops''. -///- and. ..I wrote)
:(19)– ù aṣu ṣābu( pl) pí-ṭá- tu–.–.–.–( (and)That "to come forth" (the) ''archers'')
:(20)– ù l eqû 1.( diš)-A-Ba-Šu- Nu(abu-''father'')–.–(and take 1.-"Father-(Land)-theirs")
:(21)– a nū ma i n an na(eninna) q a bû–.–.–.–.–("Now-(at-this-time)" ..(Now..) ..(they) say:...)
:(22)– lā šapāru(yi- iš pā r u) ù–.–.–.–.–.–((Let him)-"Don't write.. and(But)-("that"))
:(23)–leqû ù a nū ma–.–.–.–.–.–.–.–.–(we be taken!" ... And,.. now..)
:(24)–ba' 'û ṣabātu alāni(URU meš) Gub li–.–(they seek towns Byblos(Gubli))
:(25)– ù qa bû ṣabātu–.–.–(and they say ''"(when) We take'')
:(26)– nī n u alāni(URU meš)–.–.–.–.–(''we towns Byblos(Gubli)'')
:(27)– ù danānu amāru–.–.–.–.–.–(''(and)then,.. we be strong!!"''-///-...See)
:(28)–ṣabātu šu nu alāni(URU meš)–.–(they seized towns Byblos(Gubli))
:(29)– ù danānu jā nu–.–.–.–.–(and they are strong. -///-There is no)
:(30)–amēlu lā aṣu a na šâšu–.–.–(man(people?) not coming against them !!)
:(31)– A nū ma a nā ku naṣāru–.–(Now(at this time) I guard)

Tablet Reverse:

:(Line 32)–alāni(URU meš) ālu Šarru(LUGAL)–.–(towns Byblos(Gubli) City (of) King)
:(33)–muša /// urru i nū ma–.–.–.–.–.–.–.–(Night -///- Day -///- -///- ''Because'')
:(34)– ka šā d u mātu(pl)( KÚR KÚR meš-ki)–.–.–.–("to Desert(to reach)"(i.e. abandon) (my)territories)
:(35)– -///- ù paṭaru amēlu–.–.–.–.–.–.–(-///- then men (would) desert)
:(36)– a na le qi mātu(pl)( KÚR KÚR meš)–.–(to take territories)
:(37)– a na šašu ù jä nu–.–.–.–(for themselves, -///- and there would be no)
:(38)–amēlu a na naṣā ru ālu(URU ki) šarri(LUGAL) bēlu- ia–.–(men to guard City(Gubli), (of)King-lord-mine.(segue))
:(39)–ālu( URU-ki) šarri(LUGAL)–.–.–.–(City (of) King-lord-mine. )
:(40)– ù hamātu bēlu- ia&bēlu–.–.–.–.–.–.–("And So" may (the)Lord hasten)
:(41)– ṣābu( pl) pí-ṭá-ta₅ ù "nimut"–.–.(''archer-troops'' or(and) we die. )
:(42)– I nū ma šaṭā ru bēlu–.–.–.–.–.–(Because(Now) (the)Lord wrote)
:(43)– a na mahru, ù i nū ma–.–.–.–.–(to me, ..and now(at this time) )
:(44)– ù i du i nū ma mātu–.–.–.–(and Know .. now(at this time) They Die.(There is dying?) -///- )
:(45)– ù ba' 'u epēšu ar ni–.–.–.–.–(and they seek to perform(commit) (a)crime)
:(46)– I nū ma qabû a na pā nu šarri(LUGAL)–.–.–("Now"(In that) they said "before" (the)King:.. )
:(47)–mūtu a na mātāti( KÚR meš)–.–.–(''"Death(epidemic) (is) in the Land(Countryside ! -///-)"'')
:(48)– l ā šemû šarri(LUGAL) bēlu–.–( -///- (May You) Not Listen, King-Lord)
:(49)– a ma tu(pl) amēlu amēlu ša nūB(ša-nu-ti₇) jä nu( jā- nu- mi)–.–.–( (the)Words(Stories/Reports) (of)Other Men! -///- There is no)
:(50)–mūtu a na mātu( KÚR meš) -///- ša lā mu(ša-lim) iš tu pā nānu–.–(Epidemic(Death) in (the)Territories! -///- (It is Peaceful(Tranquility) since "a long time" !! -///-)
:(51)–- ///- Ù bēlu i du i nū ma–.–.–.–.–(And (The)King knows, Now (at this time) )
:(52)– l ā ša pā ru a matu(a-ma-at) bēlu- ia–.–.–( (I) not write words(Reports) Lord-mine)
:(53)–kazbūtu a na bēlu- ia–.–.–.–.–.–( (of)Falsehood to Lord-mine !! )
:(54)– ù gab bu awiluti ( LÚ- meš) hazzanu–.–.–( And all "City-Rulers" )
:(55)– l ā ra 'ā mu i nū ma–.–.–.–.–.–.–.–("do not" like(love) (it) that)
:(56)– aṣû ṣābu( pl) pí-ṭá- tu–.–.–.–.–.–("come-forth"(emerge) (the) ''archer-force,'' -///- )
:(57)– i nū ma pa šā hu a na šu nu–.–(Since(and) "it is tranquil(relief)" for them ! -///-)
:(58)– ù a nā ku ba'u aṣû–.–.–.–.–(But(and) I seek (their) "coming forth" )
:(59)– i nū ma ma rā ṣu i ā ši–.–.–(because(since) "events/things"(i.e. warfare) are grievous(ill, painful) for me !! )
:(60)– Ù aṣû a ṣ û šarri(LUGAL) bēlu- ia amāru–.–(And "may (the) coming forth" King-Lord-mine he see)
:(61)–mātu(pl)-šu( KÚR- meš-šu) ù leqû gab bu–.–.–( Lands-his, -///- "and that" (he) ''Retake'' All (Lands) ! )
:(62)– A māru a na ūmuA aṣû–.–.–( -//- See, for the day "coming forth" )
:(63)– ù epēšu gab bu–.–.–(then(and) "will be turned back" all... )
:(64)–mātu(pl)( KÚR KÚR meš) a na šarri(LUGAL) bēlu- ia–.–(Lands to King-Lord-mine ! -//- )
:segue
:(65)– Mi ja uzuzzu a na pā nu ṣābu( pl) pí-ṭá- tu šarri(LUGAL)–.–( Who "can stand(resist)" before (the)Archer-Troops,.. King ? )

( major segue to ''tablet side'' )

''Side:''

:(66)– L ā muššuru šarri(LUGAL) bēlu šattu(MU) šanû šanita(m) annû–.–(Not sending(issuing) King-Lord "year-another-this" )
:(67)– a na mārī( DUMU meš) Abdi-Ashirta ù idû mārū( DUMU meš)–.–("Towards"(against) (the)Sons (of) Abdi-Ashirta,.. Then(And then) Know (the) Sons )
:(68)–(All of them within the Territories of King-Lord-mine,.. -///- Who (are) they )
:(69)–(now (at this time) make (commit) crime,.. -///- Or(and) kill commissioner Pawura ? !! )

Cuneiform score, Akkadian,

English

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Cuneiform score (per CDLI, ''Chicago Digital Library Initiative''), and Akkadian, and English.

54. ù gab- bi _lú- meš_ ha- za- nu-ti₇
___ u gabbu ^{lú- meš} Ha- za- nu-ti₇
___and all ^{lú- meš}Hazzanuti (City-state-governors)
55. la- a ra- i- mu i- nu- ma
___ l ā ra 'ā mu i nū ma
___("do not" like(love) (it) that), —
55.6----------- i- nu- ma
___-------------- i nū ma
___--------------now (at this time)
56. tu- ṣú _ ERIM- meš_ pí- ṭá- tu
___ aṣû, – ṣābu( pl) pí-ṭá- tu
___(the) "coming-forth", – (the) Amarna letter archer force-( Pítati archers)
57. i- nu- ma pa- ši- ih a- na šu- nu
___ i nū ma, – pa šā hu a na šu nu
___Since, – tranquil for them
58. ù a- na- ku i- ba- ú a- ṣé- ši
___ u, — a nā ku ba'u a ṣ û
___ But, — I seek (their) "coming forth"

See also

*Rib-Hadda
*Byblos
*Archers (Egyptian pitati)
*Amarna letters–phrases and quotations
*List of Amarna letters by size
** Amarna letter EA 5, EA 9, EA 15, EA 19, EA 26, EA 27, EA 35, EA 38
** EA 153, EA 161, EA 288, EA 364, EA 365, EA 367

References

* Moran, William L. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )
* Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.
*Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

Image:Tablet_official_letter-AO_7093-P5280232-white.jpg, Full EA 362, ''Reverse''
File:Louvres-antiquites-moyen-orient-p1020178.jpg, Full EA 362, ''Reverse''
File:Letter Rib Addi Louvre AO7093.jpg, Full EA 362, ''Reverse''

External links

{{Commons category
Image of Reverse, LouvreCDLI entry of EA 362 ( ''Chicago Digital Library Initiative'' )CDLI listing of all EA Amarna letters, 1-382Louvre article using EA 362

Near East and Middle East antiquities of the Louvre
Amarna letters
History of Byblos