2011

File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrates the independence of South Sudan, the world's newest country; the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami devastates Eastern Japan and kills nearly 20,000 people; Minecraft is released and goes on to become the best-selling video game; the 2011 Norway attacks mark the rise of white supremacist terrorism across the west; The U.S. national security team gathered in the White House Situation Room to monitor the progress of Operation Neptune Spear that killed Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden; Anti-government protests called the Arab Spring arose in 2010–2011, and as a result, many governments were overthrown in the Middle East and Northern Africa., 300x300px, thumb
rect 0 0 200 200 Occupy movement
rect 200 0 400 200 Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
rect 400 0 600 200 South Sudan
rect 0 200 300 400 Arab Spring
rect 300 200 600 400 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
rect 0 400 200 600 Operation Neptune Spear
rect 200 400 400 600 2011 Norway attacks
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The most notable event of the year was the Arab Spring that involved the killing of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya as part of a series of protests and government overthrows that swept through the Middle East.

2011 was designated as:
* International Year of Forests
* International Year of Chemistry
*International Year for People of African Descent

In 2011, the nation of Samoa only had 364 days as it moved across the International Date Line skipping December 30, 2011; it is now 24 hours ahead of American Samoa.

Events

January

* January 1
** Estonia officially adopts the Euro currency and becomes the 17th Eurozone country.
** A bomb explodes as Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt leave a new year service, killing 23 people.
** Flight 348 with 134 occupants, operated by Kolavia, catches fire while taxiing out for take-off. Three people are killed and 43 were injured, four critically, from smoke inhalation or burns.
* January 4 – Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi dies after setting himself on fire a month earlier, sparking anti-government protests in Tunisia and later other Arab nations. These protests become known collectively as the Arab Spring.
*January 5 – Internet vigilante group Anonymous launches DoS attacks on Syrian, Tunisian, Bahraini, Egyptian, Libyan, and Jordanian government websites in response to the Arab Spring protests.
* January 9 – Iran Air Flight 277 crashes near Orumiyeh in the northeast of the country, killing 78 people.
* January 14 – The Tunisian government falls after a month of increasingly violent protests; President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia after 23 years in power.
* January 15 – The result of the South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011 is in favour of independence, paving the way for the creation of the new state in July.
* January 24 – 37 people are killed and more than 180 others wounded in a bombing at Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow, Russia.
* January 25 – The 2011 Egyptian revolution begins.
* January 27 – Within Ursa Minor, H1504+65, a white dwarf with the hottest known surface temperature in the universe at 200,000 K, was documented.

February

* February 11 – Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigns after widespread protests calling for his departure, leaving control of Egypt in the hands of the military until a general election can be held.
* February 15 – The First Libyan Civil War starts.
* February 22 – March 14 – Uncertainty over Libyan oil output causes crude oil prices to rise 20% over a two-week period following the Arab Spring, causing the 2011 energy crisis.
* February 22 – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes Christchurch, in what became New Zealand's third-deadliest natural disaster. Over 180 people were killed, many within the CTV Building, including many foreign citizens. Many foreign search and rescue workers responded to the event.

March

* March 6 – Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War is triggered when 15 youths in Daraa are arrested for scrawling graffiti on their school wall denouncing the regime of President Bashar al-Assad.
* March 11 – A 9.1-magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of Japan, killing 15,840 and leaving another 3,926 missing. Tsunami warnings are issued in 50 countries and territories. Emergencies are declared at four nuclear power plants affected by the quake.
* March 15
** Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain, declares a three-month state of emergency as troops from the Gulf Co-operation Council are sent to quell the civil unrest.
** Protests breakout across Syria demanding democratic reforms, resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, and release of those imprisoned for the March 6 Daraa protest. The government responds by killing hundreds of protesters and laying siege to various cities, beginning the Syrian Civil War.
* March 17 – The United Nations Security Council votes 10–0 to create a no-fly zone over Libya in response to allegations of government aggression against civilians.
* March 19 – In light of continuing attacks on Libyan rebels by forces in support of leader Muammar Gaddafi, military intervention authorized under UNSCR 1973 begins as French fighter jets make reconnaissance flights over Libya.

April

* April 2 – India wins the 2011 Cricket World Cup.
* April 7 – The Israel Defense Forces use their Iron Dome missile system to successfully intercept a BM-21 Grad launched from Gaza, marking the first short-range missile intercept ever.
* April 11 – Former Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo by supporters of elected President Alassane Ouattara and civil war.
* April 15 – The Mexican town of Cherán is taken over by vigilantes in response to abuses from the local drug cartel. The new government is strongly focused on crime reduction and preserving the local environment.
* April 24 – The 2011 Guantanamo Bay files leak occurs, WikiLeaks and other organisations publishing 779 classified documents about Guantanamo Bay detainees, and it had been exposed 150 innocent citizens from Afghanistan and Pakistan were held in the camp without trial and detainees being as young as 14 years old.
* April 25– 28 – The 2011 Super Outbreak forms in the Southern, Midwest and Eastern United States with a tornado count of 362; killing 324 and injuring over 2,200.
* April 29 – An estimated two billion people watch the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey in London.

May

* May 1 – U.S. President Barack Obama announces that Osama bin Laden, the founder and leader of the militant group Al-Qaeda, was killed on May 2, 2011 ( PKT, UTC+05) during an American military operation in Pakistan.
* May 5 – Supremo Tribunal Federal approves wedding between people of the same gender in Brazil.
* May 10– 14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 takes place in Düsseldorf, Germany, and is won by Azeri entrants Ell & Nikki with the song " Running Scared".
* May 16 – The European Union agrees to a €78 billion rescue deal for Portugal. The bailout loan will be equally split between the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility, and the International Monetary Fund.
* May 21 – Grímsvötn, Iceland's most active volcano, erupts and causes disruption to air travel in Northwestern Europe.
* May 22 – The 2011 Joplin tornado, an EF5 tornado, strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 and injuring 1,150.
*May 26 – Former Bosnian Serb Army commander Ratko Mladić, wanted for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, is arrested in Serbia.

June

* June 4 – Chile's Puyehue volcano erupts, causing air traffic cancellations across South America, New Zealand and Australia, and forcing over 3,000 people to evacuate.
* June 21 – Game-Art-HQ website is launched.
* June 26 – July 17 – The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup takes place in Germany and is won by Japan.
* June 28 – The Food and Agriculture Organization announces the eradication of the cattle plague rinderpest from the world.

July

* July 6 – The International Olympic Committee awards PyeongChang the right to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.
* July 8 – Barbadian singer Rihanna's concert in Dallas is cut short due to a fire breakout in the American Airlines Center. The singer was performing on her Loud Tour.
* July 9 – South Sudan secedes from Sudan, per the result of the independence referendum held in January.
* July 12 – The planet Neptune completes its first orbit since it was discovered in 1846.
* July 14 – South Sudan joins the United Nations as the 193rd member.
* July 14–23 two frontal systems enter south-central Chile causing great snowfalls that leaves thousand of people isolated.
* July 20
** Goran Hadžić is detained in Serbia, becoming the last of 161 people indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
** The United Nations declares a famine in southern Somalia, the first in over 30 years.
** Mauno Koivisto becomes the oldest living President of Finland in the history of the nation, surpassing Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg.
* July 21 – Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' lands successfully at Kennedy Space Center after completing STS-135, concluding NASA's Space Shuttle program.
* July 22 – In Norway, Anders Behring Breivik kills 8 people in a bomb blast which targeted government buildings in central Oslo, then kills 69 at a massacre at a Workers' Youth League camp on the island of Utøya.
* July 31 – In Thailand over 12.8 million people are affected by severe flooding. The World Bank estimates damages at 1,440 billion baht (US$45 billion). Some areas are still six feet under water, and many factory areas remain closed at the end of the year. 815 people are killed, with 58 of the country's 77 provinces affected.

August

* August – Stock exchanges worldwide suffer heavy losses due to the fears of contagion of the European sovereign debt crisis and the credit rating downgraded as a result of the debt-ceiling crisis of the United States.
* August 5
** NASA announces that its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has captured photographic evidence of possible liquid water on Mars during warm seasons.
** Juno, the first solar-powered spacecraft on a mission to Jupiter, is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
* August 20– 28 – Libyan rebels take control of the capital Tripoli, effectively overthrowing the government of Muammar Gaddafi.

September

* September – TranSAFE-Alp, a transnational European project is launched.
* September 5 – India and Bangladesh sign a pact to end their 40-year border demarcation dispute.
* September 9 – October 23 – The 2011 Rugby World Cup is won by New Zealand
* September 10 – The ''MV Spice Islander I'', carrying at least 800 people, sinks off the coast of Zanzibar, killing 240 people.197 bodies retrieved in Tanzania ferry accident: Minister
Xinhua September 11, 2011
* September 12 – Approximately 100 people die after a petrol pipeline explodes in Nairobi.
* September 17 – Occupy Wall Street protests begin in the United States. This develops into the Occupy movement which spreads to 82 countries by October.
* September 19 – With 436 dead, the United Nations launches a $357 million appeal for victims of the 2011 Sindh floods in Pakistan.

October

* October 4 – The death toll from the flooding of Cambodia's Mekong river and attendant flash floods reaches 207.
* October 18
** Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange: Israel and the Palestinian militant organization Hamas begin a major prisoner exchange, in which the captured Israeli Army soldier Gilad Shalit is released by Hamas in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli-Arab prisoners held in Israel, including 280 prisoners serving life sentences for planning and perpetrating terror attacks.
** Dozens of exotic animals were released from their enclosures at the Muskingum County Animal Farm in Zanesville, Ohio resulting in the need of local law enforcement to hunt and kill 48 animals including 18 tigers, 6 black bears, 2 grizzly bears, 2 wolves, 1 macaque monkey, 1 baboon, 3 mountain lions and 17 African lions
* October 20
** Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi is killed in Sirte, with National Transitional Council forces taking control of the city and ending the war.
** Basque separatist militant organisation ETA declares an end to its 43-year campaign of political violence, which has killed over 800 people since 1968.
* October 23 – A magnitude 7.2 M_w earthquake jolts eastern Turkey near the city of Van, killing over 600 people and damaging about 2,200 buildings.
* October 27 – After an emergency meeting in Brussels, the European Union announces an agreement to tackle the European sovereign debt crisis which includes a writedown of 50% of Greek bonds, a recapitalisation of European banks and an increase of the bailout fund of the European Financial Stability Facility totaling to €1 trillion.
* October 29 – A large snowstorm produced unusual amounts of early snowfall across the northeastern United States and the Canadian Maritimes, leaving 1.7 million people without power and disrupting travel.
* October 31
** Date selected by the UN as the symbolic date when global population reaches seven billion.
** UNESCO admits Palestine as a member, following a vote which 107 member states support and 14 oppose.

November

* November 18 – Mojang Studios releases the blockbuster video game Minecraft.
* November 26 –The Mars Science Laboratory rover ''Curiosity'', is launched from the Kennedy Space Center. It lands on Mars on August 6, 2012.
* November 30 – The United Kingdom severs diplomatic relations with Iran and expels diplomats, less than 24 hours after protesters attacked the British embassy in Tehran.

December

* December 15 – The United States formally declares an end to the Iraq War. While this ends the insurgency, it begins another.
* December 16 – Tropical Storm Washi causes 1,268 flash flood fatalities in the Philippines, with 85 people officially listed as missing.
* December 17 – North Korean leader Kim Jong-il dies of either a heart attack or stroke on his way to a field guidance.
* December 29 – Samoa and Tokelau move from east to west of the International Date Line, thereby skipping December 30, in order to align their time zones better with their main trading partners.

Births

* January 8 – Prince Vincent and Princess Josephine of Denmark

Deaths

January

* January 2
** Anne Francis, American actress (b. 1930)
** Hans Kalt, Swiss rower (b. 1924)
** Pete Postlethwaite, English actor (b. 1946)
** Richard Winters, American paratrooper (b. 1918)
* January 4
** Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi of Iran (b. 1966)
** Gerry Rafferty, Scottish musician (b. 1947)
* January 5 – Assar Rönnlund, Swedish cross-country skier (b. 1935)
* January 10
** John Dye, American actor (b. 1963)
** Margaret Whiting, American country and pop musician (b. 1924)
* January 11 – David Nelson, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1936)
* January 15
** Nat Lofthouse, English footballer (b. 1925)
** Susannah York, English actress (b. 1939)
* January 18 – Sargent Shriver, American diplomat, politician, and activist (b. 1915)
* January 21 – Dennis Oppenheim, American artist (b. 1938)
* January 24 – Bernd Eichinger, German film producer, director and screenwriter (b. 1949)
* January 26 – Gladys Horton, American singer, lead singer and founder of The Marvelettes (b. 1945)
* January 27 – Charlie Callas, American comedian and actor (b. 1924)
* January 29 – Milton Babbitt, American composer (b. 1916)
* January 30 – John Barry, English composer (b. 1933)

February

* February 3 – Maria Schneider, French actress (b. 1952)
* February 4 – Martial Célestin, 1st Prime Minister of Haiti (b. 1913)
* February 5 – Brian Jacques, British author (b. 1939)
* February 6
** Josefa Iloilo, 2-Time President of Fiji (b. 1920)
** Gary Moore, British musician (b. 1952)
* February 8 – Cesare Rubini, Italian basketball player and coach (b. 1923)
* February 12
** Peter Alexander, Austrian actor and singer (b. 1926)
** Betty Garrett, American actress and dancer (b. 1919)
** Kenneth Mars, American actor (b. 1935)
* February 13 - Larry Holden, American actor (b. 1961)
*February 14 – George Shearing, British-American jazz pianist (b. 1919)
* February 16 – Len Lesser, American actor (b. 1922)
*February 23 – Shri Mataji Nirmala Srivastava, Indian founder of Sahaja Yoga (b. 1923)
* February 27
** Gary Winick, American filmmaker (b. 1961)
** Necmettin Erbakan, 25th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1926)
* February 28
** Annie Girardot, French actress (b. 1931)
** Jane Russell, American actress (b. 1921)

March

* March 2 – Allan Louisy, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (b. 1916)
* March 4
** Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, 30th Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1924)
** Simon van der Meer, Dutch Nobel physicist (b. 1925)
* March 5 – Alberto Granado, Cuban writer and scientist (b. 1922)
* March 6 – Ján Popluhár, Slovak footballer (b. 1935)
* March 8 – Mike Starr, American musician (b. 1966)
*March 15 – Nate Dogg, American rapper (b. 1969)
* March 17 – Michael Gough, British actor (b. 1916)
* March 18 – Warren Christopher, American diplomat (b. 1925)
* March 21
** Nikolai Andrianov, Soviet-Russian gymnast (b. 1952)
** Pinetop Perkins, American singer and pianist (b. 1913)
* March 23 – Dame Elizabeth Taylor, British-American actress (b. 1932)
* March 26
** Paul Baran, Polish-American computer engineer (b. 1926)
** Geraldine Ferraro, American politician (b. 1935)
** Diana Wynne Jones, British writer (b. 1934)
* March 27 – Farley Granger, American actor (b. 1925)
* March 29 – José Alencar, Brazilian politician, 23rd Vice President of Brazil (b. 1931)

April

* April 4
** Juliano Mer-Khamis, Israeli actor, director, filmmaker, and political activist (b. 1958)
** Scott Columbus, American drummer (b. 1956)
* April 5
** Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician (b. 1925)
** Ange-Félix Patassé, 5th President of the Central African Republic (b. 1937)
* April 9 – Sidney Lumet, American film director (b. 1924)
* April 14 – William Lipscomb, American chemist (b. 1919)
* April 17 – Michael Sarrazin, Canadian actor (b. 1940)
* April 19
** Elisabeth Sladen, English actress (b. 1946)
** Grete Waitz, Norwegian athlete (b. 1953)
* April 21 – Tim Hetherington, British photojournalist (b. 1970)
* April 24
** Sathya Sai Baba, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1926)
** Trần Lệ Xuân, South Vietnamese political figure and First Lady of South Vietnam (b. 1924)
* April 25
** Joe Perry, American football player (b. 1927)
** Poly Styrene, British musician (b. 1957)
* April 30 – Ernesto Sabato, Argentine writer (b. 1911)

May

* May 1 – Henry Cooper, British heavyweight boxer (b. 1934)
* May 2 – Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born leader of Al-Qaeda (b. 1957)
* May 3 – Jackie Cooper, American actor (b. 1922)
* May 4 – Sada Thompson, American actress (b. 1927)
* May 5 – Dana Wynter, German-born British actress (b. 1931)
* May 7
** Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer (b. 1957)
** Willard Boyle, Canadian Nobel physicist (b. 1924)
* May 8 – Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (b. 1948)
* May 9 – Lidia Gueiler Tejada, 56th President of Bolivia (b. 1921)
* May 15 – Samuel Wanjiru, Kenyan athlete (b. 1986)
* May 18 – Guy Razanamasy, 2-Time Prime Minister of Madagascar (b. 1928)
* May 19 – Garret FitzGerald, 8th Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1926)
* May 20 – Randy Savage, American professional wrestler (b. 1952)
* May 21 – Bill Hunter, Australian actor (b. 1940)
* May 23
** Nasser Hejazi, Iranian footballer (b. 1949)
** Xavier Tondo, Spanish professional racing cyclist (b. 1978)
* May 27
** Jeff Conaway, American actor (b. 1950)
** Gil Scott-Heron, American poet and musician (b. 1949)
* May 29
** Sergei Bagapsh, 2nd President of Abkhazia (b. 1949)
** Ferenc Mádl, 2nd President of Hungary (b. 1931)
** Bill Clements, American politician (b. 1917)
* May 30 – Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American physicist (b. 1921)
* May 31 – Pauline Betz, American tennis player (b. 1919)

June

* June 3
** James Arness, American actor (b. 1923)
** Andrew Gold, American singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1951)
** Jack Kevorkian, American euthanasia advocate (b. 1928)
* June 4 – Lawrence Eagleburger, American diplomat (b. 1930)
* June 5 – Ludo Martens, Belgian writer and political activist (b. 1946)
* June 7 – Jorge Semprún, Spanish writer and politician (b. 1923)
* June 8 – Anatole Abragam, French physicist (b. 1914)
* June 9
** M. F. Husain, Indian painter (b. 1915)
** Josip Katalinski, Bosnian footballer (b. 1948)
** Tomoko Kawakami, Japanese voice actress (b. 1970)
* June 10 – Patrick Leigh Fermor, British travel writer, scholar, and soldier (b. 1915)
* June 12 – Laura Ziskin, American film producer (b. 1950)
* June 18
** Frederick Chiluba, 2nd President of Zambia (b. 1943)
** Clarence Clemons, American musician and actor (b. 1942)
* June 20 – Ryan Dunn, American television personality (b. 1977)
* June 23 – Peter Falk, American actor (b. 1927)
* June 24 – Tomislav Ivić, Croatian footballer and manager (b. 1933)
* June 25 – Alice Playten, American actress (b. 1947)

July

* July 2 – Itamar Franco, 37th President of Brazil (b. 1930)
* July 4 – Archduke Otto of Austria, (b. 1912)
* July 5 – Cy Twombly, American painter (b. 1928)
* July 8
** Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet (b. 1924)
** Betty Ford, American feminist, activist, philanthropist and First Lady of the United States (b. 1918)
* July 9 – Facundo Cabral, Argentine singer (b. 1937)
* July 10 – Roland Petit, French choreographer and dancer (b. 1924)
* July 11 – Tom Gehrels, American astronomer (b. 1925)
* July 15
** Đặng Văn Quang, South Vietnamese military officer (b. 1929)
** Friedrich Wilhelm Schnitzler, German landowner, politician, and businessman (b. 1928)
* July 17 – Juan María Bordaberry, 36th President of Uruguay (b. 1928)
* July 20 – Lucian Freud, German-born British painter (b. 1922)
* July 22 – Linda Christian, Mexican actress (b. 1923)
* July 23
** Robert Ettinger, American academic (b. 1918)
** Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, 2nd Vice President of South Vietnam and 5th Prime Minister of South Vietnam (b. 1930)
** Amy Winehouse, English singer (b. 1983)
* July 24 – G. D. Spradlin, American actor (b. 1920)
* July 25 – Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot filmmaker (b. 1922)
* July 26 – Joe Arroyo, Colombian salsa and tropical music singer (b. 1955)
* July 28 – Abdul Fatah Younis, Libyan army commander (b. 1944)
* July 30 – Mario Echandi Jiménez, 47th President of Costa Rica (b. 1915)

August

* August 2 – Baruj Benacerraf, Venezuelan-born American Nobel immunologist (b. 1920)
* August 3 – Bubba Smith, American football player and actor (b. 1945)
* August 4 – Naoki Matsuda, Japanese footballer (b. 1977)
* August 5
** Francesco Quinn, Italian-American actor (b. 1963)
** Pak Seung-zin, North Korean footballer (b. 1941)
** Aziz Shavershian, Russian-Australian bodybuilder (b. 1989)
* August 6 – John Wood, English actor (b. 1930)
* August 7
** Harri Holkeri, 36th Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1937)
** Nancy Wake, New Zealand-born French Resistance fighter (b. 1912)
* August 11 – Jani Lane, American singer ( Warrant) (b. 1964)
* August 14 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian film actor and director (b. 1931)
* August 16 – Andrej Bajuk, 3rd Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia (b. 1943)
* August 17 – Pierre Quinon, French pole vaulter (b. 1962)
* August 19 – Raúl Ruiz, Chilean film director (b. 1941)
* August 22
** Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime Minister of Northern Yemen (b. 1939)
** Vicco von Bülow, German actor, comedian, and film director (b. 1923)
* August 31 – Valery Rozhdestvensky, Soviet-Russian cosmonaut (b. 1939)

September

* September 8 – Võ Chí Công, 5th President of Vietnam (b. 1912)
* September 10 – Cliff Robertson, American actor (b. 1923)
* September 11
** Andy Whitfield, Welsh actor and model (b. 1971)
** Christian Bakkerud, Danish race car driver (b. 1984)
* September 12 – Alexander Galimov, Russian hockey player (b. 1985)
* September 13 – Richard Hamilton, British painter and collage artist (b. 1922)
* September 14 – Rudolf Mössbauer, German Nobel physicist (b. 1929)
* September 15 – Frances Bay, Canadian-American actress (b. 1919)
* September 19 – George Cadle Price, 1st Prime Minister of Belize (b. 1919)
* September 20 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996 (b. 1940)
* September 21 – Troy Davis, American murderer (b. 1968)
* September 22
** Aristides Pereira, 1st President of Cape Verde (b. 1923)
** Vesta Williams, American singer-songwriter (b. 1957)
* September 25
** Wangari Maathai, Kenyan veterinary anatomist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (b. 1940)
** Gusty Spence