Algernon Henry Blackwood, CBE (14 March 1869 – 10 December 1951) was an English broadcasting narrator, journalist, novelist and short story writer, and among the most prolific

ghost story A ghost story is any piece of fiction, or drama, that includes a ghost, or simply takes as a premise the possibility of ghosts or characters' belief in them."Ghost Stories" in Margaret Drabble (ed.), ''Oxford Companion to English Literature'' ...

writers in the history of the genre. The literary critic

S. T. Joshi Sunand Tryambak Joshi (born June 22, 1958) is an American literary critic whose work has largely focused on weird and fantastic fiction, especially the life and work of H. P. Lovecraft and associated writers. Career His literary critici ...

stated, "His work is more consistently meritorious than any weird writer's except Dunsany's." and that his short story collection '' Incredible Adventures'' (1914) "may be the premier weird collection of this or any other century".

Life and work

Blackwood was born in

Shooter's Hill Shooter's Hill (or Shooters Hill) is a district in South East London within the Royal Borough of Greenwich. It borders the London Borough of Bexley. It lies north of Eltham and south of Woolwich. With a height of , it is the highest point i ...

(now part of south-east London, then part of north-west

Kent Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west, and Essex to the north across the estuary of the River Thames; it faces ...

). Between 1871 and 1880, he lived at Crayford Manor House,

Crayford Crayford is a town and electoral ward in South East London, England, within the London Borough of Bexley. It lies east of Bexleyheath and north west of Dartford. Crayford was in the historic county of Kent until 1965. The settlement de ...

and he was educated at

Wellington College Wellington College may refer to: * Wellington College, Berkshire, an independent school in Crowthorne, Berkshire, England ** Wellington College International Shanghai ** Wellington College International Tianjin *Wellington College, Wellington, New ...

. His father, Sir Stevenson Arthur Blackwood, was a Post Office administrator; his mother, Harriet Dobbs, was the widow of the 6th Duke of Manchester. According to Peter Penzoldt, his father, "though not devoid of genuine good-heartedness, had appallingly narrow religious ideas." After he read the work of a

Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

sage left behind at his parents' house, he developed an interest in

Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...

and other eastern philosophies. Blackwood had a varied career, working as a dairy farmer in Canada, where he also operated a hotel for six months, as a newspaper reporter in New York City, bartender, model, journalist for ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

'', private secretary, businessman, and violin teacher.Jack Sullivan, ed. ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural'' (1986), p. 38. During his time in Canada, he also became one of the founding members of Toronto

Theosophical Society The Theosophical Society, founded in 1875, is a worldwide body with the aim to advance the ideas of Theosophy in continuation of previous Theosophists, especially the Greek and Alexandrian Neo-Platonic philosophers dating back to 3rd century CE ...

in February of 1891. Throughout his adult life, he was an occasional essayist for periodicals. In his late thirties, he moved back to England and started to write stories of the supernatural. He was successful, writing at least ten original collections of short stories and later telling them on radio and television. He also wrote 14 novels, several children's books and a number of plays, most of which were produced, but not published. He was an avid lover of nature and the outdoors, as many of his stories reflect. To satisfy his interest in the supernatural, he joined

The Ghost Club The Ghost Club is a paranormal investigation and research organization, founded in London in 1862. It is believed to be the oldest such organization in the world, though its history has not been continuous. The club still investigates mainly gho ...

. He never married; according to his friends he was a loner, but also cheerful company. Jack Sullivan stated that "Blackwood's life parallels his work more neatly than perhaps that of any other ghost story writer. Like his lonely but fundamentally optimistic protagonists, he was a combination of mystic and outdoorsman; when he wasn't steeping himself in occultism, including

Rosicrucianism Rosicrucianism is a spiritual and cultural movement that arose in Europe in the early 17th century after the publication of several texts purported to announce the existence of a hitherto unknown esoteric order to the world and made seeking it ...

, or Buddhism he was likely to be skiing or mountain climbing." Blackwood was a member of one of the factions of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as was his contemporary Arthur Machen. Cabalistic themes influence his novel ''The Human Chord''. His two best-known stories are probably " The Willows" and " The Wendigo". He would also often write stories for newspapers at short notice, with the result that he was unsure exactly how many short stories he had written and there is no sure total. Though Blackwood wrote a number of horror stories, his most typical work seeks less to frighten than to induce a sense of awe. Good examples are the novels ''The Centaur'', which reaches a climax with a traveller's sight of a herd of the mythical creatures; and ''Julius LeVallon'' and its sequel ''The Bright Messenger'', which deal with

reincarnation Reincarnation, also known as rebirth or transmigration, is the philosophical or religious concept that the non-physical essence of a living being begins a new life in a different physical form or body after biological death. Resurrectio ...

and the possibility of a new, mystical

evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

of human consciousness. In correspondence with Peter Penzoldt, Blackwood wrote,

My fundamental interest, I suppose, is signs and proofs of other powers that lie hidden in us all; the extension, in other words, of human faculty. So many of my stories, therefore, deal with extension of consciousness; speculative and imaginative treatment of possibilities outside our normal range of consciousness.... Also, all that happens in our universe is ''natural''; under Law; but an extension of our so limited normal consciousness can reveal new, extra-ordinary powers etc., and the word "supernatural" seems the best word for treating these in fiction. I believe it possible for our consciousness to change and grow, and that with this change we may become aware of a new universe. A "change" in consciousness, in its type, I mean, is something more than a mere extension of what we already possess and know.

Blackwood wrote an autobiography of his early years, ''Episodes Before Thirty'' (1923), and there is a biography, ''Starlight Man,'' by Mike Ashley (). Blackwood died after several strokes. Officially his death on 10 December 1951 was from

cerebral thrombosis A thrombus (plural thrombi), colloquially called a blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis. There are two components to a thrombus: aggregated platelets and red blood cells that form a plug, and a mesh of cr ...

, with arteriosclerosis as a contributing factor. He was cremated at

Golders Green crematorium Golders Green Crematorium and Mausoleum was the first crematorium to be opened in London, and one of the oldest crematoria in Britain. The land for the crematorium was purchased in 1900, costing £6,000 (the equivalent of £135,987 in 2021), ...

. A few weeks later his nephew took his ashes to Saanenmöser Pass in the Swiss Alps, and scattered them in the mountains that he had loved for more than forty years.

Bibliography

Novels

By date of first publication: *''Jimbo: A Fantasy'' (1909) *''The Education of Uncle Paul'' (1909) *''The Human Chord'' (1910) *''The Centaur'' (1911) *''A Prisoner in Fairyland'' (1913); sequel to ''The Education of Uncle Paul'' *''The Extra Day'' (1915) *''Julius LeVallon'' (1916) *''The Wave'' (1916) *''The Promise of Air'' (1918) *''The Garden of Survival'' (1918) *''The Bright Messenger'' (1921); sequel to ''Julius LeVallon'' *''Dudley & Gilderoy: A Nonsense'' (1929) Children's novels: *''Sambo and Snitch'' (1927) *''The Fruit Stoners: Being the Adventures of Maria Among the Fruit Stoners'' (1934)

Plays

By date of first performance: *''

The Starlight Express ''The Starlight Express'' is a children's play by Violet Pearn, based on the imaginative novel ''A Prisoner in Fairyland'' by Algernon Blackwood, with songs and incidental music written by the English composer Sir Edward Elgar in 1915. Produc ...

'' (1915), coauthored with Violet Pearn;

incidental music Incidental music is music in a play, television program, radio program, video game, or some other presentation form that is not primarily musical. The term is less frequently applied to film music, with such music being referred to instead as t ...

Edward Elgar Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, (; 2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have entered the British and international classical concert repertoire. Among his best-known compositions are orchestr ...

; based on Blackwood's 1913 novel ''A Prisoner in Fairyland'' *''Karma'' a reincarnation play in prologue epilogue and three acts (1918), coauthored with Violet Pearn; *''The Crossing'' (1920a), coauthored with Bertram Forsyth; based on Blackwood's 1913 short story "Transition" *''Through the Crack'' (1920), coauthored with Violet Pearn; based on Blackwood's 1909 novel ''The Education of Uncle Paul'' and 1915 novel ''The Extra Day'' *''White Magic'' (1921), coauthored with Bertram Forsyth *''The Halfway House'' (1921), coauthored with Elaine Ainley *''Max Hensig'' (1929), coauthored with Frederick Kinsey Peile; based on Blackwood's 1907 short story "Max Hensig – Bacteriologist and Murderer"

Short fiction collections

By date of first publication: *''The Empty House and Other Ghost Stories'' (1906); original collection *''The Listener and Other Stories'' (1907); original collection *''John Silence'' (1908); original collection;

reprint A reprint is a re- publication of material that has already been previously published. The term ''reprint'' is used with slightly different meanings in several fields. Academic publishing In academic publishing, offprints, sometimes also known ...

ed with added

preface __NOTOC__ A preface () or proem () is an introduction to a book or other literary work written by the work's author. An introductory essay written by a different person is a '' foreword'' and precedes an author's preface. The preface often close ...

, 1942 *''The Lost Valley and Other Stories'' (1910); original collection *''Pan's Garden: a Volume of Nature Stories'' (1912); original collection *''Ten Minute Stories'' (1914a); original collection *'' Incredible Adventures'' (1914b); original collection *''Day and Night Stories'' (1917); original collection *''Wolves of God, and Other Fey Stories'' (1921), ; original collection *''Tongues of Fire and Other Sketches'' (1924); original collection *''Ancient Sorceries and Other Tales'' (1927a); selections from previous Blackwood collections *''The Dance of Death and Other Tales'' (1927b); selections from previous Blackwood collections; reprinted as 1963's ''The Dance of Death and Other Stories'' *''Strange Stories'' (1929); selections from previous Blackwood collections *''Short Stories of To-Day & Yesterday'' (1930); selections from previous Blackwood collections *''The Willows and Other Queer Tales'' (1932); selected by G. F. Maine from previous Blackwood collections *''Shocks'' (1935); original collection *''The Tales of Algernon Blackwood'' (1938); selections from previous Blackwood collections, with a new preface by Blackwood *''Selected Tales of Algernon Blackwood'' (1942); selections from previous Blackwood collections (not to be confused with the 1964 Blackwood collection of the same title) *''Selected Short Stories of Algernon Blackwood'' (1945); selections from previous Blackwood collections *'' The Doll and One Other'' (1946); original collection *''Tales of the Uncanny and Supernatural'' (1949); selections from previous Blackwood collections *''In the Realm of Terror'' (1957); selections from previous Blackwood collections *''The Dance of Death and Other Stories'' (1963); reprint of 1927's ''The Dance of Death and Other Tales'' *''Selected Tales of Algernon Blackwood'' (1964); selections from previous Blackwood collections (not to be confused with the 1942 Blackwood collection of the same title) *''Tales of the Mysterious and Macabre'' (1967); selections from previous Blackwood collections *''Ancient Sorceries and Other Stories'' (1968); selections from previous Blackwood collections *''Best Ghost Stories of Algernon Blackwood'' (1973), selected and introduced by Everett F. Bleiler; selections from previous Blackwood collections; includes Blackwood's own preface to 1938's ''The Tales of Algernon Blackwood'' *''The Best Supernatural Tales of Algernon Blackwood'' (1973); selected and introduced by Felix Morrow; selections from 1929's ''Strange Stories'' *''Tales of Terror and Darkness'' (1977); omnibus edition of ''Tales of the Mysterious and Macabre'' (1967) and ''Tales of the Uncanny and Supernatural'' (1949). *''Tales of the Supernatural'' (1983); selected and introduced by Mike Ashley; selections from previous Blackwood collections *''The Magic Mirror'' (1989); Original collection selected, introduced, and with notes by Mike Ashley; *''The Complete John Silence Stories'' (1997); selected and introduced by

; reprint of 1908's ''John Silence'' (without the preface to the 1942 reprint) and the one remaining John Silence story, "A Victim of Higher Space" *''Ancient Sorceries and Other Weird Stories'' (2002); selected, introduced, and notes by S. T. Joshi; selections from previous Blackwood collections *''Algernon Blackwood's Canadian Tales of Terror'' (2004); selected, introduced, with notes by John Robert Colombo; eight stories of special Canadian interest plus information on the author's years in Canada

Essays

*''The Lure of the Unknown: Essays on the Strange'' (2022); edited and introduced by Mike Ashley. Dublin: Swan River Press. Limited to 400 unnumbered copies. (Two photographic postcards and a facsimile signature of Blackwood laid in).

Legacy

* H. P. Lovecraft included Blackwood as one of the "Modern Masters" in the section of that name in " Supernatural Horror in Literature". *Authors who have been influenced by Blackwood's work include

William Hope Hodgson William Hope Hodgson (15 November 1877 – 19 April 1918) was an English author. He produced a large body of work, consisting of essays, short fiction, and novels, spanning several overlapping genres including horror, fantastic fiction, and sci ...

George Allan England George Allan England (9 February 1877 - 26 June 1936) was an American writer and explorer, best known for his speculative and science fiction. He attended Harvard University and later in life unsuccessfully ran for Governor of Maine. England wa ...

, H. P. Lovecraft,

H. Russell Wakefield Herbert Russell Wakefield (1888 – 2 August 1964) was an English short-story writer, novelist, publisher, and civil servant chiefly remembered today for his ghost stories. Life Wakefield was the third of four children of the clergyman Henry Rus ...

, "L. Adams Beck" (

Elizabeth Louisa Moresby Lily Adams Beck, née Elizabeth Louisa Moresby (1862 in Queenstown, Cork, Ireland – 3 January 1931 in Kyoto, Japan) was a British writer of short-stories, novels, biographies and esoteric books, under the names of L. Adams Beck, E. Barrington ...

), Margery Lawrence,Stefan Dziemianowicz, "Lawrence, Margery (Harriet)", in

and Dziemianowicz, (ed.) ''Supernatural Literature of the World : an encyclopedia''. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2005. , pp. 698–700. Evangeline Walton,

Ramsey Campbell Ramsey Campbell (born 4 January 1946) is an English horror fiction writer, editor and critic who has been writing for well over fifty years. He is the author of over 30 novels and hundreds of short stories, many of them winners of literary awa ...

and Graham Joyce. *In the first draft of his essay "Notes on the Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings", J. R. R. Tolkien stated that he derived the phrase "crack of doom" from an unnamed story by Algernon Blackwood. In her book, Tolkien's Modern Reading: Middle Earth Beyond the Middle Ages, Dr. Holly Ordway states that this unnamed Blackwood work is a novel titled "The Education of Uncle Paul". *

Frank Belknap Long Frank Belknap Long (April 27, 1901 – January 3, 1994) was an American writer of horror fiction, fantasy, science fiction, poetry, gothic romance, comic books, and non-fiction. Though his writing career spanned seven decades, he is best known ...

's 1928 story "The Space-Eaters" alludes to Blackwood's fiction. *

Clark Ashton Smith Clark Ashton Smith (January 13, 1893 – August 14, 1961) was an American writer and artist. He achieved early local recognition, largely through the enthusiasm of George Sterling, for traditional verse in the vein of Swinburne. As a poet, Smi ...

's story "Genius Loci" (1933) was inspired by Blackwood's story "The Transfer". *The plot of

Caitlin R. Kiernan Caitlin () is a female given name of Irish origin. Historically, the Irish name Caitlín was anglicized as Cathleen or Kathleen. In the 1970s, however, non-Irish speakers began pronouncing the name according to English spelling rules as , which ...

's novel ''Threshold'' (2001) is influenced by Blackwood's work. Kiernan has cited Blackwood as an important influence on her writing. *In ''The Books in My Life'',

Henry Miller Henry Valentine Miller (December 26, 1891 – June 7, 1980) was an American novelist. He broke with existing literary forms and developed a new type of semi- autobiographical novel that blended character study, social criticism, philosophical re ...

chose Blackwood's ''The Bright Messenger'' as "the most extraordinary novel on

psychoanalysis PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might ...

, one that dwarfs the subject." *Algernon Blackwood appears as a character in the novel ''The Curse of the Wendigo'' by Rick Yancey. *In the PS4 game Until Dawn, the main setting is named Blackwood Pines, as the main antagonist is a Wendigo.

Critical studies

*An early essay on Blackwood's work was "Algernon Blackwood: An Appreciation," by Grace Isabel Colbron (1869–1943), which appeared in '' The Bookman'' in February 1915. *Peter Penzoldt devotes the final chapter of ''The Supernatural in Fiction'' (1952) to an analysis of Blackwood's work and dedicates the book "with deep admiration and gratitude, to Algernon Blackwood, the greatest of them all". *A critical analysis of Blackwood's work appears in Jack Sullivan, ''Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story From Le Fanu to Blackwood'', 1978. * David Punter has an essay on Blackwood. *There is a critical essay on Blackwood's work in

's ''The Weird Tale'' (1990). *

Edward Wagenknecht Edward (Charles) Wagenknecht (March 28, 1900 – May 24, 2004) was an American literary critic and teacher who specialized in 19th century American literature. He wrote and edited many books on literature and movies, and taught for many years at v ...

analyses Blackwood's work in his book ''Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction''. * David Grimbleby, "Algernon Blackwood: A Personal Appreciation". ''Occulture'' 1, No 2

994 Year 994 ( CMXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid forces, under Turkish gener ...

* Eugene Thacker, in his "Horror of Philosophy" series of books, discusses Blackwood's stories "The Willows" and "The Man Whom The Trees Loved" as examples of how supernatural horror poses philosophical questions regarding the relation between human beings and the "cosmic indifference" of the world. and

References

General sources

* * US edition of ''Starlight Man: The Extraordinary Life of Algernon Blackwood''. * UK edition of ''Algernon Blackwood: An Extraordinary Life''. * Modern reissue of subject's memoir; originally published in 1923 (London: Cassell & Co.). *Burleson, Donald. "Algernon Blackwood's 'The Listener: A Hearing'". ''Studies in Weird Fiction'' 5 (Spring 1989), pp. 15–19. *Colombo, John Robert. "Blackwood's Books: A Bibliography Devoted to Algernon Blackwood" Toronto Hounslow Press 1981 *Colombo, John Robert. (ed) Algernon Blackwood's Canadian Tales of Terror Lake Eugenia, Ontario Battered Silicon Dispatch Box 2004 *Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels of Algernon Blackwood" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) ''Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1986, pp. 94–103. *Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood". Dictionary of Literary Biography. Late-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists, First Series. Ed. George M. Johnson. Detroit: Gale, 1995. *Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood". Dictionary of Literary Biography. British Short-Fiction Writers, 1880–1914. Ed. William F. Naufftus. Detroit: Gale, 1995. *Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood". New Dictionary of National Biography. Ed. Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. *Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood’s Modernist Experiments in Psychical Detection". Formal Investigations: Aesthetic Style in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Detective Fiction. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press, 2007. pp. 29–51. *Johnson, George M. "The Other Side of Edwardian Fiction: Two Forgotten Fantasy Novels of 1911". Wormwood: Literature of the fantastic, supernatural and decadent. UK, No. 16 (Spring 2011) 3–15. * * Thacker, Eugene.
How Algernon Blackwood Turned Nature Into Sublime Horror
. LitHub. (March 8, 2021). *

External links

* * *
Fantastic Fiction Algernon Blackwood pageSpitzer Interview: Adapting The WillowsCollection of Blackwood StoriesAlgernon Blackwood Quotes
* *
Play ''Starlight Express'' at Great War Theatre
{{DEFAULTSORT:Blackwood, Algernon Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 1869 births 1951 deaths English horror writers Ghost story writers English memoirists English short story writers People from Shooter's Hill People from Crayford People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Deaths from cerebral thrombosis 20th-century English novelists Weird fiction writers 20th-century British short story writers