The 60th (2/2nd London) Division was an

infantry Infantry is a military specialization which engages in ground combat on foot. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry & mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and marine i ...

division Division or divider may refer to: Mathematics *Division (mathematics), the inverse of multiplication *Division algorithm, a method for computing the result of mathematical division Military *Division (military), a formation typically consisting ...

of the

British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...

raised during the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. It was the second line-formation of the

47th (1/2nd London) Division The 47th (1/2nd London) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, raised in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. Formation The Territorial Force (TF) was formed on 1 April 1908 following the enactment of the Territorial and Res ...

, and was the second of two such

Territorial Force The Territorial Force was a part-time volunteer component of the British Army, created in 1908 to augment British land forces without resorting to conscription. The new organisation consolidated the 19th-century Volunteer Force and yeomanry i ...

divisions formed from the surplus of London recruits in 1914. The divisional insignia was a

bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyly, monophyletic lineage within the ...

Role

At first the division, headquartered at

Sutton Veny Sutton Veny is a village and civil parish in the Wylye valley, to the southeast of the town of Warminster in Wiltshire, England; the village is about from Warminster town centre. 'Sutton' means 'south farmstead' in relation to Norton Bavant, on ...

, Wiltshire, merely supplied the first-line Territorial divisions with drafts to replace losses through casualties. In late 1915 the division began to be equipped for field operations although it was not sent to France until July 1916, after 88 trains had conveyed the men to Southampton from camps around Warminster, Heytesbury, and Codford stations. Its engagements included the

Third Battle of Gaza The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the B ...

, the

Battle of Beersheba (1917) The Battle of Beersheba ( tr, Birüssebi Muharebesi, ger, Schlacht von Birüssebi)The several battles fought for the Gaza to Beersheba line between 31 October and 7 November were all assigned the title Third Battle of Gaza, although they took ...

, the

Battle of Jerusalem (1917) The Battle of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's "Jerusalem Operations" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to ...

, the

Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt (1918) The Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt, officially known by the British as the Second action of Es Salt Battles Nomenclature Committee 1922 p. 33 and by others as the Second Battle of the Jordan,Erickson 2001 p. 195 was fought ...

, the

Battle of Megiddo (1918) The Battle of Megiddo ( tr, ), also known in Turkish as the ("Rout of Nablus") or the ("Breakthrough at Nablus"), was fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, on the Plain of Sharon, in front of Tulkarm, Tabsor and Arara in the Judean Hill ...

, the

Battle of Sharon (1918) The Battle of Sharon fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, began the set piece Battle of Megiddo half a day before the Battle of Nablus, in which large formations engaged and responded to movements by the opposition, according to pre-existi ...

, and the

Battle of Nahr el Faliq The Battle of Tulkarm took place on 19 September 1918, beginning of the Battle of Sharon, which along with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September in the last months of the Sinai and Pale ...

.Becke, pp. 25–32. As a "lesser" division it was sent to the minor fronts of

Salonika Thessaloniki (; el, Θεσσαλονίκη, , also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece, with over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of ...

and finally

Palestine __NOTOC__ Palestine may refer to: * State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia * Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia * Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East ...

. In mid-1918, most of its British battalions were replaced with Indian battalions and sent to the Western Front, the division effectively becoming a

British Indian Army The British Indian Army, commonly referred to as the Indian Army, was the main military of the British Raj before its dissolution in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of the British Indian Empire, including the princely states, which co ...

division.

Order of Battle

The division had the following composition: ; 179th (2/4th London) Brigade * 2/13th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment * 2/14th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment – ''left 30 May 1918'' * 2/15th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment – ''left 30 May 1918'' * 2/16th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment – ''left 30 May 1918'' * 2nd Battalion,

19th Punjabis The 19th Punjabis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1857, as the 7th Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 19th Punjabis in 1903 and became 1st Battalion 14th Punjab Regiment i.e. 1/14 Punjab Regi ...

– ''joined 23 June 1918'' * 2nd Battalion, 127th Baluchis – ''joined 26 June 1918'' * 3rd Battalion, 151st Punjabi Rifles – ''joined 4 June 1918'' * 179th Brigade Machine Gun Company – ''joined 29 June 1916; to No 60 MG Battalion 14–27 April 1918'' * 179th Brigade Trench Mortar Battery – ''joined 4 July 1916'' * Small Arms Ammunition Section – ''attached from Divisional Ammunition Column while in Macedonia'' Ottoman surrender of Jerusalem restored

;

180th (2/5th London) Brigade The 180th (2/5th London) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was assigned to the 60th (2/2nd London) Division and served in the Middle East. Formation All battalions of the London Regiment as follows: *2/17t ...

* 2/17th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment – ''left 27 May 1918'' * 2/18th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment – ''disbanded 4–7 July 1918'' * 2/19th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment * 2/20th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment – ''left 27 May 1918'' * 2nd Battalion,

Guides Infantry The Guides Infantry, or 2nd Battalion (Guides) The Frontier Force Regiment, is an infantry battalion of the Pakistan Army. It was raised in 1846 as part of the famous Corps of Guides. Historical Overview The Corps of Guides was raised at P ...

– ''joined 13 July 1918'' * 2nd Battalion,

30th Punjabis The 30th Punjabis were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1857, as the 22nd Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 30th Punjabis in 1903 and became 1st Battalion 16th Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, ...

– ''joined 1 August 1918'' * 1st Battalion,

50th Kumaon Rifles The Kumaon Regiment is one of the oldest infantry regiments of the Indian Army. The regiment traces its origins to the 18th century and has fought in every major campaign of the British Indian Army and the Indian Army, including the two world war ...

– ''joined 23 July 1918'' * 180th Brigade Machine Gun Company – ''joined 29 June 1916; to No 60 MG Battalion 14–27 April 1918'' * 180th Brigade Trench Mortar Battery – ''joined 4 July 1916'' * Small Arms Ammunition Section – ''attached from Divisional Ammunition Column while in Macedonia'' ;

181st (2/6th London) Brigade The 181st (2/6th London) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was assigned to the 60th (2/2nd London) Division and served in the Middle East. Formation All battalions of the London Regiment as follows: *2/21s ...

* 2/21st (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment – ''disbanded 3 June 1918'' * 2/22nd (County of London) Battalion (The Queen's) * 2/23rd (County of London) Battalion – ''left 26 May 1918'' * 2/24th (County of London) Battalion (The Queen's) – ''left 26 May 1918'' * 2nd Battalion,

97th Deccan Infantry The 97th Deccan Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origin to 1794, when they were the 3rd Battalion of the Aurangabad Division in the Hyderabad State army. Which took part in the Battle of Seringap ...

– ''joined 28 June 1918'' *

130th Baluchis The 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles) was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army raised in June 1858 as the 1st Belooch Rifles; re-designated as 1st Regiment Jacob's Rifles in September. Ahmad, Lt Col RN. (2017). ''History ...

– ''joined 26 June 1918'' * 2nd Battalion, 152nd Punjabis – ''joined 30 June 1918'' * 181st Brigade Machine Gun Company – ''joined 29 June 1916; to No 60 MG Battalion 14–27 April 1918'' * 181st Brigade Trench Mortar Battery – ''joined 4 July 1916'' * Small Arms Ammunition Section – ''attached from Divisional Ammunition Column while in Macedonia'' ;Divisional Mounted Troops * 2/2nd County of London Yeomanry – ''joined 24 June 1915; transferred to

61st (2nd South Midland) Division The 61st (2nd South Midland) Division was an infantry division of the British Army raised in 1915 during the Great War as a second-line reserve for the first-line battalions of the 48th (South Midland) Division. The division was sent to the W ...

21 January 1916'' * 60th (2/2nd London) Cyclist Company – ''formed May 1915; transferred to Cavalry Corps 5 September 1916'' * B Squadron, 1/1st Hampshire Carabiniers – ''joined 26 April 1916; to 1/1st Yorkshire Hussars 8 July 1916'' * B Squadron, 1/1st Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry – ''attached during August 1917'' ;Divisional Artillery ''In Britain and France'' * 2/V London Brigade,

Royal Field Artillery The Royal Field Artillery (RFA) of the British Army provided close artillery support for the infantry. It came into being when created as a distinct arm of the Royal Regiment of Artillery on 1 July 1899, serving alongside the other two arms of t ...

– ''joined 9 June 1915; renamed CCC (300) Bde and original batteries became A, B & C 17–18 May 1916; broken up 30–31 August 1916'' ** 2/12th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounder guns – ''A Bty; joined CCCII Bde 30–31 August 1916'' ** 2/13th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''B Bty; joined CCCII and CCCIII Bdes 30–31 August 1916'' ** 2/14th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''C Bty; broken up between A and C Btys 30–31 August 1916'' ** 1/3rd Wessex Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''joined 28 April 1916; became A/CCCIII Bty May 1916'' ** 2/21st London (H) Battery – 4.5-inch howitzer – ''joined from CCCIII Bde and became D (H) Bty May 1916; became D (H)/CCCI Bty 30–31 August 1916'' ** 2/V London Brigade Ammunition Column – ''absorbed by Divisional Ammunition Column before embarkation for France'' * 2/VI London Brigade, RFA – ''joined 15 June 1915; renamed CCCI (301) Bde and original batteries became A, B & C 17–18 May 1916'' ** 2/15th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''A Bty; broken up between B and C Btys 30–31 August 1916; reformed in Macedonia'' ** 2/16th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''B Bty'' ** 2/17th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''C Bty'' ** 3/2nd Wessex Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''joined 28 April 1916; became B/CCCIII Bty May 1916'' ** D (H) Battery – 4 x 4.5-inch – ''joined from CCC Bde 30–31 August 1916'' ** 519 (H) Battery – 4 x 4.5-inch – ''joined from England 20 October 1916 and became A (H) Bty; became D (H)/CCC Bty, then joined

3rd (Lahore) Division The 3rd (Lahore) Division was an infantry division of the British Indian Army, first organised in 1852. It saw service during World War I as part of the Indian Corps in France before being moved to the Middle East where it fought against troops ...

. ** 2/VI London Brigade Ammunition Column – ''absorbed by Divisional Ammunition Column before embarkation for France'' * 2/VII London Brigade, RFA – ''joined 9 April 1915; renamed CCCII (302) Bde and original batteries became A, B & C 17–18 May 1916'' ** 2/18th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''A Bty; made up to six guns by R Section A/CCC Bty August 1916'' ** 2/19th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''B Bty; made up to six guns by L Section A/CCC Bty August 1916'' ** 2/20th London Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''C Bty; made up to six guns by a Section of B/CCC Bty August 1916'' ** 3/3rd Wessex Battery – 4 x 18-pounders – ''joined 28 April 1916; became C/CCCIII Bty May 1916'' ** 2/22nd London (H) Battery – ''joined from CCCIII Bde and became D (H) Bty May 1916'' ** 2/VII London Brigade Ammunition Column – ''absorbed by Divisional Ammunition Column before embarkation for France'' * 2/VIII London Howitzer Brigade, RFA – ''joined 9 April 1915; renamed CCCIII (303) Bde and reorganised 17–18 May 1916'' ** 2/21st London (H) Battery – 4 x 4.5-inch – ''became D (H)/CCC Bty 17–18 May 1916'' ** 2/22nd London (H) Battery – 4 x 4.5-inch – ''became D (H)/CCCII Bty 17–18 May 1916'' ** 4/LX (H) Bty – ''joined 28 April 1916; became D (H)/CCCIII Bty 17–18 May 1916'' ** 1/3rd Wessex Battery – ''joined and became A/CCCIII Bty May 1916; made up to six guns by a Section of B/CCC Bty August 1916'' ** 3/2nd Wessex Battery – ''joined and became B/CCCIII Bty May 1916; made up to six guns by L Section C/CCC Bty August 1916'' ** 3/3rd Wessex Battery – ''joined and became C/CCCIII Bty May 1916; made up to six guns by R Section C/CCC Bty August 1916'' ** 2/VIII London (H) Brigade Ammunition Column – ''absorbed by Divisional Ammunition Column before embarkation for France'' * 2/2nd London Heavy Battery,

Royal Garrison Artillery The Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) was formed in 1899 as a distinct arm of the British Army's Royal Regiment of Artillery serving alongside the other two arms of the Regiment, the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) and the Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) ...

– ''joined 9 April 1915; to

24 January 1916'' * 1/1st Wessex (Hampshire) Heavy Battery, RGA – ''attached (without guns) 7 April 1915; to 61st (2nd South Midland) Division 24 January 1916'' * 2/1st Wessex (Hampshire) Heavy Battery, RGA – ''joined April 1915; to 61st (2nd South Midland) Division 24 January 1916'' * Trench Mortar Brigade ** X.60, Y.60, Z.60 Medium Trench Mortar Batteries – ''joined 6 July 1916'' ** W.60 Heavy Trench Mortar Battery – ''formed in France 28 July 1916; remained in France when division left for Macedonia'' * 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional Ammunition Column Before leaving for Macedonia the 18-pounder batteries reverted to four-gun establishment: A/CCC Bty was reformed from its original two sections and one from B/CCC; B/CCC Bty was reformed from the other section and those of C/CCC. A/CCC Battery then joined 5th Division and B/CCC Bty became an instructional battery at First Army School. ''In Macedonia, Egypt and Palestine'' * CCCI Brigade, RFA ** A Bty – 6 x 18-pdr – ''from B Bty + half A Bty, 20 December 1916'' ** B Bty – 6 x 18-pdr – ''from C Bty + half A Bty, 20 December 1916; to 74th (Yeomanry) Division 17 June 1917; rejoined 25 March 1918'' ** D (H) Bty – 4 x 4.5-inch – ''C (H) Bty from 20 June 1917'' ** CCCI Brigade Ammunition Column – ''reformed in Macedonia; disbanded on arrival in Egypt'' * CCCII Brigade, RFA ** A Bty – 6 x 18-pdr – ''from A Bty + half C Bty, 22 December 1916'' ** B Bty – 6 x 18-pdr – ''from B Bty + half C Bty, 22 December 1916'' ** D (H) Bty – 4 x 4.5-inch – ''to 74th (Yeomanry) Division 17 June 1917'' ** 413 (H) Bty – 4 x 4.5-inch – ''joined and became C (H) Bty 10 October 1917'' ** CCCII Brigade Ammunition Column – ''reformed in Macedonia; disbanded on arrival in Egypt'' * CCCIII Brigade, RFA ** A Bty – 6 x 18-pdr – ''from A Bty + R Section C Bty, 10 January 1917'' ** B Bty – 6 x 18-pdr – ''from B Bty + L Section C Bty, 10 January 1917'' ** D (H) Bty – 4 x 4.5-inch – ''C (H) Bty from 20 June 1917'' ** CCCIII Brigade Ammunition Column – ''reformed in Macedonia; disbanded on arrival in Egypt'' * Trench Mortar Brigade ** X.60, Y.60, Z.60 Medium Trench Mortar Batteries – ''disbanded on arrival in Egypt'' * 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional Ammunition Column ; 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional Engineers * 2/3rd London Field Company, Royal Engineers – ''to 47th (1/2nd London) Division 23 June 1915'' * 3/3rd London Field Company, Royal Engineers – ''became 519th (3/3rd London) Field Company, Royal Engineers on 5 February 1917'' * 2/4th London Field Company, RE – ''became 521st (2/4th London) Field Company, Royal Engineers on 7 February 1917'' * 1/6th London Field Company, RE – ''became 522nd (1/6th London) Field Company, Royal Engineers on 1 February 1917; to

7th (Meerut) Division The 7th (Meerut) Division was an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service during World War I. Pre-1857 The Meerut Division first appeared in the Indian Army List in 1829, under the command of Sir Jasper Nicolls, ...

18 July 1918'' * No 1 Company,

King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners The Bengal Engineer Group (BEG) (informally the Bengal Sappers or Bengal Engineers) is a military engineering regiment in the Corps of Engineers of the Indian Army. The unit was originally part of the Bengal Army of the East India Company's B ...

, ''joined 18 July 1918'' * 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional Signal Company, Royal Engineers ;Divisional Pioneers * 1/12th Battalion,

Loyal North Lancashire Regiment The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) (until 1921 known as the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that was in existence from 1881 to 1970. In 1970, the regiment was amalgamated with the Lancashire Reg ...

– ''joined 1 June 1916; to 32nd Division16 November 1916; rejoined in Macedonia 13 February 1917; to

74th (Yeomanry) Division The 74th (Yeomanry) Division was a Territorial Force infantry division formed in Palestine in early 1917 from three dismounted yeomanry brigades. It served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War, mostly as part of XX Corps. ...

10 April 1918'' * 2nd Battalion,

155th Pioneers The 155th Pioneers was a pioneer regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in Mesopotamia and Palestine in May and June 1918, saw service in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War, and was disbanded in 1920. Backgro ...

– ''joined 28 June 1918; to

10th (Irish) Division The 10th (Irish) Division, was one of the first of Kitchener's New Army K1 Army Group divisions (formed from Kitchener's 'first hundred thousand' new volunteers), authorized on 21 August 1914, after the outbreak of the Great War. It included b ...

19 July 1918'' * 2nd Battalion,

107th Pioneers The 107th Pioneers were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. Their origin can be traced back to 1788, when they were raised as the 4th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys. The regiments first action was in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. They also ...

– ''joined 16/17 September 1918'' ;Divisional Machine Guns * No 60 Battalion,

Machine Gun Corps The Machine Gun Corps (MGC) was a corps of the British Army, formed in October 1915 in response to the need for more effective use of machine guns on the Western Front in the First World War. The Heavy Branch of the MGC was the first to use tank ...

– ''formed 14–27 April 1918'' ** 179th MG Company – ''from 179th Brigade'' ** 180th MG Company – ''from 180th Brigade'' ** 181st MG Company – ''from 181st Brigade'' ;Divisional Medical Services * 2/4th, 2/5th, 2/6th London Field Ambulances,

Royal Army Medical Corps The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace. The RAMC, the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, the Royal Army Dental Corps a ...

– ''broken up between 30 June and 4 July 1918'' * 121st Combined Field Ambulance – ''joined 26 June 1918'' * 160th Combined Field Ambulance – ''joined 30 June 1918'' * 179th Combined Field Ambulance – ''joined 1 July 1918'' * 60th Sanitary Section ;Divisional TransportYoung, Annex Q. * 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional Transport and Supply Column, Army Service Corps ** No 1 (HQ) Company (Horse Transport) – ''became 517 Company, ASC'' ** No 2 Company (Horse Transport) – ''became 518 Company, ASC'' ** No 3 Company (Horse Transport) – ''became 519 Company, ASC'' ** No 4 Company (Horse Transport) – ''became 520 Company, ASC'' On arrival in Macedonia the HT companies became the Wheeled Echelon and a Pack Echelon was formed on 27 October 1916; merged back into the wheeled echelon June 1917 in Egypt): * 861, 862, 863, 864 Companies, ASC

Engagements

General Shea - Commanding the 60th Division, 1918 Art

The division was engaged in the following actions: Macedonian Campaign 1917 * Battle of Doiran Sinai and Palestine Campaign 1917 *

* Battle of Beersheba *

Battle of Jerusalem The Battle of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's "Jerusalem Operations" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to ...

1918 * Attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt * Battle of Megiddo *

Battle of Sharon The Battle of Sharon fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, began the set piece Battle of Megiddo half a day before the Battle of Nablus, in which large formations engaged and responded to movements by the opposition, according to pre-existi ...

General Officer Commanding

The following officers commanded the division: * Colonel E.W.D. Baird (acting) 9–24 October 1914 * Brigadier-General

Thomas Charles Pleydell Calley Major-General Thomas Charles Pleydell Calley (28 January 1856 – 14 February 1932) was a British military officer and Liberal Unionist politician. Military career Calley was the son of Henry Calley, JP, DL, of Burderop Park, Wiltshire, and wa ...

24 October 1914 – 20 December 1915 * Major-General Edward Stanislaus Bulfin 20 December 1915 – 6 August 1917 * Major-General John Stuart Mackenzie Shea 6 August 1917 – 31 May 1919

Notes

References

* Becke, Maj A.F. ''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions,'' London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, . * Dalbiac, Col P.H. (2003) ''History of the 60th Division (2/2nd London Division'', London: George Allen & Unwin, 1927/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, . * Watson Graham E. & Rinaldi, Richard A. (2018) ''The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018'', Tiger Lily Books, . * Young, Lt-Col Michael (2000) ''Army Service Corps 1902–1918'', Barnsley: Leo Cooper, .

External links

The Long, Long Trail
{{DEFAULTSORT:60 Infantry Division Infantry divisions of the British Army in World War I Military units and formations established in 1914 Military units and formations disestablished in 1919 1914 establishments in the United Kingdom Military units and formations in London

Role

Order of Battle

Engagements

General Officer Commanding

See also

Notes

References

External links