Ælfgifu of York (fl. c. 970 – 1002) was the first wife of

Æthelred the Unready Æthelred II ( ang, Æþelræd, ;Different spellings of this king’s name most commonly found in modern texts are "Ethelred" and "Æthelred" (or "Aethelred"), the latter being closer to the original Old English form . Compare the modern diale ...

King of the English This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo-Sa ...

; as such, she was Queen of the English from their marriage in the 980s until her death in 1002. They had many children together, including

Edmund Ironside Edmund Ironside (30 November 1016; , ; sometimes also known as Edmund II) was King of the English from 23 April to 30 November 1016. He was the son of King Æthelred the Unready and his first wife, Ælfgifu of York. Edmund's reign was marred by ...

. It is most probable that Ælfgifu was a daughter of

Thored Thored ( ang, Þoreþ; fl. 979–992) was a 10th-century Ealdorman of York, ruler of the southern half of the old Kingdom of Northumbria on behalf of the king of England. He was the son of either Gunnar or Oslac, northern ealdormen. If he was th ...

, Earl of southern Northumbria.

Identity and background

Her name and paternity do not surface in the sources until sometime after the Conquest. The first to offer any information at all,

Sulcard Sulcard (floruit ''c''. 1080) was a Benedictine monk at St. Peter's, Westminster Abbey, and the author of the first history of the abbey. Little is known of Sulcard, whose unusual name may reflect either Anglo-Saxon or Norman parentage.Harvey, "Su ...

of Westminster (''fl''. 1080s), merely describes her as being “of very noble English stock” (''ex nobilioribus Anglis''), without naming her,Sulcard of Winchester, ''Prologus de construccione Westmonasterii'', ed. Scholz, pp. 74, 89; Williams, ''Æthelred the Unready'', p. 169, note 30. while in the early 12th century,

William of Malmesbury William of Malmesbury ( la, Willelmus Malmesbiriensis; ) was the foremost English historian of the 12th century. He has been ranked among the most talented English historians since Bede. Modern historian C. Warren Hollister described him as " ...

has nothing to report. All primary evidence comes from two Anglo-Norman historians.

John of Worcester John of Worcester (died c. 1140) was an English monk and chronicler who worked at Worcester Priory. He is usually held to be the author of the ''Chronicon ex chronicis''. ''Chronicon ex chronicis'' The ''Chronicon ex chronicis'' is a world wi ...

, also writing in the early 12th century, states that Æthelred's first wife was Ælfgifu, daughter of the nobleman Æthelberht (''comes Agelberhtus'') and the mother of Edmund, Æthelstan, Eadwig and Eadgyth.John of Worcester, ''Chronicon ex Chronicis'' (West-Saxon regnal list at the end of Chronicle). Writing in the 1150s,

Ailred of Rievaulx Aelred of Rievaulx ( la, Aelredus Riaevallensis); also Ailred, Ælred, and Æthelred; (1110 – 12 January 1167) was an English Cistercian monk, abbot of Rievaulx from 1147 until his death, and known as a writer. He is regarded by Anglicans ...

identifies her as a daughter of earl (''comes'')

and the mother of Edmund, though he supplies no name.' ..cum jam de filia Torethi nobilissimi comitis filium suscepisset Edmundum.'--Ailred of Rievaulx, ''Genealogia regum Anglorum''. Ailred had been seneschal at the court of King

David I of Scotland David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: ''Daibhidh I mac haoilChaluim''; – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians from 1113 to 1124 and later King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153. The youngest son of Mal ...

(r. 1124–53), whose mother Margaret was a great-granddaughter of Ælfgifu. Although his testimony is late, his proximity to the royal family may have given him access to genuine information.Keynes, “Æthelred.”

Problem of fatherhood

These two accounts are irreconcilable at the point of ascribing two different fathers to Æthelred's first wife (in both cases, Edmund's mother). One way out of it would be to assume the existence of two different wives before the arrival of Queen Emma, Æthelred's Norman wife, although this interpretation presents difficulties of its own, especially as the sources envisage a single woman.This possibility is raised, for instance, by Stafford, ''Queen Emma'', p. 66 and 66 note 3. It is also considered, but subsequently rejected by Williams, ''Æthelred the Unready,'' p. 25. Historians generally favour the view that John of Worcester was in error about the father's name, as Æthelberht's very existence is under suspicion:Williams, ''Æthelred the Unready,'' p. 25; Keynes, “Æthelred”; ''Handbook of British Chronology'', p. 27. if Latin ''comes'' is to be interpreted as a gloss on the office of ealdorman, only two doubtful references to one or two ''duces'' (ealdormen) of this name can be put forward that would fit the description. All in all, the combined evidence suggests that Æthelred's first wife was Ælfgifu, the daughter of Earl Thored. This magnate is likely to have been the

who was a son of Gunnar and earl of (southern) Northumbria.Williams, ''Æthelred the Unready'', p. 24.

Marriage and children

Based largely on the careers of her sons, Ælfgifu's marriage has been dated approximately to the (mid-)980s. Considering Thored's authority as earl of York and apparently, the tenure of that office without royal appointment, the union would have signified an important step for the West-Saxon royal family by which it secured a foothold in the north.Williams, ''Æthelred the Unready,'' p. 24-5. Such a politically weighty union would help explain the close connections maintained by Ælfgifu's eldest sons Edmund and Æthelstan with noble families based in the northern Danelaw.Keynes, “Æthelred”; Williams, ''Æthelred the Unready,'' p. 25. The marriage produced six sons, all of whom were named after Æthelred's predecessors, and an unknown number of daughters. The eldest sons Æthelstan, Ecgberht, Eadred and Edmund first attest charters in 993, while the younger sons Eadwig and Edgar first make an appearance in them in 997 and 1001 respectively.S 876 (AD 993), S 891 (AD 997), S 899 (AD 1001). Some of these sons seem to have spent part of their childhood in fosterage elsewhere, possibly with Æthelred's mother Ælfthryth.Keynes, “Æthelred” Edmund Ironside outlived his father and became king. In 1016 he suffered several defeats against

Cnut Cnut (; ang, Cnut cyning; non, Knútr inn ríki ; or , no, Knut den mektige, sv, Knut den Store. died 12 November 1035), also known as Cnut the Great and Canute, was King of England from 1016, King of Denmark from 1018, and King of Norwa ...

and in October they agreed to share the kingdom, but Edmund died within six weeks and Cnut became king of all England. Æthelred gave three of his daughters in marriage to ealdormen, presumably in order to secure the loyalties of his nobles and so to consolidate a defence system against Viking attacks.Stafford, ''The Reign of Æthelred II.''34-5.

Sons

Æthelstan Æthelstan or Athelstan (; ang, Æðelstān ; on, Aðalsteinn; ; – 27 October 939) was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 to his death in 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder and his fir ...

(born before 993, d. 1014) :* Ecgberht (born before 993, d. 1005) :* Edmund (II) Ironside (born before 993, d. 1016) :*

Eadred Eadred (c. 923 – 23 November 955) was King of the English from 26 May 946 until his death. He was the younger son of Edward the Elder and his third wife Eadgifu, and a grandson of Alfred the Great. His elder brother, Edmund, was killed try ...

(d. 1012 x 1015) :*

Eadwig Eadwig (also Edwy or Eadwig All-Fair, 1 October 959) was King of England from 23 November 955 until his death in 959. He was the elder son of Edmund I and his first wife Ælfgifu, who died in 944. Eadwig and his brother Edgar were young ...

(born before 997, exiled and killed 1017) :* Edgar (born before 1001, d. 1012 x 1015)

Daughters

:*Eadgyth (born before 993), married

Eadric Streona Eadric Streona (died 1017) was Ealdorman of Mercia from 1007 until he was killed by King Cnut. Eadric was given the epithet "Streona" (translated as "The Acquisitive”) in Hemming's Cartulary because he appropriated church land and funds for ...

, ealdorman of Mercia.John of Worcester, ''Chronicon'', AD 1009. :*Ælfgifu, married ealdorman Uhtred of Northumbria.''

De Obsessione Dunelmi ''De obsessione Dunelmi'' ("On the siege of Durham"), is an historical work written in the north of England during the Anglo-Norman period, almost certainly at Durham, and probably in either the late 11th- or early 12th-century. Provenance The ...

'' § 2; ''Handbook of British Chronology'', p. 27. :*(possibly) Wulfhild, who married Ulfcytel (Snillingr) (d. 1016), apparently ealdorman of East Anglia.''Handbook of British Chronology'', p. 27. :*possibly an unnamed daughter who married the Æthelstan who was killed fighting the Danes at the Battle of Ringmere in 1010. He is called Æthelred's ''aðum'', meaning either son-in-law or brother-in-law. Ann Williams, however, argues that the latter meaning is the appropriate one and refers to Æthelstan as being Ælfgifu's brother. :*possibly unnamed daughter, who became abbess of Wherwell.''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' (MS E) 1048; ''Handbook of British Chronology'', p. 27.

Life and death

Unlike her mother-in-law, Ælfthryth, Ælfgifu was not anointed queen and never signed charters.Ryan Lavelle, ''Aethelred II: King of the English'', The History Press, 2008, p. 56 She did have a few mentions in those few contemporary records that survive. In a will issued between 975 and 987, the

thegn In Anglo-Saxon England, thegns were aristocratic landowners of the second rank, below the ealdormen who governed large areas of England. The term was also used in early medieval Scandinavia for a class of retainers. In medieval Scotland, there ...

Beorhtric and his wife bequeathed to their ''hlæfdige'' (lady) an armlet worth 30 gold mancuses and a stallion, to guarantee the will be carried out.S 1511 (975 or 980 x 987). Another's will of between 990 and 1001 addresses her as “my lady” (''mire hlæfdian''), where Æthelgifu is promised a bequest of 30 mancuses of gold.S 1497 (''c. ''AD 990x 1001). Just as little is known of her life, so the precise date and circumstances of her death cannot be recovered.It has been suggested that she died in giving birth. Trow, ''Cnut: Emperor of the North'', p. 54. In any event, she appears to have died by 1002, possibly in childbirth, when Æthelred took to wife

Emma of Normandy Emma of Normandy (referred to as Ælfgifu in royal documents; c. 984 – 6 March 1052) was a Norman-born noblewoman who became the English, Danish, and Norwegian queen through her marriages to the Anglo-Saxon king Æthelred the Unready and the ...

, daughter of Count Richard of Rouen, who received or adopted her predecessor's Anglo-Saxon name, Ælfgifu.

Notes

Sources

Primary sources

, ''De genealogia regum Anglorum'' ("On the Genealogy of the English Kings"), ed. R. Twysden, ''De genealogia regum Anglorum''. Rerum Anglicarum scriptores 10. London, 1652. 1.347–70
Patrologia Latina 195 (711–38) edition available from Documenta Catholica
tr. M. L. Dutton and J. P. Freeland, ''Aelred of Rievaulx, The Historical Works''. Kalamazoo, 2005. *Anglo-Saxon charters
S 1511 (possibly AD 980 x 987)

S 1497 (''c''. AD 990 x 1001)
*''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', ed. D. Dumville and S. Keynes, ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a collaborative edition''. 8 vols. Cambridge, 1983 ** Tr. Michael J. Swanton, ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles''. 2nd ed. London, 2000. *

, ''Chronicon ex Chronicis'', ed. Benjamin Thorpe, ''Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis''. 2 vols. London, 1848–49 ** Tr. J. Stevenson, ''Church Historians of England''. 8 vols.: vol. 2.1. London, 1855; pp. 171–372. *

of Westminster, ''Prologus de construccione Westmonasterii'', ed. B. W. Scholz, “Sulcard of Westminster. ''Prologus de construccione Westmonasterii''.” ''Traditio''; 20 (1964); pp. 59–91. *

, ''Gesta regum Anglorum'', ed. and tr. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, ''William of Malmesbury. Gesta Regum Anglorum: The History of the English Kings''. (Oxford Medieval Texts.) 2 vols.; vol 1. Oxford, 1998.

Secondary sources

*Fryde, E. et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology''. 3d ed. Cambridge, 1996. *Keynes, Simon. “Æthelred II (c.966x8–1016).” ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press, 200.
Accessed 1 Sept 2007
*Stafford, Pauline. "The Reign of Æthelred II. A Study in the Limitations on Royal Policy and Action." In ''Ethelred the Unready. Papers from the Millenary Conference'', ed. D. Hill. BAR British series 59. Oxford, 1978. 15–46. *Stafford, Pauline. ''Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women’s Power in Eleventh-Century England''. Oxford, 1997. *Trow, M.J. ''Cnut: Emperor of the North.'' Sutton, 2005. *Williams, Ann. ''Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King''. London, 2003.

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Aelfgifu of York 10th-century births 1002 deaths 10th-century English people 11th-century English people 10th-century English women 11th-century English women Anglo-Saxon royal consorts House of Wessex English royal consorts