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ABO
The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes (red blood cells). For human blood transfusions, it is the most important of the 47 different blood type (or group) classification systems currently recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusions (ISBT) as of December 2022. A mismatch in this serotype (or in various others) can cause a potentially fatal Blood transfusion#Adverse effects, adverse reaction after a transfusion, or an Organ rejection, unwanted immune response to an organ transplant. Such mismatches are rare in modern medicine. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses. The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for this discovery. ABO blood types are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blood Type
A blood type (also known as a blood group) is based on the presence and absence of antibody, antibodies and Heredity, inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of Cell (biology)#Eukaryotic cells, cells of various Tissue (biology), tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system. Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents of an individual. As of October 2024, a total of 47 human blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). The two most important blood group systems are ABO blood group system, ABO and Rh blood group system, Rh; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB, and O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's Circulatory system, circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, blood plasma, plasma, platelets, and other clotting factors. White blood cells are transfused only in very rare circumstances, since granulocyte transfusion has limited applications. Whole blood has come back into use in the Major trauma, trauma setting. Red blood cells (RBC) contain hemoglobin and supply the Cell (biology), cells of the body with oxygen. White blood cells are not commonly used during transfusions, but they are part of the immune system and also fight infections. Plasma is the "yellowish" liquid part of blood, which acts as a buffer and contains proteins and other important substances needed for the body's overall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwik Hirszfeld
Ludwik Hirszfeld (; 5 August 1884 – 7 March 1954) was a Polish microbiologist and serologist. He is considered a co-discoverer of the inheritance of ABO blood types. Life He was a cousin of Aleksander Rajchman, a Polish mathematician, and of Ludwik Rajchman, a Polish bacteriologist. He was born into a Jewish family in Łódź and studied medicine in Germany. In 1902 he entered the University of Würzburg and transferred in 1904 to Berlin, where he attended lectures in medicine and philosophy. Hirszfeld completed his doctoral dissertation, "Über Blutagglutination," in 1907, thus taking the first step in what was to become his specialty. But first he became a junior assistant in cancer research at the Heidelberg Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, where E. von Dungern was his department head. Hirszfeld soon formed a close personal friendship with Dungern which proved to be scientifically fruitful. At Heidelberg they did the first joint work on animal and human bl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antigen-antibody Interaction
Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. The antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex. The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated. The first correct description of the antigen-antibody reaction was given by Richard J. Goldberg at the University of Wisconsin in 1952. It came to be known as "Goldberg's theory" (of antigen-antibody reaction). There are several types of antibodies and antigens, and each antibody is capable of binding only to a specific antigen. The specificity of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emil Freiherr Von Dungern
Baron Emil von Dungern (26 November 1867 – 4 September 1961) was a German internist. He was born in Würzburg and died in Bodman-Ludwigshafen. Von Dungern worked at the Heidelberg Institute for Experimental Cancer Research where he was the director of the scientific section. Ludwik Hirszfeld Ludwik Hirszfeld (; 5 August 1884 – 7 March 1954) was a Polish microbiologist and serologist. He is considered a co-discoverer of the inheritance of ABO blood types. Life He was a cousin of Aleksander Rajchman, a Polish mathematician, and ..., the co-discoverer of the heritability of ABO blood groups, was his research assistant from 1907 to 1911. Hirszfeld, in his work ''Historia'' (1967), described von Dungern as "a spiritual poet who had to fall in love with a problem in order to be able to work on it ... He was a flame burning from within." References Notes 1867 births 1961 deaths {{Germany-med-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medical University Of Vienna
The Medical University of Vienna (MedUni Wien, German language, German: ''Medizinische Universität Wien'') is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It is the direct successor to the faculty of medicine at the University of Vienna, founded in 1365 by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. As one of the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest medical schools in the world, it is the oldest in the German-speaking countries, and was the second medical faculty in the Holy Roman Empire, after the Charles University of Prague. The Medical University of Vienna is the largest medical organisation in Austria, as well as one of the top-level research institutions in Europe and provides Europe's largest hospital, the Vienna General Hospital, with all of its medical staff. It consists of 31 university clinics and clinical institutes, and 12 medical-theoretical departments, which perform around 48,000 Surgery, operations each year. The Vienna General Hospital has about 100,00 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Lorenzo Moss
William Lorenzo Moss (23 August 1876 – August 12, 1957) was an American physician and professor of medicine. He developed the Moss System of blood groups in 1910 which was used to ensure safe blood transfusions before more detailed classifications based on refinements of Landsteiner's work came into practice. Moss was born in Athens, Georgia and was educated at the University of Georgia. After receiving a bachelor's degree in 1897 in civil engineering before he joined Johns Hopkins University The Johns Hopkins University (often abbreviated as Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private university, private research university in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Founded in 1876 based on the European research institution model, J ... to study medicine and graduated MD in 1905. He worked as an instructor at the Phipps Tuberculosis Dispensary in 1910. Landsteiner had identified three blood groups in 1901 and added a fourth in 1902 (AB). Jan Jansky also developed a classifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agglutinogen
Agglutinogen is an antigen that causes the formation of agglutinins in the body and leads to agglutination, such as hemagglutination, which involves red blood cells (RBCs). The kind of agglutinogens present on the red blood cells helps determine the blood type of a person. For example, in the ABO blood type classification system, if a person has blood type A, then the red blood cells exhibit agglutinogens A or antigens A. If the blood is of type B, the agglutinogens present are of type B. If the blood is of type AB, then both agglutinogens A and B are present. In blood type O, there are no agglutinogens on the surface of the red blood cells. The agglutinogens are made by specific enzymes, which are encoded in genes. Different versions, or alleles give rise to different agglutinogens: the A allele codes for an enzyme that makes the agglutinogen A and similarly the B allele results in the agglutinogen B. A third version of this gene, the O allele, codes for a protein that is not fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agglutination (biology)
Agglutination is the clumping of particles. The word ''agglutination'' comes from the Latin '' agglutinare'' (glueing to). Agglutination is a reaction in which particles (as red blood cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid collect into clumps usually as a response to a specific antibody. This occurs in biology in two main examples: # The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody or complement. The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them, creating a large complex. This increases the efficacy of microbial elimination by phagocytosis as large clumps of bacteria can be eliminated in one pass, versus the elimination of single microbial antigens. # When people are given blood transfusions of the wrong blood group, the antibodies react with the incorrectly transfused blood group and as a result, the erythrocytes clump up and stick together causing them to agglutinate. The coalescing of small particles that are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibodies
An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease. Each individual antibody recognizes one or more specific antigens, and antigens of virtually any size and chemical composition can be recognized. Antigen literally means "antibody generator", as it is the presence of an antigen that drives the formation of an antigen-specific antibody. Each of the branching chains comprising the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope that specifically binds to one particular epitope on an antigen, allowing the two molecules to bind together with precision. Using this mechanism, antibodies can effectively "tag" the antigen (or a microbe or an infected cell bearing such an antigen) for attack by cells of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a viru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
