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The Braille pattern dots-1346 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with both top and both bottom dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with both top and both lower-middle dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+282d, and in Braille ASCII with an X. Unified Braille In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1346 is used to represent a voiceless velar fricative The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English, e.g. in ''loc ..., i.e. /x/, or otherwise as needed.. Table of unified braille values Other braille Plus dots 7 and 8 Related to Braille pattern dots-1346 are Braille patterns 13467, 13468, and 134678, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. Related 8-dot kantenji patterns In the Japanese kan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Braille
English Braille, also known as ''Grade 2 Braille'', is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of around 250 letters ( phonograms), numerals, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations (logograms). Some English Braille letters, such as , correspond to more than one letter in print. There are three levels of complexity in English Braille. Grade 1 is a nearly one-to-one transcription of printed English and is restricted to basic literacy. Grade 2, which is nearly universal beyond basic literacy materials, abandons one-to-one transcription in many places (such as the letter ) and adds hundreds of abbreviations and contractions. Both Grade 1 and Grade 2 have been standardized. "Grade 3" is any of various personal shorthands that are almost never found in publications. Most of this article describes the 1994 American edition of Grade 2 Braille, which is largely equivalent to British Grade 2 Braille. Some of the differences with Unified English Braill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille ASCII
Braille ASCII (or more formally The North American Braille ASCII Code, also known as SimBraille) is a subset of the ASCII character set which uses 64 of the printable ASCII characters to represent all possible dot combinations in six-dot braille. It was developed around 1969 and, despite originally being known as North American Braille ASCII, it is now used internationally. Overview Braille ASCII uses the 64 ASCII characters between 32 and 95 inclusive. All capital letters in ASCII correspond to their equivalent values in uncontracted English Braille. Note however that, unlike standard print, there is only one braille symbol for each letter of the alphabet. Therefore, in Braille, all letters are lower-case by default, unless preceded by a capitalization sign ( ). The numbers 1 through 9 and 0 correspond to the letters ''a'' through ''j'', except that they are lowered or shifted lower in the Braille cell. For example, represents ''c'', and is ''3''. The other symbols m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IPA Braille
IPA Braille is the modern standard Braille encoding of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as recognized by the International Council on English Braille. A braille version of the IPA was first created by Merrick and Potthoff in 1934, and published in London. It was used in France, Germany, and anglophone countries. However, it was not updated as the IPA evolved, and by 1989 had become obsolete. In 1990 it was officially reissued by BAUK, but in a corrupted form that made it largely unworkable. In 1997 BANA created a completely new system for the United States and Canada. However, it was incompatible with braille IPA elsewhere in the world and in addition proved to be cumbersome and often inadequate. In 2008 Robert Englebretson revised the Merrick and Potthoff notationEnglebretson, 2008, IPA Braille: An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet'', CNIB and by 2011 this had been accepted by BANA. It is largely true to the original in consonants a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mainland Chinese Braille
(Mainland) Chinese Braille is a braille script used for Standard Mandarin in China. Consonants and basic finals conform to international braille, but additional finals form a semi-syllabary, as in zhuyin (bopomofo). Each syllable is written with up to three Braille cells, representing the initial, final, and tone, respectively. In practice tone is generally omitted as it is in pinyin. Braille charts Traditional Chinese Braille is as follows: Initials Chinese Braille initials generally follow the pinyin assignments of international braille. However, ''j, q, x'' are replaced with ''g, k, h'', as the difference is predictable from the final. (This reflects the historical change of ''g, k, h'' (and also ''z, c, s'') to ''j, q, x'' before ''i'' and ''ü''.) The digraphs ''ch, sh, zh'' are assigned to (its pronunciation in Russian Braille), (a common pronunciation in international braille), and . ''R'' is assigned to , reflecting the old Wade-Giles transcription of . ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille ( ; Braille: ⠃⠗⠇; ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are blind, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are formed using a combination of six raised dots arranged in a 3 x 2 matri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thai Braille
Thai Braille () and Lao Braille () are the braille alphabets of the Thai language and Lao language. Thai Braille was adapted by Genevieve Caulfield, who knew both English and Japanese Braille. Unlike the print Thai alphabet, which is an abugida, Thai and Lao Braille have full letters rather than diacritics for vowels. However, traces of the abugida remain: Only the consonants are based on the international English and French standard, while the vowels are reassigned and the five vowels transcribed ''a e i o u'' are taken from Japanese Braille. Braille charts Thai and Lao Braille run as follows:UNESCO (2013World Braille Usage 3rd edition. Consonants Consonants follow English and international conventions except where, as in ''b'' and ''f'', there is interference from the Japanese-derived vowels. Low-tone-class ''kh, ng, ch, s, th, f'' are derived from English Braille ''k, g, st, s, th, f'' by adding dot 6. ''B'' and low ''ph'' are derived from high ''ph'' through reflection; ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Braille
Arabic Braille ( ar, بِرَيْل الْعَرَبِيَّة, ') is the braille alphabet for the Arabic language. It descends from a braille alphabet brought to Egypt by an English missionary prior to 1878, so the letter assignments generally correspond to English Braille and to the same romanization as in other braille systems, like Greek and Russian. However, there were once multiple standards, some of which (such as Algerian Braille) were unrelated to Coptic Braille. A unified Arabic Braille was adopted in the 1950s as part of the move toward international braille, and it is the standard throughout the Arab world. Other Arabic-based alphabets have braille systems similar to Arabic Braille, such as Urdu and Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ... Braille, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are blind, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are formed using a combination of six raised dots arranged in a 3 ×&n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Braille
Japanese Braille is the braille script of the Japanese language. It is based on the original braille script, though the connection is tenuous. In Japanese it is known as , literally "dot characters". It transcribes Japanese more or less as it would be written in the ''hiragana'' or ''katakana'' syllabaries, without any provision for writing ''kanji''. Japanese Braille is a vowel-based abugida. That is, the glyphs are syllabic, but unlike kana they contain separate symbols for consonant and vowel, and the vowel takes primacy. The vowels are written in the upper left corner (points 1, 2, 4) and may be used alone. The consonants are written in the lower right corner (points 3, 5, 6) and cannot occur alone. However, the semivowel ''y'' is indicated by point 4, one of the vowel points, and the vowel combination is dropped to the bottom of the block. When this point is written in isolation, it indicates that the following syllable has a youon, medial ''y'', as in ''mya''. Syllables be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian Braille
Algerian Braille was a braille alphabet used to write the Arabic language in Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig .... It is apparently obsolete. In Algerian Braille, the braille letters are assigned in numeric order to the Arabic alphabet; standard Arabic Braille on the other hand uses a completely different assignment, following [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner–Salinas Braille Codes
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called ''GS8''. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called ''GS6''. The codes were developed as a replacement for Nemeth Braille by John A. Gardner, a physicist at Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician. The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable markup language. The syntax is based on the LaTeX system for scientific typesetting. Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2 English Braille. Digits Apart from 0, this is the same as the Antoine notation used in French and Luxembour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner Salinas Braille
Gardner may refer to: Name *Gardner (given name) *Gardner (surname) Places United States *Gardner, Colorado *Gardner, Illinois * Gardner, Kansas *Gardner, Massachusetts *Gardner, North Dakota * Gardner, Tennessee * Gardner, Wisconsin * Glen Gardner, New Jersey Geographical features * Gardner (crater) on the Moon *Gardner Canal in British Columbia, Canada *Gardner Inlet in Antarctica *Gardner Pinnacles in Hawaii, United States *Gardner River in Yellowstone National Park, United States *Gardner Island or Nikumaroro, part of the Phoenix Islands, Kiribati Institutions *Gardner–Webb University in North Carolina *Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts *L. Gardner and Sons Ltd., Patricroft, Manchester, England - a builder of diesel engines *Gardner (automobile), a car maker based in St. Louis, Missouri, between 1920 and 1931 Animals *Gardner snake, any species of North American snake within the genus ''Thamnophis'', more properly called garter snakes Weapons *Gard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
