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Zhytomyr ( uk, Жито́мир, translit=Zhytomyr ; russian: Жито́мир, Zhitomir ; pl, Żytomierz ; yi, זשיטאָמיר, Zhitomir; german: Schytomyr ) is a
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
in the north of the western half of Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast ( province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding
Zhytomyr Raion Zhytomyr Raion ( uk, Житомирський район) is a raion (district) of Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located at Zhytomyr. The raion covers an area of . Population: On 18 July 2020, as part of the adm ...
( district). The city of Zhytomyr is not a part of Zhytomyr Raion: the city itself is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast; moreover Zhytomyr consists of two so-called "raions in a city": Bohunskyi Raion and Koroliovskyi Raion (named in honour of Sergey Korolyov). Zhytomyr occupies an area of . Its population is Zhytomyr is a major transport hub. The city lies on a historic route linking the city of Kyiv with the west through Brest. Today it links Warsaw with Kyiv, Minsk with Izmail, and several major cities of Ukraine. Zhytomyr was also the location of Ozerne airbase, a key
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
strategic aircraft base southeast of the city. Important economic activities of Zhytomyr include lumber milling, food processing, granite quarrying, metalworking, and the manufacture of musical instruments. Zhytomyr Oblast is the main center of the Polish minority in Ukraine, and in the city itself there is a Latin Catholic cathedral and large Roman Catholic Polish cemetery, founded in 1800. It is regarded as the third biggest Polish cemetery outside Poland, after the
Lychakivskiy Cemetery Lychakiv Cemetery ( uk, Личаківський цвинтар, translit=Lychakivs’kyi tsvyntar; pl, Cmentarz Łyczakowski we Lwowie), officially State History and Culture Museum-Preserve "Lychakiv Cemetery" ( uk, Державний істор ...
in Lviv and Rasos Cemetery in Vilnius.


History

Legend holds that Zhytomyr was established about 884 by Zhytomyr, prince of a Slavic tribe of Drevlians. This date, 884, is cut in the large stone of the ice age times, standing on the hill where Zhytomyr was founded. Zhytomyr was one of the prominent cities of Kievan Rus'. The first records of the town date from 1240, when it was sacked by the Mongol hordes of Batu Khan. In 1320 Zhytomyr was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received Magdeburg rights in 1444. After the Union of Lublin (1569) the city was incorporated into the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and in 1667, following the
Treaty of Andrusovo The Truce of Andrusovo ( pl, Rozejm w Andruszowie, russian: Андрусовское перемирие, ''Andrusovskoye Pieriemiriye'', also sometimes known as Treaty of Andrusovo) established a thirteen-and-a-half year truce, signed in 1667 bet ...
, it became the capital of the Kiev Voivodeship. In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 it passed to
Imperial Russia The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...
and became the capital of the Volhynian Governorate. u Following the Union of Lublin, Zhytomyr became an important center of local administration, seat of the
starosta The starosta or starost (Cyrillic: ''старост/а'', Latin: ''capitaneus'', german: link=no, Starost, Hauptmann) is a term of Slavic origin denoting a community elder whose role was to administer the assets of a clan or family estates. Th ...
, and capital of Zhytomyr County. Here, sejmiks of Kiev Voivodeship took place. In 1572, the town had 142 buildings, a manor house of the starosta and a castle. Following the privilege of King Sigismund III Vasa, Zhytomyr had the right for two fairs a year. During
Khmelnytsky Uprising The Khmelnytsky Uprising,; in Ukraine known as Khmelʹnychchyna or uk, повстання Богдана Хмельницького; lt, Chmelnickio sukilimas; Belarusian language, Belarusian: Паўстанне Багдана Хмяльніц ...
(1648) Zhytomyr was incorporated into Cossack Hetmanate state. In 1667, Zhytomyr became capital of Kiev Voivodeship, and in 1724, a Jesuit school and monastery were opened here. By 1765, Zhytomyr had five churches, including 3 Roman Catholic and 2 Orthodox, and 285 houses. In 1793 Zhytomyr was incorporated into the Russian Empire, and in 1804 was named capital of the Volhynian Governorate. During a brief period of Ukrainian independence (1917-1920) in 1918 the city was for a few weeks the national capital of Ukrainian People's Republic. Ultimately Ukrainian fight for independence failed and Ukrainian People's Republic became occupied by Soviet Union. A new Soviet Ukraine state was formed under Soviet rule - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. From 1920 Zhytomyr was a part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. During World War II Zhytomyr and the surrounding territory was, for two and a half years (first from 9 July 1941 to 12 November 1943, and again from 19 November 1943 to 31 December 1943) under Nazi German occupation and was Heinrich Himmler's Ukrainian headquarters. The Nazi regime in what they called the "Zhytomyr General District" became what historian Wendy Lower describes as
a laboratory for… Himmler's resettlement activists… the elimination of the Jews and German colonization of the East—transformed the landscape and devastated the population to an extent that was not experienced in other parts of Nazi-occupied Europe besides Poland. hile timately, the exigencies of the war effort and mounting partisan warfare behind the lines prevented Nazi leaders from fully developing and realizing their colonial aims in Ukraine… In addition to the immediate destruction of all Jewish communities, Himmler insisted that the Ukrainian civilian population be brought to a 'minimum.'Lower, 2005, introduction.
During 1942-1949 Zhytomyr region was a territory of mild Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) activity (UPA North), who fought for Independence of Ukraine against Nazi Germany and Soviet Union. After Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany, Zhytomyr fell under Soviet rule and became a part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic again. On 24 August 1991 Ukrainian parliament announced
Declaration of Independence of Ukraine The Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine ( uk, Акт проголошення незалежності України, Akt proholoshennya nezalezhnosti Ukrayiny) was adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR on 24 August 1991.
. From 1991, Zhytomyr has been part of the independent and sovereign Ukraine.


2022 Russian invasion

During the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. An ...
, Zhytomyr and the surrounding area were subjected to several Russian air and missile strikes, such as the 2 March airstrike which damaged residential buildings, a thermal electricity plant, and two hospitals, killing at least two and injuring more than a dozen.


Administrative division

The city is divided into two administrative districts: Microdistrict The city of Zhytomyr contains the following areas (microdistricts): * Bohunia * Hydropark * Hinchanka the Second * Zavokzalny district * Railway station area * Korbutivka * Kroshnia * Maliovanka * Marianivka * Pavlykivka * Putiatynka * Rudnia * Smokivka * Smolianka * Sokolova Hora * Old Town * Eastern microdistrict (folk name Poliova) * Khmilnyki (folk name Malikova) * Center


Population


Demographic history


Roman Catholics

Zhytomyr had been a Latin Catholic bishopric since 1321, until the see was suppressed in 1789 in favor of the Diocese of Lutsk and Zytomierz, until that was split up again in 1925, when it was restored as the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhytomyr; that was formally suppressed in 1998 to establish the Diocese of Kyïv–Žytomyr, but actually the city retains the episcopal see in its Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom, while Kyiv (although first in the title and the national capital) only has a co-cathedral. The Zhytomyr cemetery was opened in 1800. At first, it served Polish nobility from Volhynia, such as the Czeczel and the Woronicz families. Later, other Catholics were buried here, including Germans, Ukrainians and Russians. In 1840, the Chapel of St. Stanislaus was built (now in ruins), and the cemetery was divided into nine districts, named after different saints. In the Soviet Union, the complex was devastated, now it is under the process of renovation. Among most famous people buried here are: * Bronislaw Matyjewicz-Maciejewicz, one of the first Polish air pilots * Karol Niedzialkowski - bishop of Lutsk and Zhytomir in the late 19th century * Apolinary Wnukowski - Roman Catholic archbishop and scholar * Juliusz Zarębski - Polish composer * parents of Ignacy Jan Paderewski * the family of
Stanisław Moniuszko Stanisław Moniuszko (; May 5, 1819 – June 4, 1872) was a Polish composer, conductor and teacher. He wrote many popular art songs and operas, and his music is filled with patriotic folk themes of the peoples of the former Polish–Lithuania ...


Jews in Zhytomyr

Zhytomyr apparently had few Jews at the time of the
Khmelnytsky Uprising The Khmelnytsky Uprising,; in Ukraine known as Khmelʹnychchyna or uk, повстання Богдана Хмельницького; lt, Chmelnickio sukilimas; Belarusian language, Belarusian: Паўстанне Багдана Хмяльніц ...
(1648), but by the time it became part of Russia in 1778, it had a large Jewish community, and was a center of the
Hasidic Hasidism, sometimes spelled Chassidism, and also known as Hasidic Judaism (Ashkenazi Hebrew: חסידות ''Ḥăsīdus'', ; originally, "piety"), is a Jewish religious group that arose as a spiritual revival movement in the territory of contem ...
movement. Jews formed nearly one-third of the 1861 population (13,299 in 40,564); thirty years later, they had somewhat outpaced the general growth of the city, with 24,062 Jews in a total population of 69,785. By 1891 there were three large
synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
s and 46 smaller '' batei midrash''. The proportion of Jews was much lower in the surrounding district of Zhytomyr than in the city itself; at the turn of the century (circa 1900) there were 22,636 Jews in a total population of 281,378. In
Imperial Russia The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...
, Zhytomyr held the same status as the official Jewish center of southern part of the Pale of Settlement as Vilnius held in the north. The printing of Hebrew books was permitted only in these two cities during the monopoly of Hebrew printing from 1845 to 1862, and both were chosen as the seats of the two
rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...
nical schools which were established by the government in 1848 in pursuance of its plans to force secular education on the
Jews of Russia The history of the Jews in Russia and areas historically connected with it goes back at least 1,500 years. Jews in Russia have historically constituted a large religious and ethnic diaspora; the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest pop ...
in accordance with the program of the Teutonized Russian Haskalah movement. The rabbinical school of Zhytomyr was considered the more Jewish, or rather the less Russianized, of the two ('' Ha-Meliẓ'', 1868, No. 40, cited in ''Jewish Encyclopedia''). Its first head master was
Jacob Eichenbaum Jacob Moiseyovych Eichenbaum (, uk, Я́ків Мойсе́йович Ейхенба́ум; 12 October 1796 – 27 December 1861), born Jacob Gelber, was a Galician Jews, Galician Jewish Haskalah, maskil, educator, poet and mathematician. Biogra ...
, who was succeeded by
Hayyim Selig Slonimski Ḥayyim Selig ben Ya'akov Slonimski () (March 31, 1810 – May 15, 1904), also known by his acronym ḤaZaS (), was a Hebrew publisher, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, science writer, and rabbi. He was among the first to write books on scie ...
in 1862. The latter remained at the head of the school until it was closed (together with the one at Vilnius) in 1873 because of its failure to provide rabbis with a secular education who should be acceptable to the Jewish communities. Suchastover, Gottlober, Lerner, and Zweifel were among the best-known teachers of the rabbinical school at Zhytomyr, while Abraham Goldfaden, Salomon Mandelkern, and
Abraham Jacob Paperna Abraham Jacob Paperna ( he, אברהם יעקב פפירנא; 30 August 1840 – 18 February 1919) was a Russian Jewish educator and author. Early life and education Abraham Jacob Paperna was born in 1840 in Kapyl, Minsk Governorate (today part ...
were among the students who later became famous in the Jewish world. The Jewish community of Zhytomyr suffered pogroms: #On 7–8 May 1905, when the section of the city known as "Podol" was devastated, and 20 were killed within the city. #On 7–10 January 1919, 15 young Jewish neighbors were killed when they came to defend, and the
Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
student Nicholas Blinov, also attempting to defend, likewise died. Ten young Jews from nearby
Chudnov Chudniv ( ua, Чуднів, pl, Cudnów, yi, טשודנאוו, russian: Чу́днов) is a city in Zhytomyr Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. Prior to 2020, it was the administrative center of the former Chudniv Raion. Population: History A ...
were also killed while on their way to aid the Jews of Zhytomyr. #Beginning on 22 March 1919, according to witnesses, the 317 deaths were fewer than might have been, due to both Christian sheltering efforts and the return of the Bolshevik troops within a few days. The Jewish community of the region was largely destroyed in the Holocaust. In the four months beginning with
Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ...
's 25 July 1942 orders, "all of Ukraine's shtetls and ghettos lay in ruins; around 3,000 Jewish men, women, and children were murdered by stationary and mobile SS-police units with local Ukrainian auxiliaries." Today, the Zhytomyr Jewish community numbers about 5,000. The community is a part of the "Union of Jewish Communities in Ukraine" and the city and district's rabbinate. Rabbi Shlomo Vilhelm, who came to the city as a Chabad emissary in 1994, serves as rabbi. Other Jewish institutions are also active in the city, including the Joint and its humanitarian branch "Chesed" and the Jewish Agency. The community has an ancient
synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
in the city center which has a
mikveh Mikveh or mikvah (,  ''mikva'ot'', ''mikvoth'', ''mikvot'', or (Yiddish) ''mikves'', lit., "a collection") is a bath used for the purpose of ritual immersion in Judaism to achieve ritual purity. Most forms of ritual impurity can be purif ...
. Chabad operates in the city various educational institutions which have residence in a village next to the city.


Culture

The city has 2 state theaters and a philharmonic, more than 10 museums, libraries and planetarium. One of the world-famous museums of cosmonautics Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics is located in the city. Theaters and music In 1809, the first stationary theater building was built in Zhytomyr on the initiative of Volyn governor M. I. Кomburley. In 1858, the first stone theater in Ukraine was built (now it houses the regional state philharmonic). M. Kropyvnytskyi, M. Zankovetska, V. Komisarzhevska, I. Aldridge, P. Viardot performed here. In 1966, a new theater building was built with a large auditorium for 943 seats and a small one for 70 seats, a lobby with an area of 550 m2, rehearsal halls, dressing rooms, offices, production shops. Currently in the city work: * Academic Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater named after Ivan Kocherga; * Academic Regional Puppet Theater; * Philharmonic named after Svyatoslav Richter. Since 1973, the Zhytomyr Academic Dance Ensemble "Sun" exists in the city. The internationally renowned chamber choir OREYA is based in the city. Famous composers Borys Lyatoshynsky and Sviatoslav Richter were born in Zhytomyr. Museums The following museums operate in Zhytomyr: * historical and local lore museum; * art gallery; *museum of nature; *
V. G. Korolenko ''V.'' is the debut novel of Thomas Pynchon, published in 1963. It describes the exploits of a discharged U.S. Navy sailor named Benny Profane, his reconnection in New York with a group of pseudo-bohemian artists and hangers-on known as the Whol ...
Literary Memorial Museum; *memorial house-museum of academician Sergei Korolev; *literary museum of Zhytomyr Region; *museum of the history of fire protection; *Sergei Pavlovich Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics. Libraries * Zhytomyr Regional Universal Scientific Library named after O. Olzhych; *Zhytomyr Regional Scientific Medical Library; *Zhytomyr Regional Library for Youth; *Zhytomyr Regional Library for Children. Architecture: sights and monuments The city has 74 historical monuments, 24 archeological monuments, and 15 monuments of monumental art (one of which is of national importance). Monuments of architecture and urban planning of state importance — 10, local significance — 72. Monuments of historical, cultural and religious significance in the city of Zhytomyr include: * Cells of the Jesuit monastery (1724); * Holy Dormition Bishops Cathedral in Podil (1874); *Church of St. James; *Seminary Church of St. John of Dukla; * Saint Sophia Cathedral; *St. Michael's Cathedral; *Holy Exaltation of the Cross Cathedral; *Transfiguration Cathedral; *Lutheran Church; *Water tower. In 1996, the Memorial to the Victims of Fascism was erected in Bohunia by the sculptor Yosyp Tabachnyk (a memorable location of the Bohunіa concentration camp for prisoners of war).


Geography

Zhytomyr lies in a unique natural setting; all sides of the city are surrounded by ancient forests through which flow the
Teteriv The Teteriv () is a right tributary of the Dnieper River in Ukraine. It has a length of 365 km and a drainage basin of 15,300 km². In the underflow the valley of the Teteriv in Polissia on up to 4 km, the width of the river widens ...
, Kamianka, Kroshenka and Putiatynka rivers. The Teteriv river generally forms the southern boundary of Zhytomyr, though there are also some small areas of Zhytomyr city territory below the southern bank of the river. The city is rich in
parks A park is an area of natural, semi-natural or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation or for the protection of wildlife or natural habitats. Urban parks are urban green space, green spaces set aside for recreation inside t ...
and public squares. Zhytomyr is set out on a mostly radial type of
street A street is a public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a public parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact, and move about. A street can be as simple as a level patch of dirt, ...
net with the centre at the main public square of the city, named ''Sobornyi Maidan'' (which means ''Cathedral Square''). A building containing courts and some other institutions is in the west of the square. Before 1991, this building contained Zhytomyr Oblast Committee of the Communist Party. Just behind the building (that is to the west of Sobornyi Square) is a small quiet park, bearing the name of ''Zamkova Gora'' (''Castle Mountain'') and containing a monument-type boulder with an inscription stating that this is a place where Zhytomyr was founded. This historical centre of Zhytomyr is in the south part of the city. The old part of Zhytomyr is on three rocky hills over the river Kamianka: Okhrimova, Zamkova, and Petrovska. The old town is surrounded by new housing estates, the names of which are often borrowed from the former suburban villages or reflect the longstanding occupations common in these places. The main streets connecting Sobornyi Maidan with the outskirts of Zhytomyr are Kyivska Street or Kyiv Street (going to northeast, to the railway station and also to the main bus station of the city), Velyka
Berdychiv Berdychiv ( uk, Берди́чів, ; pl, Berdyczów; yi, באַרדיטשעװ, Barditshev; russian: Берди́чев, Berdichev) is a historic city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center ...
ska Street (going to southeast), Lech Kaczyński Street (going southwest; its further continuation is
Chudniv Chudniv ( ua, Чуднів, pl, Cudnów, yi, טשודנאוו, russian: Чу́днов) is a city in Zhytomyr Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. Prior to 2020, it was the administrative center of the former Chudniv Raion. Population: History ...
ska Street going to beaches and a forest-type park near the river of Teteriv), and Peremohy Street (going north). The best-known street in the central part of Zhytomyr is Mykhailivska (named after
St. Michael Michael (; he, מִיכָאֵל, lit=Who is like El od, translit=Mīḵāʾēl; el, Μιχαήλ, translit=Mikhaḗl; la, Michahel; ar, ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل, translit=Mīkāʾīl, Mīkāl, Mīkhāʾīl), also ...
's Church at the northern end of the street). The street is about 500 metres to the east of Sobornyi Maidan and runs approximately from north to south, connecting some points at the above-mentioned Kyivska Street and Velyka Berdychivska. Mykhailivska Street is for
pedestrian A pedestrian is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term usually refers to someone walking on a road or pavement, but this was not the case historically. The meaning of pedestrian is displayed with ...
traffic: vehicles are forbidden, with the exception of some slow-moving ones. A puppet theatre is nestled in the middle of the street, while the building of the Zhytomyr City Council is at its southern end. Several small coffee houses and cafés have sprung up here recently, frequented by locals from all walks of life and of all ages. If one crosses Velyka Berdychivska Street from the southern end of Mykhailivska Street, then one finds oneself at Korolyov Square containing the building of the Zhytomyr Oblast Council. Crossing Kyivska Street from the northern end of Mykhailivska Street, one can continue to go along Pokrovska Street, another important long avenue of Zhytomyr (going north). The best-known park of Zhytomyr is named after Yuri Gagarin, in the south of the city, at the left (northern) bank of the Teteriv River. It was formerly owned by the Baron de Chaudoir.


Climate


Economy

Zhytomyr is an important economic center in the region. Enterprises in the city include glass, metal fabrication, electronic devices, screens, fabrics, furniture, shoes and others. In addition, there is a large pharmaceutical factory in Zhytomyr. Since 1944, a confectionery factory (ALC "ZhL") has operated in Zhytomyr; the enterprise is one of the leaders of the Ukrainian confectionery market. The city is home to the Zhytomyr Armored Factory. The factory has been one of the main repair facilities in Ukraine since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War, running on 3 shifts. In September 2014 it was announced that the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine had placed a ₴280 million order with the factory.


Current social situation

In December 2006, the Austrian Jesuit Georg Sporschill, who was previously active in the Republic of Moldova, founded the first of 3 care centers for street children.


Transport

In ancient times, the city was on the important road from Kyiv to the city of
Brest-Litovsk Brest ( be, Брэст / Берасьце, Bieraście, ; russian: Брест, ; uk, Берестя, Berestia; lt, Brasta; pl, Brześć; yi, בריסק, Brisk), formerly Brest-Litovsk (russian: Брест-Литовск, lit=Lithuanian Br ...
. Now this road is of international highway connecting Kyiv to the Hungarian border near
Chop Chop, CHOP, Chops, or CHOPS may refer to: Art *Embouchure, in music, a synonym for chops (and later, more broadly, musical skill or ability) *CHOPS, an Asian-American hip hop producer, rapper and member of rap group Mountain Brothers * ''Chops'' ...
.
Some other roads: * connecting the cities Roman and Zhytomyr (through Vinnytsia) * Zhytomyr -
Chernivtsi Chernivtsi ( uk, Чернівці́}, ; ro, Cernăuți, ; see also other names) is a city in the historical region of Bukovina, which is now divided along the borders of Romania and Ukraine, including this city, which is situated on the upp ...
(through Khmelnytskyi) * Zhytomyr - Stavyshche (through Skvyra) * Zhytomyr - checkpoint "Vystupovychi" of the
Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...
- Belarusian border (through Korosten).
Railways Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...
connect Koziatyn with Zhytomyr (through
Berdychiv Berdychiv ( uk, Берди́чів, ; pl, Berdyczów; yi, באַרדיטשעװ, Barditshev; russian: Берди́чев, Berdichev) is a historic city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center ...
), Korosten,
Zviahel Zviahel (, ; translit. ''Zvil'') is a city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. Originally known as ''Zviahel'', the city was renamed to ''Novohrad-Volynskyi'' () in 1795 after annexation of territories of Polish–Lithuanian ...
, Korostyshiv and Fastiv. In 2011 a stretch of the Fastiv — Zhytomyr rail line was electrified.
Zhytomyr is about 131 kilometers from Kyiv (by road 140 km, by rail 165 km). The following trains pass through Zhytomyr train station (both directions for all): * Zhytomyr - Korosten * Vinnytsia - Korosten * Zhytomyr - Korostyshiv * Korosten - Koziatyn * Zhytomyr - Koziatyn * Zhytomyr -
Zviahel Zviahel (, ; translit. ''Zvil'') is a city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. Originally known as ''Zviahel'', the city was renamed to ''Novohrad-Volynskyi'' () in 1795 after annexation of territories of Polish–Lithuanian ...
* Zhytomyr - Fastiv The city has an airport (however, it is not currently being used for passenger transport; it is intended for the use of strategic bombers, though not currently being used). Zhytomyr has three bus stations connecting it with many other cities and villages in Ukraine and abroad.
Zhytomyr has fifteen bridges and junctions built over rivers and roads. There is a 30-kilometer ring road around Zhytomyr. The most interesting bridge in Zhytomyr is one over the
Teteriv River The Teteriv () is a right tributary of the Dnieper River in Ukraine. It has a length of 365 km and a drainage basin of 15,300 km². In the underflow the valley of the Teteriv in Polissia on up to 4 km, the width of the river widens ...
in Gagarin Park (named after Yuri Gagarin).


Public city transport

Common kinds of public transport shuttling within Zhytomyr are trolleybuses,
bus A bus (contracted from omnibus, with variants multibus, motorbus, autobus, etc.) is a road vehicle that carries significantly more passengers than an average car or van. It is most commonly used in public transport, but is also in use for cha ...
es, and minibuses. There are also electric trams, but on one route only. Earlier there were several tram routes in Zhytomyr, but all excepting one were canceled during a period of domination of the opinion that a tram is a bad kind of transport. Trams began to shuttle in Zhytomyr in 1899. Thus Zhytomyr became the 5th city with electric trams within the territory of present-day Ukraine. Trolleybuses appear in Zhytomyr in 1962. The total length of Zhytomyr city electric transport routes (trolleybuses and trams) is 275 km. Zhytomyr is the first city in Ukraine to implement e-ticket system in all municipal public transport.


Attack on Zhytomyr

On 27 February 2022, the city's public airport
Zhytomyr Airport Zhytomyr International Airport ( uk, Міжнародний аеропорт «Житомир») is an airport in Zhytomyr, Ukraine. History The airport started operating in 1939. But in November 2011, it was stripped from its registration as ci ...
was directly attacked by 2 Iskander missiles launched from Belarus, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which had recently started three days prior to the attack on Zhytomyr Airport.


Twin towns – sister cities

Zhytomyr is twinned with: *
Bytom Bytom (Polish pronunciation: ; Silesian: ''Bytōm, Bytōń'', german: Beuthen O.S.) is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. Located in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of Katowice, the regional capital ...
, Poland * Dazhou, China *
Kutaisi Kutaisi (, ka, ქუთაისი ) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the third-most populous city in Georgia, traditionally, second in importance, after the capital city of Tbilisi. Situated west of Tbilis ...
, Georgia * Montana, Bulgaria * Płock, Poland * Shangla, Pakistan


Notable people

* Ossip Bernstein (1882–1962), Russian-French Grandmaster chess player and businessman *
Aleksandr Bezymensky Aleksandr Ilyich Bezymensky (russian: Александр Ильич Безыменский, links=no; 1898 – 26 June 1973) was a Soviet poet, screenwriter and journalist. He was the father of war historian Lev Bezymensky, who wrote ''The D ...
(1898–1973), a Soviet poet, screenwriter and journalist. *
Sasha Boole Oleksandr Bulich (born 21 March 1989), known by his stage name Sasha Boole, is a Ukrainian country and folk musician, singer and songwriter based in Chernivtsi, Ukraine. Early years Bulich was born in Zhytomyr but raised in Chernivtsi. While st ...
(born 1989), Ukrainian country and folk musician, and singer / songwriter *
Tadeusz Borowski Tadeusz Borowski (; 12 November 1922 – 3 July 1951) was a Polish writer and journalist. His wartime poetry and stories dealing with his experiences as a prisoner at Auschwitz are recognized as classics of Polish literature. Early life Borow ...
(1922–1951), a Polish writer and journalist. *
Ina Bourskaya Ina Bourskaya (September 9, 1886 — June 25, 1954) was a Ukrainian-born American opera singer. Early life Ina Korzeniowska was born at Zhytomyr, Ukraine. Her parents, Joseph Korzeniowski and Teofilia Demlicka, were Polish.Charles Mintzer, "In ...
(1886—1954), an American opera singer. * Jarosław Dąbrowski (1836–1871), Polish nobleman and Paris Commune revolutionary *
Boris Didkovsky Boris Vladimirovich Didkovsky (russian: Борис Владимирович Дидковский) (1 May 1883 – 13 August 1937) was a Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet geologist, teacher and rector of the Ural State University. Biography Did ...
(1883–1937) Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet geologist and University rector *
Oksana Dyka Oksana Dyka ( uk, Оксана Дика, link=no ; born 16 June 1978, in Zhytomyr), also rendered as Dika, is a Ukrainian operatic soprano. Career Dyka graduated in 2004 at the Kyiv Conservatory and sang as a soloist at the Kyiv Opera from 2003 u ...
(born 1978), a Ukrainian operatic soprano. *
Luis Filcer Luis Filcer (December 4, 1927 – July 19, 2018 in San Miguel de Allende) was a Mexican Expressionist painter, whose works generally deal with themes of injustice and struggle. His family fled Ukraine for Mexico after the Russian Revolution to esca ...
(1927–2018), a Mexican Expressionist painter dealing with injustice and struggle. * Samuel Freedman (1908–1993), Canadian judge, Manitoba Chief Justice *
Yakov Gamarnik Yan Gamarnik (birth name Jakov Tzudikovich Gamarnik (russian: Я́ков Цу́дикович Гама́рник), sometimes known as Yakov Gamarnik (russian: Я́ков Гама́рник; – 31 May 1937), was the Chief of the Political Depa ...
(1894–1937), Soviet Communist militant and military commander * Jewgeni Grischbowski (born 1992), a Dj and Music Producer. *
Vladimir Hachinski Vladimir Hachinski is a Canadian clinical neuroscientist and researcher based at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at Western University. He is also a Senior Scientist at London's Robarts Research Institute. His research pertains ...
(born ca.1945), clinical neuroscientist and researcher into stroke and dementia. * Mark Kharitonov (born 1937) a Russian novelist, poet and essayist *
Alexander Kipnis Alexander Kipnis ( – May 14, 1978) was a Ukrainian-born operatic bass. Having initially established his artistic reputation in Europe, Kipnis became an American citizen in 1931, following his marriage to an American. He appeared often at the Ch ...
(1891–1978), German then US bass opera singer *
Vladimir Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (russian: Влади́мир Галактио́нович Короле́нко, ua, Володи́мир Галактіо́нович Короле́нко; 27 July 1853 – 25 December 1921) was a Ukrainian-born ...
(1853–1921), Russian writer, journalist and human rights activist * Sergei Korolev (1907–1966), rocket engineer and designer, head of the Soviet space program *
Keni Liptzin Keni Liptzin (1856 – September 28, 1918)"Liptzin, Keni". The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre'. Eds. Don B. Wilmeth; Tice L. Miller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. p. 232. (surname sometimes spelled Lipzin) was a star in t ...
(1856–1918), Jewish actress in Yiddish theatre * Borys Lyatoshynsky (1895–1968), a Ukrainian composer, conductor and teacher. *
Julian Movchan Julian Gregorovich Movchan ( uk, Юлiан Mовчан, February 19, 1913 – January 6, 2002) was a Ukrainian-American journalist, writer and doctor. Biography Born in the village of Zorokiv to a family of well-to-do peasants, in the Cherniakh ...
(1913–2002), a Ukrainian-American journalist, writer and doctor. *
Donia Nachshen Donia Esther Nachshen (22 January 1903 – 1987) was a Ukrainian-born British book illustrator and poster artist who is now best known for the posters she produced for the British government during World War Two. Biography Nachshen was born ...
(1903–1987) a British book illustrator, produced gov't posters in WWII. *
Franciszek Niepokólczycki Franciszek Niepokólczycki alias Teodor, Szubert, Franek, Żejmian, Halny (27 October 1900 – 11 June 1974) was a colonel of Polish Army. During World War II, commander of the Union of Retaliation, officer of the Union of Armed Struggle and the ...
(1900–1974), a colonel of Polish Army. *
Oleh Olzhych Oleh Olzhych (July 8, 1907, Zhytomyr, Russian Empire - 9 June 1944, Sachsenhausen concentration camp, Germany) was a Ukrainian poet and political activist. Born as Oleh Kandyba, he was forced to emigrate from Ukraine in 1923 due to occupation by t ...
(1907-1944), Ukrainian writer and nationalist militant *
Abram Ranovich Abram Borisovich Ranovich (real surname Rabinovich, russian: Абрам Борисович Ранович, – 29 May 1948) was a Soviet scholar of classical antiquity and religion. Ranovich authored several publications on the history of Judai ...
(1885–1948), Soviet scholar of classical antiquity and religion. * Sviatoslav Richter (1915–1997), a distinguished Soviet pianist * Michael Rostovtzeff (1870–1952), a Russian historian and archaeologist *
Esther Salaman Esther "Polly" Salaman () (, ; 6 January 1900 – 9 November 1995) was a Russian-born Jewish writer and physicist. She is best known for her memoir on Albert Einstein, her friend and teacher while studying at the University of Berlin. Biograph ...
(1900–1995), a Russian-born Jewish writer and physicist. *
Igor Shafarevich Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich (russian: И́горь Ростисла́вович Шафаре́вич; 3 June 1923 – 19 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician who contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. ...
(1923–2017), a Soviet and Russian mathematician, did
algebraic number theory Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic ob ...
* David Shterenberg (1881–1948), a Russian Soviet painter and graphic artist. * Apollon Skalkowski (1808-1898), Russian and Ukrainian scientist, historian, writer and publisher *
Andriy Slyusarchuk Andriy Tykhonovych Slyusarchuk ( uk, Андрі́й Ти́хонович Слюсарчу́к, born 10 May 1971) is a Ukrainian mnemonist who has claimed to be a general aviation pilot, a psychotherapist, In Ukrainian: a Doctor of Science in me ...
(born 1971) a Ukrainian mnemonist and fraudster *
Mykola Stsiborskyi Mykola Stsiborskyi ( uk, Микола Сціборський), also may be spelled Stsiborsky, Stsyborsky, Ściborski, or Sciborski (1897 – August 30, 1941) was a Ukrainian nationalist politician who served on the ''Provid'', or central leadersh ...
(1897–1941), leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists *
Vladimir Veksler Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler (russian: Владимир Иосифович Векслер; ; March 4, 1907 – September 22, 1966) was a prominent Soviet experimental physicist. Biography Veksler was born in Zhitomir on March 4, 1907 in the ...
(1907–1966), an experimental physicist, pioneer of the particle accelerator *
Natalia Vlaschenko Natalia Vlaschenko (11 September 1960, Zhytomyr, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian journalist, theatrologist, screenwriter, television presenter, playwright, producer, columnist, publisher and contributing editor. She is the general producer of the ...
(born 1960), journalist, screenwriter, TV presenter, playwright and columnist. * Bruno Zach (1891–1935), an Austrian art deco sculptor of Genre art *
Casimir Zagourski Casimir Ostoja Zagourski (in Polish Kazimierz Zagórski; 9 August 1883 – 10 January 1944) was a Polish pioneering photographer of Central African peoples and customs. Life Zagourski was born in Zhytomyr in 1883. He was a Pole, from the noble ...
(1883–1944), a Polish photographer active in Central Africa 1924–44 * Juliusz Zarębski (1854–1885), a Polish composer and pianist. *
Zev Wolf of Zhitomyr Zev Wolf of Zhitomyr (died 1798) was a Hassidic Rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as ''semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewis ...
(died 1798), an Hassidic Rabbi.


Sport

* Anastasiya Chernenko (born 1990), a professional triathlete *
Aderinsola Eseola Aderinsola Khabib Eseola ( uk, Адерінсола Хабіб Есеола; born 28 June 1991) is a Ukrainians, Ukrainian professional association football, footballer who plays for FC Lviv, Lviv as Striker (association football), striker. Care ...
(born 1991), a Ukrainian footballer with over 200 club caps *
Ruslan Malinovskyi Ruslan Volodymyrovych Malinovskyi ( uk, Руслан Володимирович Маліновський; born 4 May 1993) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Marseille, on loan from Serie A club Atalanta, ...
(born 1993) a Ukrainian footballer with over 300 club caps and 49 for Ukraine *
Viktor Rudyi Viktor Rudoy ( uk, Рудой Виктор Владимирович; born 11 February 1962) is a retired Soviet and Ukrainian football player. He spend most of his career to Desna Chernihiv the main club in Chernihiv. Career A pupil of the Chern ...
(born 1962), a retired Soviet and Ukrainian football player with 510 club caps. *
Vyacheslav Shabranskyy Vyacheslav "Slava" Shabranskyy ( ua, В'ячеслав Вікторович Шабранський; born 1 May 1987) is a Ukrainian professional boxer who challenged for the WBO light-heavyweight title in 2017. Amateur career Vyacheslav Shabra ...
(born 1987), boxer, fought for the
WBO The World Boxing Organization (WBO) is an organization which sanctions professional boxing bouts. It is recognized by the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF) as one of the four major world championship groups, alongside the World Boxing ...
light-heavyweight title in 2017. *
Danylo Sikan Danylo Yaroslavovych Sikan ( ua, Данило Ярославович Сікан; born 16 April 2001) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Shakhtar Donetsk. Club career Sikan started playing football in FC Polissya ...
(born 2001), a Ukrainian footballer with over 50 club caps and 6 for Ukraine *
Andriy Tkachuk Andriy Tkachuk ( uk, Андрій Миколайович Ткачук; born 18 November 1987) is a professional Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for Karpaty Lviv Football Club Karpaty Lviv ( ) is a Ukrainian professional football club ...
(born 1987), a Ukrainian football midfielder with over 400 club caps *
Yuriy Vernydub Yuriy Mykolayovych Vernydub ( uk, Юрій Миколайович Вернидуб; born 22 January 1966) is a Ukrainian professional football coach and former player. Career Vernydub made his professional debut in the Soviet Second League in 1 ...
(born 1966), a Ukrainian football coach and former player with 462 club caps.


and from Zhytomyr Oblast

*
Rustam Akhmetov Rustam Akhmetov ( uk, Рустам Ахметов, born 17 May 1950) is a retired high jumper who represented the Soviet Union. Biography He was born in Berdychiv, Ukrainian SSR, and was affiliated with the VSS Avangard in Berdychiv Berdychiv ...
(born 1950 in Berdychiv), a retired high jumper who represented the Soviet Union. * Hayim Nahman Bialik (1873 in Ivnytsia – 1934), Hebrew poet, educated in Zhytomyr * Adolpho Bloch (1908 in Jitomir - 1995), Brazilian-Ukrainian media magnate *
Moisey Kasyanik Moisey Davidovich Kasyanik (russian: Моисе́й Дави́дович Касья́ник, also "Moisei and Moysey" and "Kas'ianik, Kosyanik, or Kosianiki"; born January 1, 1911 – 1988) was a Soviet weightlifter. He was Jewish, and was born i ...
(1911 in Novo-Zhitomyr – 1988), weightlifter


Gallery

File:Будинок, в якому народився Ярослав Домбровський, генерал Паризької комуни..jpg, Typical old Zhytomyr architecture File:Житомир. Бывший особняк Филиппова..JPG, Former private residence in Zhytomyr File:Будинок взаємного кредиту (міська рада) .jpg, City Hall File:Житомир. Здание Областного суда..JPG, Court building in Zhytomyr File:Житомир. Парк Гагарина..JPG, Fountains in Gagarin park, Zhytomyr file:Кріха 2017.jpg, Chapel of the Lutheran Church file:Житомир Кафедральний костел Св. Софії.jpg, Saint Sophia Cathedral. file:Zhytomyr Stariy Bul'var 9 Okruzhniy Sud 01 (YDS 6520).JPG, The National University of Agriculture in Zhytomyr. file:Zhytomyr Pushkins'ka 42 Druga Cholovicha Gimnaziya 01 (YDS 6538).JPG, Zhytomyr state technology university file:Korolev-museum-zhytomyr.jpg, The Korolyov Museum. file:Житомир, майдан Перемоги 12.jpg, Spaso-Preobrazhenskiy sobor. file:Zhytomyr_Maydan_Peremohi2.JPG, Victory Square with tank monument and Cathedral in Zhytomyr. file:Zhytomyr Kyivs'ka 4 Kostel Sv.Yoana z Dukli 02 (YDS 6340).JPG, The Catholic Church of St. John in the centre of Zhytomyr. file:Хрестовоздвиженська Церква, Житомир, вул. Кафедральна, 18.jpg, Khrestovozdvizhensky Cathedral. file:Церква Св. Михайла.jpg, Cathedral, St. Michael's Church. file:Житомир. Ворота ВДНХ..JPG, A place in Kyiv Street. file:Denkmal für die Opfer des Faschismus.JPG, Monument to the victims of fascism (Zhytomyr)


References


Sources

* * Wendy Lower, ''Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine'', 2005, University of North Carolina Press.
Introduction (online)
accessed 19 July 2006.


Sources and external links

*
Zhytomyr Journal - news, photo, map and other Zhytomyr business directory (in Russian or Ukrainian)



interesniy.zhitomir.ua
- a blog about history of Zhytomyr




Zhytomyr map - cafes, bars, restaurants
everything about the city
hotels of Zhytomyr
{{Authority control Zhytomyr, Cities in Zhytomyr Oblast Zhytomyr Raion Zhitomirsky Uyezd Kiev Voivodeship Shtetls Cities of regional significance in Ukraine Holocaust locations in Ukraine 880s establishments Populated places established in the 9th century Oblast centers in Ukraine