() (1176 – 1227) was the

Ayyubid The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin ...

emir of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. The son of Sultan

al-Adil I Al-Adil I ( ar, العادل, in full al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub, ar, الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب,‎ "Ahmed, son of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Bakr, the Just ...

and nephew of

Saladin Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadi () ( – 4 March 1193), commonly known by the epithet Saladin,, ; ku, سه‌لاحه‌دین, ; was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from an ethnic Kurdish family, he was the first of both Egypt an ...

, founder of the dynasty, al-Mu'azzam was installed by his father as governor of Damascus in 1198 or 1200. After his father's death in 1218, al-Mu'azzam ruled the Ayyubid lands in Syria in his own name, down to his own death in 1227. He was succeeded by his son,

an-Nasir Dawud An-Nasir Dawud (1206–1261) was a Kurdish ruler, briefly (1227–1229) Ayyubid sultan of Damascus and later (1229–1248) Emir of Kerak. An-Nasir Dawud was the son of Al-Mu'azzam, the Ayyubid Sultan of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. On his fath ...

. He was respected as a man of letters, and was interested in grammar and jurisprudence. By 1204, Jerusalem was his primary residence.

Legacy

He ordered and contributed to the construction and restoration of many buildings inside the (the Noble Sanctuary), Jerusalem: * Extending the terrace () of the

Dome of the Rock The Dome of the Rock ( ar, قبة الصخرة, Qubbat aṣ-Ṣakhra) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, a site also known to Muslims as the ''al-Haram al-Sharif'' or the Al-Aqsa Compound. Its initial ...

by 18 meters westward. * Two water-distribution structures: as a donor, not as a patron (one who ordered them built): ** 1210 or 1211: the Cistern of al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā, a water tank. ** 1216 or 1217: the Shaʿlān Sebil, a

sebil A sebil or sabil ( ar, سبيل, sabīl ; Turkish: ''sebil'') is a small kiosk in the Islamic architectural tradition where water is freely dispensed to members of the public by an attendant behind a grilled window. The term is sometimes also ...

(fountain). * 1217 or 1218: restoring the arched

portico A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cul ...

al-Aqsa Mosque Al-Aqsa Mosque (, ), also known as Jami' Al-Aqsa () or as the Qibli Mosque ( ar, المصلى القبلي, translit=al-Muṣallā al-Qiblī, label=none), and also is a congregational mosque located in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is situate ...

's façade, adding a

pendentive In architecture, a pendentive is a constructional device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or of an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. The pendentives, which are triangular segments of a sphere, taper to point ...

dome over the main entrance. * The Market of Knowledge (): a

Hanbalite The Hanbali school ( ar, ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْحَنۢبَلِي, al-maḏhab al-ḥanbalī) is one of the four major traditional Sunni schools (''madhahib'') of Islamic jurisprudence. It is named after the Arab scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d ...

prayer place in the southeast corner of the compound; demolished in the 19th century. * 1213-14: ten cross-vaulted bays on piers in the central section of the compound's north portico (of the compound's northern wall). * 1211-12: renovating the southeastern colonnade. * New door leaves for the

Superintendant's Gate The Inspector's Gate (or the Council Gate, ) is one of the gates of the al-Aqsa Compound (). It is the second-northernmost gates in the compound's west wall, after the Bani Ghanim Gate. It is north of the Iron Gate. Names It has two curren ...

and Remission Gate. He founded these madrasas: * 1207: an-Naḥawiyya Madrasa (Grammarians' Madrasa), which is on the extended terrace he made. * 1209–1218: al-Muʿaẓẓamīya Madrasa (al-Hanafiyya Madrasa), Jerusalem: specialized in

Hanafi The Hanafi school ( ar, حَنَفِية, translit=Ḥanafiyah; also called Hanafite in English), Hanafism, or the Hanafi fiqh, is the oldest and one of the four traditional major Sunni schools ( maddhab) of Islamic Law (Fiqh). It is named a ...

jurisprudence (now al-Mujāhidīn Mosque). * 1214: an-Nāṣiriyya (an-Nāṣriyya): on top of the

Golden Gate The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by t ...

; named after his uncle, Saladin (). It no longer exists. * al-Muʿaẓẓamīya Madrasa,

aṣ-Ṣāliḥiyyah, Damascus Al-Salihiyah ( ar, الصَّالِحِيَّة, aṣ-Ṣāliḥiyya) is a municipality and neighborhood of Damascus, Syria. It lies to the northwest of the old walled city of Damascus and about southeast of the Citadel, at the foot of Mount Qas ...

: also his family mausoleum. Furthermore, he modified the walls of Jerusalem and Damascus: * 1202, 1203, 1212 and 1213-14: repairing Jerusalem's walls' fortifications. * 1219: dismantling Jerusalem's walls to preemptively reduce Jerusalem's military strength in case of it falling into the hands of the Crusaders. * 1226: rebuilding Damascus's city wall, likely also refortifying it with a tower at the southeastern corner.

References

1176 births 1227 deaths 13th-century Kurdish people 13th-century Ayyubid rulers Hanafis Maturidis Ayyubid emirs of Damascus Muslims of the Fifth Crusade Syrian Sunni Muslims Year of birth unknown {{Islam-bio-stub