Background
Since the 1970s, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, IRA developed a Barrack buster, series of home-made mortars. The goal was to produce devices to be used as "stand-off" weapons, capable of being launched from safe ranges upon police or military outposts and easy to conceal on dead-ground. The development by the provisionals of the Mark 10 mortar multiple-launched mortar led the IRA South Armagh Brigade to conceive the idea of using this type of weapon to engage helicopters as they were hovering over border bases. On 22 June 1983, the IRA attempted to shoot down a Wessex helicopter with a battery of Mark 10 improvised mortars over Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The pilot was forced to undertake an evasive manoeuvre, dropping the helicopter's cargo into the street below. Four mortars failed to explode and the rest landed in the vicinity of the base, causing some damage and slightly injuring a British soldier. A subsequent investigation found that if the mortar base plate had been aligned "five to ten degrees" differently the projectiles likely would have hit the helicopter. The different improvised mortar designs evolved in 1992 into the Mark 15 mortar, widely known as the "barrack buster". The mortar shell consisted of a one metre long metal propane cylinder with a diameter of 36 cm that contained around 70 kg of home-made explosives and with a range between 75 and 275 m. The cylinder was an adaptation of a commercial 'Kosangas' gas cylinder for heating and cooking gas used in rural areas in Ireland. The first use of the "barrack buster" took place on 7 December 1992 against a joint RUC/British Army base in Ballygawley, County Tyrone, Ballygawley, County Tyrone. On 11 June 1993, there was a previous IRA bid to shoot down a Puma helicopter taking off from the Crossmaglen base with a Mark 15 mortar. The barrack buster, fired from the back of a local baker's delivery van, exploded on the helipad shortly after the pilot had managed to take off. Two Lynx helicopters escorting the Puma were unable to prevent the attack. The IRA action was carried out to coincide with a one-day visit to Northern Ireland by Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth.The attack
On the evening of 19 March 1994, a Lynx helicopter, serial number ZD275, was in the process of landing at the large British Army base in Crossmaglen. Meanwhile, an IRA unit had mounted a Mark 15 mortar on a tractor, concealed behind bales of hay. The tractor was parked from the intended target, on waste ground. At 20:27, there was a sudden blackout across Crossmaglen's square and at the same time, a single mortar shell was lobbed into the barracks. The IRA had used the Mains electricity, mains for the Switch, collapsing circuit of the firing pack, turning off the street's power supply and allowing the mortar's own battery to trigger the launcher. When the Lynx was hovering over the helipad, the mortar round hit the aircraft on the tail's boom, which was severed from the fuselage. The machine spun out of control, but the pilot was able to crash-land the Lynx inside the base. A Grenadier Guards' patrol spotted the resulting huge orange fireball from a mile away. Three members of the crew managed to get out with minor injuries, but a member of the Royal Ulster Constabulary was trapped inside the blazing wreckage. The constable was rescued just before the fuel tanks and the ammunition started to explode. Author Toby Harnden described the incident as the most successful IRA operation against a helicopter in the course of the Troubles.Harnden, p. 398Aftermath
After the incident, the IRA and Sinn Féin were criticised by the Social Democratic and Labour Party Member of the Parliament for the area Seamus Mallon, who said: John Fee, a local SDLP councillor who described the attack as "an act of lunacy", was later severely beaten by three men, one of them hooded and wearing military-style gear, outside his home."MONTH IN FOCUS", ''Police Beat'', Volume 16 No. 4, Police Federation for Northern Ireland, 1994 The IRA denied responsibility. Fee was admitted to hospital with broken legs, broken ribs and head injuries. Corporal Robert Tomlinson of the Royal Military Police was awarded the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service for his part in coming to the aid of the wounded constable and organising his casevac, medical evacuation. Corporal Wayne Cuckson of the Royal Logistic Corps was awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal for dragging the wounded constable out of the crashed aircraft. Cuckson, who reached the rank of Warrant Officer Class Two, died on 6 April 2011 in a crash while driving his motorcycle between Abingdon-on-Thames, Abingdon and Oxford. There was a second mortar attack on a British military helicopter on 12 July 1994, at Newtownhamilton, when an Royal Air Force, RAF Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma, Puma carrying 11 soldiers and an RUC constable crash-landed on a soccer pitch after being hit by shrapnel on its tail from a near-miss by another Mark 15 mortar launched from a tractor. The helicopter was lifting off from the local military base. No serious injuries were reported. The Puma, serial number XW225, sustained Category 3 or Category 4 damage on the RAF scale. After returning to service, the machine was definitively written off and scrapped after suffering another crash-landing in Germany on 15 February 1997. The downing of two helicopters by mortar fire, along with the increasing South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997), sniper activity of the IRA, was both a morale and military blow to the British forces in south County Armagh.Harnden, p. 399See also
* Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1990–99) *List of attacks on British aircraft during The Troubles *Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRANotes
References
* English, Richard and Oppenheimer, A. R. (2009). ''IRA, the Bombs and the Bullets: A History of Deadly Ingenuity''. Irish Academic Press. * Tony Geraghty, Geraghty, Tony (2000). ''The Irish War''. Johns Hopkins University Press. * Toby Harnden, Harnden, Toby (2000). ''Bandit Country: The IRA and South Armagh''. Hodder & Stoughton. * Ryder, Chris (2005). ''A Special Kind of Courage: 321 EOD Squadron – Battling the Bombers'', Methuen. * {{DEFAULTSORT:British Lynx, 1994 shootdown 1994 in Northern Ireland 20th century in County Armagh 20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents Army Air Corps (United Kingdom) Aviation accidents and incidents in 1994 Aviation accidents and incidents in Northern Ireland Aviation safety in the United Kingdom Battles and conflicts without fatalities British Army in Operation Banner Improvised explosive device bombings in Northern Ireland Accidents and incidents involving helicopters Military actions and engagements during the Troubles (Northern Ireland) Military history of County Armagh Provisional Irish Republican Army actions Royal Logistic Corps Royal Ulster Constabulary The Troubles in County Armagh March 1994 events in the United Kingdom Conflicts in 1994 1994 in military history Attacks on military installations in the 1990s