The RCTV protests were a series of protests in Venezuela that began in the middle of May 2007. The cause of the protests was the decision by the Politics of Venezuela, government to shut down Venezuela's oldest private television network, RCTV, Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV), refusing to renew its broadcasting license and instead creating a new public service channel called TVes, which began operations on 28 May, the same day RCTV's license expired. RCTV had Venezuela's largest viewing audience, with 10 million of the country's 26 million people viewing its shows and soap operas.

Background

On 11 April 2002, supporters and opponents of President of Venezuela, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez clashed near the Palacio de Miraflores, Miraflores Palace, resulting in a Llaguno Overpass events, shootout at the Llaguno Overpass between government supporters and the Metropolitan Police of Caracas. A sector of the Armed Forces asked for Chávez's resignation, holding him responsible for the ensuing massacre during the march.Venezuela investiga el "Carmonazo".
BBC News (5 October 2004). Retrieved 13 June 2006. Interim Venezuelan president sworn in.
BBC News. (13 April 2002). Retrieved on 31 August 2006. Commander of the Army Lucas Rincón Romero reported in a nationwide broadcast that Chávez had resigned his presidency, a charge Chávez would later deny. Chávez was taken to a military base while Fedecámaras president Pedro Carmona was appointed as the transitional President of Venezuela, following protests and a general strike by his opponents. According to the Tampa Bay Times, St. Petersburg Times, RCTV excluded its news programs from its daily programming on 13 April 2002. Gustavo Cisneros, owner of Venevisión, stated that the alleged news blackout was a result of threats received from pro-Chávez demonstrators and callers who claimed to be members of the Chávez government. Protesters attacked RCTV's offices, smashing some windows and shouting: "The palace is in our hands, why aren't you showing that?". Over the following months, and again in the wake of the Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03, 2002–03 general strike, Chávez stepped up his criticism of the country's private media companies, accusing them of having supported the coup. On his weekly television program ''Aló Presidente'' and in other forums, he regularly referred to the leading private media owners as "coup plotters", "fascists", and "the four horsemen of the apocalypse".

Refusal to renew RCTV's license

On 28 December 2006, President Chávez announced that the government would not renew RCTV's broadcast license which expired on 27 May 2007, thereby forcing the channel to cease operations on that day. The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela), Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ)—controlled by Chávez allies—ruled on 17 April that it is within the National Telecommunications Commission's power to decide on the issuing, renewal and revocation of broadcast licenses. The government maintained that the non-renewal is caused by RCTV's alleged support for the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, 2002 coup attempt. Bernardo Álvarez, the country's ambassador to the United States, described the licensing decision as a simple regulatory matter, which "was not made based on RCTV’s critical editorial stance against the government, nor was it directed at silencing criticism of the government." Explaining that Venezuela wished to adopt a more European model of public broadcasting, he wrote that 79 of 81 Venezuelan television stations, 706 of 709 radio broadcasters, and 118 newspapers remain in private hands, citing a 30 May 2007 op-ed published in the Los Angeles Times: "Radio, TV and newspapers remain uncensored, unfettered and unthreatened by the government. Most Venezuelan media are still staunchly anti-Chávez." On 17 May 2007, the government rejected a plea made by RCTV to stop the TV station's forced shutdown.

Shutdown

RCTV ended its final day of broadcasting with a rendition of the Gloria al Bravo Pueblo, national anthem performed by network employees and on-air talent, followed by a shot of a pro-RCTV protest. The screen then faded to black. A few seconds later, a series of TVes TV ident, idents appeared on Channel 2. At 12:20 a.m. Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST (0420 UTC) on 28 May 2007, TVes began its programming with a video recording of the national anthem, performed by a large choir clad in Venezuelan colours and full sized orchestra led by the famous young Venezuelan conductor Gustavo Dudamel. After some network promos, TVes switched to an auditorium, where station president Lil Rodríguez gave a speech to a crowd of Chávez supporters. On 24 May, the Supreme Court ordered RCTV to stop broadcasting as soon as its license expired and approved the government's takeover of all of its equipment and stations, though it would review the station's appeal of the decision. Chávez announced plans to start broadcasting a public service channel, TVes, using the infrastructure that belonged to RCTV. According to the ruling by the Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal of Justice, all RCTV broadcast equipment was to be temporarily controlled by TVes. On 25 May, the Venezuelan government sent troops to RCTV installations to take control of their equipment.

Demonstrations

Thousands of protesters marching both against and in support of the government's decision remained on the streets in Caracas. On 19 May 2007, 30,000 protesters gathered in Caracas protesting the government's decision two days earlier that rejected a plea made by RCTV to stop the TV station's forced shutdown. Other marches took place in Maracaibo and Valencia, Carabobo, Valencia. On 21 May 2007, hundreds of journalists and students marched in Caracas carrying a banner reading "S.O.S. Freedom of Expression." A few days later, on 25 May 2007, university students from the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, the Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela), Universidad Simón Bolívar and the Universidad Central de Venezuela protested against the government's intentions. On 26 May, tens of thousands of protesters marched in support of RCTV to their headquarters. Thousands of protestors marched in the streets of Caracas on 27 May for and against RCTV. In the evening, demonstrations in front of Conatel, the National Telecommunications Commission, became violent, with protestors throwing rocks and bottles at police, who responded with tear gas and rubber bullets. At least eleven police officers and one protestor from the incident at Conatel, as well as three students and one police officer from a separate protest at Brión plaza in Caracas, have been reported injured. Twenty other students at Brión plaza were treated for tear gas inhalation. In the afternoon and evening of 29 May, protests in Caracas and Chacao became violent, with protesters in Chacao blocking Avenida Francisco de Miranda. At least seventeen people have been reported by Globovision to be injured on 29 May. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights petitioned the Venezuelan government for information about arrested and injured protestors; though the Venezuelan government did not provide the information, saying it would violate the confidentiality of adolescents involved. On 2 June, tens of thousands marched through Caracas to support President Chávez's decision.

International reactions

Since the week prior to the shutdown of RCTV, many individuals, international organizations and NGOs—including the Organization of American States, OAS's Secretary General of the Organization of American States, Secretary General José Miguel Insulza and its OAS Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, the Inter American Press Association, Human Rights Watch, and the Committee to Protect Journalists,—have expressed concerns for freedom of the press following the shutdown. However, Secretary Insulza also stated that it was up to the Venezuelan courts to solve this dispute and that he believed that this was an administrative decision. The International Press Institute stated that it is "a flagrant attempt to silence the station's critical voice and in violation of everyone's right 'to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers,' as outlined in Article 19 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights" The Committee to Protect Journalists "concluded [Chávez's] government failed to conduct a fair and transparent review of RCTV's concession renewal. The report, based on a three-month investigation, found the government’s decision was a predetermined and politically motivated effort to silence critical coverage." Reporters Without Borders stated "The closure of RCTV [...] is a serious violation of freedom of expression and a major setback to democracy and pluralism. President Chávez has silenced Venezuela’s most popular TV station and the only national station to criticize him, and he has violated all legal norms by seizing RCTV’s broadcast equipment for the new public TV station that is replacing it." Freedom House has given Venezuela a press freedom rating of "Not Free" since 2002, most recently describing a number of new laws, most particularly the 2004 Ley Resorte, that include prohibitions against broadcasting violent material between 5 a.m. and 11 p.m., targeting a group or individual for hatred, and insulting president Chávez, under penalty of severe fines and imprisonment. The United States Senate, Senate of the United States approved a motion promoted by Senators Richard Lugar and Christopher Dodd condemning the closing, stating that the move was a "transgression of freedom of thought and expression" in Venezuela, while Nancy Pelosi, Speaker (politics), Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, asserted that it was an attempt to silence the critics of the Government. The United States Department of State, U.S. State Department, the European Union,Chavez Threatens Last Opposition Network
''CBS News,'' 30 May 2007. Retrieved on 30 May 2007 the senates of Chilean Senate, ChileMichelle Bachelet champions freedom of expression
''El Universal (Caracas), El Universal'', 29 May 2007. Retrieved on 30 May 2007. and Brazilian Senate, Brazil, and the legislatures of a number of other Latin American countries have also expressed concern over the incident. European Commission President José Manuel Durão Barroso qualified the measure as regrettable, adding that "freedom of expression and press freedom are substantial components of democracy." Costa Rican President Óscar Arias Sánchez stated that any media closing was a deathly strike against any democratic system. Chilean President Michelle Bachelet said she regrets the decision and that "freedom of expression is the golden rule." Along with her, Finnish President Tarja Halonen said she was watching the situation with concern. The Spanish People's Party (Spain), Partido Popular, the main opposition party, called the closing an "attack against freedom of expression". After the Brazilian Senate passed a motion urging Chávez to reconsider the revocation of RCTV's license, Chávez "accused the Brazilian Congress of acting like a 'puppet' of the US", prompting Brazilian Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to say "Chavez has to take care of Venezuela, I have to take care of Brazil and (US President George W.) Bush has to take care of the US". Later, Lula da Silva said the decision of not renewing the broadcast license was internal Venezuelan business, adding that the legal logic of each country should be respected. Chávez said that presidents Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and Evo Morales of Bolivia have phoned to show support to his decision and that Álvaro Uribe from Colombia said that his country would not mess in Venezuela's internal affairs. President Rafael Correa of Ecuador said that he would have canceled the broadcast license automatically (after the 2002 coup). In Nicaragua, followers of Hugo Chávez voiced their support of his closing of RCTV on 27 May in Managua. This small rally was met with negative reactions from local press, who condemned the involvement of the Venezuelan Ambassador Miguel Gómez (diplomat), Miguel Gómez.

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