Alice Orlowski

Alice Orlowski (30 September 1903 – 21 May 1976) was a German concentration camp guard at several of the German Nazi camps in German-occupied Poland (1939-1945) during World War II. After the war, she was convicted of war crimes.

Wartime

Born as Alice Minna Elisabeth Elling in Berlin in 1903, she began to train as a guard at the Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany in 1941. In October 1942, she was selected as one of the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) '' Aufseherin'' to be posted at the Majdanek camp near Lublin, in German-occupied Poland, where, along with Hermine Braunsteiner, she came to be regarded as two of the most brutal overseers. They regularly loaded trucks of women destined for the gas chambers. When a child was left over, the two would throw him or her on the top of the adults like luggage, and bolt the door shut. Orlowski often awaited the arrivals of new transports of women. She would then whip the prisoners, especially across the eyes. In Majdanek, Orlowski was promoted to the rank of ''Kommandoführerin'' (Work Detail Overseer) in the sorting sheds.

As the SS Aufseherin, Orlowski supervised over 100 women, who sorted through items taken from prisoners who had been gassed: watches, furs, coats, gold, jewellery, money, toys, glasses, and so on. When the camp was evacuated, the Germans sent Orlowski to the notorious Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp near Kraków, in German-occupied Poland. In Plaszow-Kraków, Orlowski was in charge of a work detail on the Camp Street (Lager Strasse) and was known for her viciousness.

In early January 1945, Orlowski was among the SS women posted on the death march to Auschwitz-Birkenau and it was during this time that her behaviour, previously observed as being brutal and sadistic, became more humane. On the death march in mid-January 1945 from Auschwitz to Loslau, Orlowski gave comfort to the inmates, and even slept alongside them on the ground outside. She also brought water to those who were thirsty.The facts about her behaviour on the death march come from Malvina Graf: ''I survived the Kraków Ghetto and Plaszow Camp'' It is unknown why her attitude changed, but some speculate that she sensed the war was almost over and she would soon be tried as a war criminal. Orlowski ended up back at Ravensbrück as a guard.

Post-war

After the war ended in May 1945, Orlowski was captured by Soviet forces and extradited to Poland to stand trial for war crimes. The "picture book SS woman" stood accused at the Auschwitz Trial in 1947. She was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but was released in 1957 after serving 10 years. After her release, Orlowski moved to West Germany.

In 1973, Orlowski was working a counter job in Cologne when she complained that only "half the work" had been finished, referring to the extermination of the Jews. As a result, she was arrested and charged with making anti-Semitic remarks. A West German court found Orlowski guilty of hate speech and sentenced her to 10 months in prison, of which she served 8 months.

In 1975, the West German authorities arrested Orlowski a second time, for crimes committed in Majdanek. She was put on trial in the Third Majdanek Trial. Orlowski died from natural causes during her trial on 21 May 1976.

See also

* Female guards in Nazi concentration camps

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orlowski, Alice
1903 births
1976 deaths
Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
German people who died in prison custody
German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp personnel
People convicted in the Auschwitz trial
Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel
Prisoners who died in German detention
People from Berlin
Auschwitz concentration camp personnel
Majdanek concentration camp personnel
People extradited from the Soviet Union
People extradited to Poland
Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
People convicted of racial hatred offences
Nazis who died in prison custody