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Flavanone
The flavanones, a type of flavonoids, are various aromatic, colorless ketones derived from flavone that often occur in plants as glycosides. List of flavanones * Blumeatin * Butin * Eriodictyol * Hesperetin * Hesperidin * Homoeriodictyol * Isosakuranetin * Naringenin * Naringin * Pinocembrin * Poncirin * Sakuranetin * Sakuranin * Sterubin * Pinostrobin Metabolism The enzyme chalcone isomerase uses a chalcone-like compound to produce a flavanone. Flavanone 4-reductase is an enzyme that uses (2''S'')-flavan-4-ol The flavan-4-ols (3-deoxyflavonoids) are flavone-derived alcohols and a family of flavonoids. Flavan-4-ols are colorless precursor compounds that polymerize to form red phlobaphene pigments. They can be found in the sorghum. Glycosides (abacopteri ... and NADP+ to produce (2''S'')-flavanone, NADPH, and H+. Synthesis Numerous methods exist for the enantioselective chemical and biochemical synthesis of flavanones and related compounds. References Extern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavanone Num
The flavanones, a type of flavonoids, are various aromatic, colorless ketones derived from flavone that often occur in plants as glycosides. List of flavanones * Blumeatin * Butin * Eriodictyol * Hesperetin * Hesperidin * Homoeriodictyol * Isosakuranetin * Naringenin * Naringin * Pinocembrin * Poncirin * Sakuranetin * Sakuranin * Sterubin * Pinostrobin Metabolism The enzyme chalcone isomerase uses a chalcone-like compound to produce a flavanone. Flavanone 4-reductase is an enzyme that uses (2''S'')-flavan-4-ol The flavan-4-ols (3-deoxyflavonoids) are flavone-derived alcohols and a family of flavonoids. Flavan-4-ols are colorless precursor compounds that polymerize to form red phlobaphene pigments. They can be found in the sorghum. Glycosides (abacopteri ... and NADP+ to produce (2''S'')-flavanone, NADPH, and H+. Synthesis Numerous methods exist for the enantioselective chemical and biochemical synthesis of flavanones and related compounds. References External ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naringenin
Naringenin is a flavorless, colorless flavanone, a type of flavonoid. It is the predominant flavanone in grapefruit, and is found in a variety of fruits and herbs. Structure Naringenin has the skeleton structure of a flavanone with three hydroxy groups at the 4', 5, and 7 carbons. It may be found both in the aglycol form, naringenin, or in its glycosidic form, naringin, which has the addition of the disaccharide neohesperidose attached via a glycosidic linkage at carbon 7. Like the majority of flavanones, naringenin has a single chiral center at carbon 2, although the optical purity is variable. Racemization of S(-)-naringenin has been shown to occur fairly quickly. Sources and bioavailability Naringenin and its glycoside has been found in a variety of herbs and fruits, including grapefruit, bergamot, sour orange, tart cherries, tomatoes, cocoa, Greek oregano, water mint, as well as in beans. Ratios of naringenin to naringin vary among sources, as do enantiomeric rati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalcone Isomerase
In enzymology, a chalcone isomerase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :a chalcone \rightleftharpoons a flavanone Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, a chalcone, and one product, a flavanone. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically the class of intramolecular lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is flavanone lyase (decyclizing). This enzyme is also called chalcone-flavanone isomerase. This enzyme participates in flavonoid biosynthesis. The ''Petunia hybrida'' (Petunia) genome contains two genes coding for very similar enzymes, ChiA and ChiB, but only the first seems to encode a functional chalcone isomerase. Structural studies As of late 2007, 7 structures A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as ... have been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sterubin
Sterubin (7-methoxy-3',4',5-trihydroxyflavanone) is a bitter-masking flavanone extracted from Yerba Santa (''Eriodictyon californicum'') a plant growing in America. Sterubin is one of the four flavanones identified by Symrise in this plant which elicit taste-modifying properties. The others are homoeriodictyol, its sodium salt, and eriodictyol Eriodictyol is a bitter-masking flavanone, a flavonoid extracted from yerba santa ('' Eriodictyon californicum''), a plant native to North America. Eriodictyol is one of the four flavanones identified in this plant as having taste-modifying pro .... Recent research has demonstrated some neuroprotective properties of Sterubin ''in vitro'', but more research is needed before it can be considered a true drug candidate.Batya Swift Yasgur Medscape. February 2019. References O-methylated flavanones Bitter-masking compounds Taste modifiers Catechols {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homoeriodictyol
Homoeriodictyol is a bitter-masking flavanone extracted from Yerba Santa (''Eriodictyon californicum'') a plant growing in America. Homoeriodictyol (3`-methoxy-4`,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the 4 flavanones identified by Symrise in this plant eliciting taste-modifying property: homoeriodictyol sodium salt, eriodictyol and sterubin. Homoeriodictyol Sodium salt elicited the most potent bitter-masking activity by reducing from 10 to 40% the bitterness of salicin, amarogentin, paracetamol and quinine. However no bitter-masking activity was detected with bitter linoleic acid emulsions. According to Symrise's scientists homoeriodictyol sodium salt seems to be a taste-modifier with large potential in food applications and pharmaceuticals. Structural relatives investigation based on eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol, found 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide to elicits bitter-masking activity. At 0.1g/L, this vanillin Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavanone 4-reductase
In enzymology, a flavanone 4-reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :(2S)-flavan-4-ol + NADP+ \rightleftharpoons (2S)-flavanone + NADPH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (2S)-flavan-4-ol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (2S)-flavanone, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivial ... of this enzyme class is (2S)-flavan-4-ol:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in flavonoid biosynthesis. References * EC 1.1.1 NADPH-dependent enzymes Enzymes of unknown structure Flavanones metabolism {{1.1.1-enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sakuranetin
Sakuranetin is a flavan-on, the 7-methoxy derivative of naringenin, found in Polymnia fruticosa and rice, where it acts as a phytoalexin against spore germination of '' Pyricularia oryzae''. Glycosides Sakuranin is the 5-O- glucoside of sakuranetin. Metabolism ; biosynthesis Naringenin 7-O-methyltransferase uses naringenin to yield sakuranetin, with S-adenosyl-methionine as the methyl donor. ; biodegradation In compounds like 7-methoxylated flavanones like sakuranetin, demethylation followed by sulfation Sulfation is the chemical reaction that entails the addition of SO3 group. In principle, many sulfations would involve reactions of sulfur trioxide (SO3). In practice, most sulfations are effected less directly. Regardless of the mechanism, the ... occur in model organism '' Cunninghamella elegans''. References Aromatase inhibitors O-methylated flavanones Phytoalexins {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hesperetin
Hesperetin is the 4'-methoxy derivative of eriodictyol, a flavanone. Hesperetin's 7-O-glycoside, hesperidin, is a naturally occurring flavanon-glycoside, the main flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges. Hesperetin (and naringenin, the parent flavanone of naringin) are not found to a significant extent in ''Citrus'' spp. Glycosides A variety of glycosides of hesperetin are known, including: * Hesperidin (hesperetin-7-''O''-rutinoside) is a water-insoluble flavonoid glycoside whose solubility is below 5 μg/ml in water. Hesperidin is found in citrus fruits and upon ingestion it releases its aglycone, hesperetin. * Neohesperidin is the 7-''O''-neohesperidoside of hesperetin. * Hesperetin-7-''O''-α-L-Rhamnopyranoside (CAS 66513-83-5) is found in the roots of clammy cherry (''Cordia obliqua'' a.k.a. ''Cordia obliqua'' var. ''wallichii''). Metabolism Hesperidin 6-''O''-α-L-rhamnosyl-β-D-glucosidase is an enzyme that uses hesperidin and H2O to produce hesperetin and rutinose. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hesperidin
Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits. Its aglycone form is called hesperetin. Its name is derived from the word "hesperidium", for fruit produced by citrus trees. Hesperidin was first isolated in 1828 by French chemist M. Lebreton from the white inner layer of citrus peels (mesocarp, albedo). Hesperidin is believed to play a role in plant defense. Sources ''Rutaceae'' * 700–2,500 ppm in fruit of ''Citrus aurantium'' (bitter orange, petitgrain) * in orange juice (''Citrus sinensis'') * in ''Zanthoxylum gilletii'' * in lemon * in lime * in leaves of ''Agathosma serratifolia'' ''Lamiaceae'' Peppermint contains hesperidin. Content in foods Approximate hesperidin content per 100 ml * 481 mg peppermint, dried * 44 mg blood orange, pure juice * 26 mg orange, pure juice * 18 mg lemon, pure juice * 14 mg lime, pure juice * 1 mg grapefruit, pure juice Metabolism Hesperidin 6-''O''-α--rhamnosyl-β--glucosidase, an enzym ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naringin
Naringin is a flavanone-7-''O''- glycoside between the flavanone naringenin and the disaccharide neohesperidose. The flavonoid naringin occurs naturally in citrus fruits, especially in grapefruit, where naringin is responsible for the fruit's bitter taste. In commercial grapefruit juice production, the enzyme naringinase can be used to remove the bitterness created by naringin. In humans naringin is metabolized to the aglycone naringenin (not bitter) by naringinase present in the gut. Structure Naringin belongs to the flavonoid family. Flavonoids consist of 15 carbon atoms in 3 rings, 2 of which must be benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. Naringin contains the basic flavonoid structure along with one rhamnose and one glucose unit attached to its aglycone portion, called naringenin, at the 7-carbon position. The steric hindrance provided by the two sugar units makes naringin less potent than its aglycone counterpart, naringenin. Metabolism In humans, narin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinocembrin
Pinocembrin is a flavanone, a type of flavonoid. It is an antioxidant found in damiana, honey, fingerroot, and propolis Propolis or bee glue is a resinous mixture that honey bees produce by mixing saliva and beeswax with exudate gathered from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. It is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the beehive. Prop .... Pinocembrin can be converted biosynthetically to pinobanksin by hydroxylation adjacent to the ketone. Studies have shown that pinocembrin has potential as a drug to treat cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis as well as other diseases. See also * Pinobanksin References External links * Aromatase inhibitors Flavanones Flavonoid antioxidants Honey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blumeatin
Blumeatin is a flavanone found in ''Blumea balsamifera'', and has been reported to be present in ''Artemisia annua''. Structure Blumeatin has the skeleton structure of a flavanone with three hydroxy groups at 5, 3' and 5' carbon positions and a methoxy group In organic chemistry, a methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula . On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the ''para'' position ... at the 7 carbon position. References {{Flavanone O-methylated flavanones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
