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Method Of Fluxions
''Method of Fluxions'' () is a mathematical treatise by Sir Isaac Newton which served as the earliest written formulation of modern calculus. The book was completed in 1671 and posthumously published in 1736. Background Fluxion is Newton's term for a derivative. He originally developed the method at Woolsthorpe Manor during the closing of Cambridge due to the Great Plague of London from 1665 to 1667. Newton did not choose to make his findings known (similarly, his findings which eventually became the '' Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' were developed at this time and hidden from the world in Newton's notes for many years). Gottfried Leibniz developed his form of calculus independently around 1673, seven years after Newton had developed the basis for differential calculus, as seen in surviving documents like “the method of fluxions and fluents..." from 1666. Leibniz, however, published his discovery of differential calculus in 1684, nine years before Newton forma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton () was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author. Newton was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment that followed. His book (''Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''), first published in 1687, achieved the Unification of theories in physics#Unification of gravity and astronomy, first great unification in physics and established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy, shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for formulating calculus, infinitesimal calculus, though he developed calculus years before Leibniz. Newton contributed to and refined the scientific method, and his work is considered the most influential in bringing forth modern science. In the , Newton formulated the Newton's laws of motion, laws of motion and Newton's law of universal g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isaac Barrow
Isaac Barrow (October 1630 – 4 May 1677) was an English Christian theologian and mathematician who is generally given credit for his early role in the development of infinitesimal calculus; in particular, for proof of the fundamental theorem of calculus. His work centered on the properties of the tangent; Barrow was the first to calculate the tangents of the kappa curve. He is also notable for being the inaugural holder of the prestigious Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics, a post later held by his student, Isaac Newton. Life Early life and education Barrow was born in London. He was the son of Thomas Barrow, a linen draper by trade. In 1624, Thomas married Ann, daughter of William Buggin of North Cray, Kent and their son Isaac was born in 1630. It appears that Barrow was the only child of this union—certainly the only child to survive infancy. Ann died around 1634, and the widowed father sent the lad to his grandfather, Isaac, the Cambridgeshire J.P., who resi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Lax
William Lax (1761 – 29 October 1836) was an English astronomer and mathematician who served as Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry at the University of Cambridge for 41 years. Lax was born in Ravensworth in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge, Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated Bachelor of Arts as the Senior Wrangler (University of Cambridge), Senior Wrangler and first Smith's Prizeman of his year. He was elected a fellow of Trinity College, ordained as a minister, and received his Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin), Master of Arts. Lax was granted the Living (Christianity), livings of vicar of Marsworth, Buckinghamshire and of St Ippolyts near Hitchin, Hertfordshire, where he erected an observatory. Lax was best known for his ''Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid'' (1807) and his work regarding the ''Nautical Almanac'', which was an important reference for navigation in the period. An obituary claimed tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Time In Physics
In physics, time is defined by its operational definition, measurement: time is what a clock reads. In classical, non-relativistic physics, it is a scalar (physics), scalar quantity (often denoted by the symbol t) and, like length, mass, and electric charge, charge, is usually described as a fundamental quantity. Time can be combined mathematically with other physical quantities to Formal proof, derive other concepts such as motion (physics), motion, kinetic energy and time-dependent Field (physics), fields. '':category:Timekeeping, Timekeeping'' is a complex of technological and scientific issues, and part of the foundation of ''recordkeeping''. Markers of time Before there were clocks, time was measured by those physical processes which were understandable to each epoch of civilization: * the first appearance (see: heliacal rising) of Sirius to mark the flooding of the Nile each yearOtto Neugebauer ''The Exact Sciences in Antiquity''. Princeton: Princeton University Pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Raphson
Joseph Raphson (c. 1668 – c. 1715) was an England, English mathematician and intellectual known best for the Newton–Raphson method. Biography Very little is known about Raphson's life. Connor and Robertson give his date of birth as 1668 based on a 1691 book review giving his age as 22; mathematical historian Florian Cajori preferred dates around 1648–1715. His parents were probably Ruth and James Raphson, in which case he is likely to be a Joseph Raphson baptised at St John the Baptist, Pinner, St John the Baptist, Pinner, Middlesex in the 1660s. Raphson was made a Fellow of the Royal Society on 30 November 1689, after being proposed for membership by Edmund Halley. In 1692 he graduated with an Master of Arts (Oxbridge), M.A. in 1692 from Jesus College, Cambridge, Jesus College which at the time was primarily a training college for Church of England clergy, however as the degree was awarded Royal warrant he probably did not actually study there. He described himself as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Colson
John Colson (1680 – 20 January 1760) was an English clergyman, mathematician, and the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. Life John Colson was educated at Lichfield School before becoming an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford, though he did not take a degree there. He became a schoolmaster at Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School in Rochester, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1713. He was Vicar of Chalk, Kent from 1724 to 1740. He relocated to Cambridge and lectured at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. From 1739 to 1760, he was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. He was also Rector of Lockington, Yorkshire. Works In 1726 he published his "Negativo-Affirmativo Arithmetik" advocating a modified decimal system of numeration. He proposed "reduction osmall figures" by "throwing all the large figures 9, 8, 7, 6 out of a given number, and introducing in their room the equivalent small figures 1\bar, 1\bar, 1\bar, 1\bar respectivel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Landen
John Landen (23 January 1719 – 15 January 1790) was an English mathematician. Life He was born at Peakirk, near Peterborough in Northamptonshire, on 28 January 1719. He was brought up to the business of a surveyor, and acted as land agent to Earl Fitzwilliam, from 1762 to 1788. Cultivating mathematics during his leisure hours, he became a contributor to the ''Ladies' Diary'' in 1744, published ''Mathematical Lucubrations'' in 1755, and from 1754 onwards communicated to the Royal Society valuable investigations on points connected with the fluxionary calculus. His attempt to substitute for it a purely algebraic method, expounded in book i. of ''Residual Analysis'' was further prosecuted by Lagrange. Book ii. never appeared. Landen's transformation, for expressing a hyperbolic arc in terms of two elliptic arcs, was inserted in the ''Philosophical Transactions'' for 1775, and specimens of its use were given in the first volume of his ‘Mathematical Memoirs (1780). In a pape ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Hayes (mathematician)
Charles Hayes (1678–1760) was an English mathematician, chronologist and slave trader who wrote a book on the method of fluxions. He also served as an official of the Royal African Company, which engaged in the Atlantic slave trade. Life Hayes was a member of Gray's Inn. Having made a voyage to Africa and spent some time there, he had a reputation as a geographer, and was chosen annually to be sub-governor or deputy-governor of the Royal African Company (RAC), which engaged in the Atlantic slave trade. When the RAC was dissolved in 1752, Hayes settled at Downe, Kent. John Nichols remarks that Hayes spent much time in philosophical experiments. Hayes found favour with his contemporaries from his ‘sedate temper’ and clear exposition; and Charles Hutton remarked that he had erudition concealed by modesty. Hayes died at his chambers in Gray's Inn on 18 December 1760. Works In 1704, appeared his ''Treatise on Fluxions, or an Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy'', London, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
