Action of 1 November 1944

The action of 1 November 1944, also known as the Ambush off Pag Island, was a naval engagement in the Kvarner Gulf of the Adriatic Sea, between the islands of Pag and Lussino (present-day Lošinj) on 1 November 1944. It was fought between a British Royal Navy destroyer flotilla and a ''Kriegsmarine'' force of two corvettes and a destroyer. The German flotilla was deployed to escort a convoy retreating from Šibenik to Fiume (present-day Rijeka). The British managed to destroy all three German ships in return for no loss.

The action caused the death of more than 200 German crewmen. The attacking force rescued 90, and an additional 20 sailors were rescued two days later by German vessels sent to search for survivors. The convoy of 19 landing craft, which was expected to be escorted by the three vessels sunk by the Royal Navy, was not intercepted and it reached its destination by 2 November.

Background

After the Italian capitulation of 8 September 1943, following the Allied invasion of Italy, the Yugoslav Partisans captured most of the eastern Adriatic coast in the region of Dalmatia. The Germans however rushed to occupy these areas particularly the northern Adriatic ports of Trieste, Fiume (present-day Rijeka) and Pula and established the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (german: Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland – OZAK), with its headquarters in Trieste on 10 September. Since an Allied landing in the area was anticipated, OZAK also hosted a substantial German military contingent including newly formed German naval units which consisted of many captured Italian warships. As result an engagement with the Royal Navy seemed to be inevitable.

In the second half of 1944 the Royal Navy sent a flotilla into the Adriatic, both to secure the area and to attack German coastal shipping. The coastal shipping became increasingly significant for the German forces deployed in the Independent State of Croatia, and especially Dalmatia—as road and rail routes became unsafe for use because of activity of the Yugoslav Partisans. To deny that option, the Royal Navy initiated Operation Exterminate, primarily aimed at destruction of German corvettes. On 26 October, the Yugoslav Partisans informed Lieutenant Commander Morgan Morgan-Giles, commander of the coastal forces in the north Adriatic, that there were two German destroyers in a cove on the south coast of the Rab Island.

Prelude

The German withdrawal from the Dalmatian cities of Zadar and Šibenik to Fiume, codenamed Operation Viking (''Operation Wikinger'') involved transporting troops and materiel on board two ship convoys, protected by the ''Kriegsmarine''. The withdrawal was a consequence of imminent capture of Zadar and Šibenik by Yugoslav Partisans. The ''Wikinger II'' convoy set sail from Šibenik at 17:00 on 1 November. The convoy consisted of Marinefährprahm landing craft ''MFP 522'', ''MFP 554'', ''MFP 484'' and ''MFP 354'', representing group "A" of the convoy, and 13 Combat engineer Landing Craft (''Pionier-Landungsboot'') and two large ''Sturmboot'' assault landing craft, arranged into the group "B".

In the first part of the route, the convoy was protected by the 2nd Group of the 3rd E-boat Flotilla, before the escort duty was turned over to the 2nd Escort Flotilla (''Geleitflottille'') based in Fiume. The 3rd E-boat Flotilla originally consisted of ''S 154'', ''S 156'' and ''S 158'' E-boats, but during the 25 October Royal Air Force attack on Šibenik, de Havilland Mosquitos sunk ''S 158'' and damaged ''S 156'', leaving only one operational E-boat for the convoy duty. At the time, the only operational vessels of the 2nd Escort Flotilla were ''Torpedoboot Ausland'' destroyer (ex-Italian ''Urakaze''-class destroyer ''Audace''), with a crew of 113, and ''U-Boot Jäger'' corvettes ''UJ 202'' and ''UJ 208'' These were ex-Italian ''Gabbiano''-class corvettes ''Melpómene'' and ''Spingarda'', with crews of about 110 each, and fast minesweeper ''R 187''. The ''TA20'' was commanded by '' Oberleutnant zur See der Reserve'' (Sub-Lieutenant) Heinz Guhrke, the ''UJ 202'' by ''Oberleutnant zur See der Reserve'' Heinz Trautwein and ''UJ 208'' by ''Oberleutnant zur See der Reserve'' Klaus Wenke.

The ''TA21'' (ex-Italian destroyer ''Insidioso'') remained in port due to problems with fuel quality. The fuel problems also caused the force to depart the port at different times. The corvettes left at 16:00, ''R 187'' sailed a half an hour later, while the ''TA20'' left port at 19:00, with the flotilla commander '' Korvettenkapitän der Reserve'' (Lieutenant Commander) Friedrich-Wilhelm Thorwest on board.

Action

Acting upon the information provided by the Yugoslav Partisans, the Royal Navy sortied two Type II Hunt-class destroyers, HMS ''Avon Vale'' and HMS ''Wheatland'', from their base at the Ist Island at 17:00 on 1 November. ''Wheatland'' was under command of Lieutenant Hugh Askew Corbett, while ''Avon Vale'' was under Lieutenant Ivan Hall. The destroyers were accompanied by Motor Torpedo Boats ''MTB 295'', ''MTB 287'' and ''MTB 274'', Motor Gun Boats ''MGB 642'', ''MGB 638'' and ''MGB 633'' and Motor Launch ''ML494''. The destroyers were tasked with landing a team of South African coast watchers on the north tip of Rab, the MTBs with patrolling the Kvarner Gulf between Rab and Krk islands, while the rest of the force loitered southwest, near Premuda. Morgan-Giles commanded the force.

The coast watchers landed at 19:50, the same time the MTBs reported sighting of two enemy "destroyers" sailing south—in fact the two corvettes. Using radar, the corvettes detected the destroyers on their port side at 20:15 and ordered general quarters, while ''UJ 202'' fired two star shells. The crew of ''R 187'' saw this as she followed the corvettes from afar. The destroyers engaged the German corvettes at 20:20, at a position due west of Lun on the island of Pag, assigning a corvette each as a target. The first British salvos scored hits on the corvettes, using their guns, from a distance of . ''UJ 202'' was hit directly by several shots, knocking out its gun, a bow-mounted quadruple gun, and a stern-mounted gun. Her bridge and radio room were also hit. She continued to return fire while attempting to sail to Rab. ''UJ 208'' was also quickly hit, and its and bow-mounted guns were knocked out of action. Her crew managed to put out fire on her stern, but another blaze amidships blocked all communications between the forward and aft sections of the vessel. By 20:30, she rolled to the port and began sinking. ''UJ 202'' sank at 21:00.

The Royal Navy force took only ten minutes to disable the corvettes. They then began to pull survivors out of the sea, but the rescue was suspended at about 22:30, when the ''TA20'' was picked up by radar and fired upon. The first salvo hit her bridge killing all officers, and knocking out her fire-control system. She sank close to Pag Island. Neither ''TA20'', nor the corvettes managed to radio news of the attack.

''R 187'' had maintained radio silence and sailed east to evade detection. It linked up with the convoy sailing from Šibenik at approximately 23:45, and proceeded to escort it north. The combat engineer landing craft reached Kraljevica, except for two which made port in Senj due to poor weather conditions. The rest of the convoy reached Fiume on 2 November. The Royal Navy destroyers sailed back to Ist with empty magazines.

Aftermath

As weather conditions worsened, Royal Navy destroyers were only able to rescue 90 survivors from the three German ships. Before the rescue operation was suspended to engage ''TA20'', ''Wheatland'' pulled out of the sea three officers and 68 seamen—most of them crew of ''UJ 202''. The ''Kriegsmarine'' sortied ''TA40'' and ''TA45'' corvettes as well as ''S 33'' and ''S 154'' E-boats to look for survivors, finding seventeen ''TA20'' crew members on the islet of Trstenik on 3 November. The group included seven wounded, tended by a local lighthouse crew. Besides them, the ships rescued one ''UJ 202'' and three ''UJ 208'' crew members from the sea. The deteriorating weather also prevented retrieval of the coast watchers for four days. More than two hundred Germans perished in this action, including the flotilla commander and all three ship commanding officers.

Corbett was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and Hall the Distinguished Service Cross for their "bravery, resolution and skill" in the battle. All four ''Kriegsmarine'' commanders involved in the action were posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and Thorwest was promoted to the rank of ''Fregattenkapitän'' (Commander).

Yugoslav Partisans captured Šibenik and Zadar by 3 November 1944, but the war in the Adriatic continued until April 1945. Allied destroyers never engaged large ''Kriegsmarine'' vessels in the Adriatic after November 1944. Dwindling German naval assets in the area resulted in limited action, while the last recorded loss was ''TA45'' torpedoed by Royal Navy MTBs in April. Only four ''Kriegsmarine'' ships survived to be captured or scuttled when German forces in Italy surrendered at the end of April to advancing forces of the British 8th Army.

The shipwreck of ''TA20'' was found by Italian wreck divers in 1999: she lies on a part of sea floor near a commercial trawling zone, and is regularly obscured by large quantities of silt. The two corvettes were located in 2000. Since divers who found them could not identify them as ''UJ 202'' or ''UJ 208'' specifically, they became known as the "northern" and the "southern" corvette. The northern corvette rests on her keel, with her bow pointing to Rab and her stern partially destroyed, either from hostile fire or secondary explosions from her own depth charges. The divers' description of the wreck indicates that she is ''UJ 202''. The southern corvette lies on her starboard side covered in silt. Several depth charges are still found on her stern in Gatteschi-type racks indicating that the southern corvette is the wreck of ''UJ 208''. The three shipwrecks are a part of "the Ghost Fleet of Pag" ( hr, Sablasna paška flota) together with the wrecks of HMS ''Aldenham'', and Austro-Hungarian steamships SS ''Albanien'' and SS ''Euterpe''.

Footnotes

References

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External links

Global Underwater Explorers
– Report and photographs of a dive to ''UJ 202'' wreck

{{DEFAULTSORT:Action of 1944 11 01
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Naval battles of World War II involving Germany
History of the Adriatic Sea
Conflicts in 1944
1944 in Croatia
Allied naval victories in the battle of the Mediterranean
November 1944 events
Germany–United Kingdom military relations