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Urartu
Urartu (; Assyrian: ',Eberhard Schrader, ''The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament'' (1885), p. 65. Babylonian: ''Urashtu'', he, אֲרָרָט ''Ararat'') is a geographical region and Iron Age kingdom also known as the Kingdom of Van, centered around Lake Van in the historic Armenian Highlands. The kingdom rose to power in the mid-9th century BC, but went into gradual decline and was eventually conquered by the Iranian Medes in the early 6th century BC. Since its re-discovery in the 19th century, Urartu, which is commonly believed to have been at least partially Armenian-speaking, has played a significant role in Armenian nationalism. Names and etymology Various names were given to the geographic region and the polity that emerged in the region. * Urartu/Ararat: The name ''Urartu'' ( hy, Ուրարտու; Assyrian: '; Babylonian: ''Urashtu''; he, אֲרָרָט ''Ararat'') comes from Assyrian sources. Shalmaneser I (1263–1234 BC) recorded a campaign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urartian Language
Urartian or Vannic is an extinct Hurro-Urartian languages, Hurro-Urartian language which was spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Urartu (''Biaini'' or ''Biainili'' in Urartian), which was centered on the region around Lake Van and had its capital, Tushpa, near the site of the modern town of Van, Turkey, Van in the Armenian highlands (now in the Eastern Anatolia Region, Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey). Its past prevalence is unknown. While some believe it was probably dominant around Lake Van and in the areas along the upper Great Zab, Zab valley, others believe it was spoken by a relatively small population who comprised a ruling class. First attested in the 9th century BCE, Urartian ceased to be written after the fall of the Urartian state in 585 BCE and presumably became extinct due to the fall of Urartu. It must have had long contact with, and been gradually totally replaced by, an early form of Proto-Armenian language, Armenian, although it is only in the 5t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rusa I
Rusa I (ruled: 735–714 BC) was a King of Urartu. He succeeded his father, king Sarduri II. His name is sometimes transliterated as ''Rusas'' or ''Rusha''. He was known to Assyrians as ''Ursa'' (which scholars have speculated is likely a more accurate pronunciation of the name) and possibly ''Urzana''. His birth name may have been ''Uedipri''. Rusa I built the fortress of Rusahinili (''Rusa-hinili'', city of Rusa), modern ''Toprakkale'', located near the modern city of Van in eastern Turkey. Background Before Rusa's reign had begun, his father, King Sarduri II, had already expanded the kingdom to southeastern Anatolia, and had managed to retake various Anatolian territories from Assyria during a brief period of weakness in the Assyrian Empire. The succession from Sarduri II is not entirely clear. There's also attested a king Sarduri III, so Rusa may have been his son. When Rusa I inherited the throne, the Assyrians continued campaigns against him. The Assyrian king Tiglath ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menua
Menua ( ariations exist hy, Մենուա), also rendered Meinua or Minua, was the fifth known king of Urartu from c. 810 BC to approximately 786 BC. In Armenian, Menua is rendered as ''Menua''. The name Menua may be connected etymologically to the Ancient Greek names Minos and Minyas. A younger son of the preceding Urartian King, Ishpuini, Menua was adopted as co-ruler by his father in the last years of his reign. Menua enlarged the kingdom through numerous wars against the neighbouring countries and left many inscriptions across the region, by far the most of any Urartian ruler. He organized a centralised administrative structure, fortified a number of towns and constructed fortresses. Amongst these was Menuakhinili located near Mount Ararat (its exact location is uncertain, perhaps at Bulakbaşı, east of modern-day Iğdır). Menua developed a canal and irrigation system that stretched across the kingdom. The most significant of these was a 45 mile canal from the Hoşap va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarduri I
Sarduri I ( hy, Սարդուրի Ա, ruled: 834 BC – 828 BC), also known as Sarduris, Sedur, and Asiduri, was a king of Urartu in Armenian Highlands. He was known as Ishtarduri to the Assyrians. It is unclear whether Sarduri's father, Lutipri, was a king of Urartu. It is possible that Lutipri was not a king and that Sarduri established a new dynasty. Sarduri I is most known for moving the capital of the Urartu kingdom to Tushpa (Van). This proved to be significant as Tushpa became the focal point of politics in the Near East. He was succeeded by his son, Ishpuini of Urartu, who then expanded the kingdom. The title Sarduri used was 'King of the Four Quarters'. It has been suggested that the name Sarduri comes from ''Sardi dur'', meaning "given by Sardi." Sardi was the Urartian equivalent of Ishtar, and the name Sarduri was written as "Ishtarduri" in Assyrian sources. The ''duri'' suffix would be a form of Armenian ''tur'' (տուր), meaning "given by," comparable to Greek ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarduri II
Sarduri II (ruled: 764–735 BC) was a King of Urartu, succeeding his father Argishti I to the throne. The Urartian Kingdom was at its peak during his reign, campaigning successfully against several neighbouring powers, including Assyria. The succession from Sarduri II is not entirely clear. There's also attested a king Sarduri III, so Rusa may also have been his son. Sarduri II notably expanded Urartian territory by conquering the northern region of Colchis, as well as Melid and Kummuh in the Euphrates valley. In 743 BC, at a battle located somewhere in Kummuh, the Assyrians, under Tiglath-pileser III Tiglath-Pileser III ( Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , meaning "my trust belongs to the son of Ešarra"), was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 745 BC to his death in 727. One of the most prominent and historically significant Assyrian kings, T ..., defeated Sarduri and his anti-Assyrian coalition, forcing the Urartians back across the Euphrates. Sarduri II was so conf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lutipri
Lutipri was the father of the Urartian king Sarduri I. Lutipri may have ruled Urartu between 844 and 834 BCE, in a period of obscurity after the destruction of the former capital Arzashkun by Shalmaneser III, and before Sarduri's foundation of the new capital at Tushpa. As Sarduri I may have established a new dynasty, it is possible that his father, Lutipri, was not actually a king of Urartu. Attestation An inscription, in Assyrian cuneiform, on a small fortification west of the citadel of Tushpa, mentions his son as builder of a wall, and it is likely that he is in fact the founder of the town. The inscription reads: References See also *List of kings of Urartu This article lists the kings of Urartu (Ararat or Kingdom of Van), an Iron Age kingdom centered on Lake Van in eastern Asia Minor. Early kings * Arame (also Aramu, Arama) 858 BC–844 BC * Lutipri 844 BC–834 BC (?) Rise to power * Sard ... Urartian kings 9th-century BC rulers {{Armenia-r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aramu
Arame or Aramu ( Armenian: Արամե; ruled 858–844 BC) was the first known king of Urartu. Living at the time of King Shalmaneser III of Assyria (ruled 859–824 BC), Arame fought against the threat of the Assyrian Empire. His capital at Arzashkun was captured by Shalmaneser. Sagunia, a previous capital, which was also captured by Shalamaneser, seems to have been located in the vicinity of Lake Van or Lake Urmia. Arame has been suggested as the prototype of both Aram (and, correspondingly the popular given name Aram) and Ara the Beautiful, two of the legendary forefathers of the Armenian people. Khorenatsi's ''History'' (1.5) puts them six and seven generations after Haik, in the chronology of historian Mikayel Chamchian dated to the 19th to 18th century BC. The name Arame is likely an Armenian name originally derived from Proto-Indo-European ''*rēmo-'', meaning "black". The name is likely etymologically related to Hindu Rama.Petrosyan, Armen. ''Toward the Origins of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarduri IV
Sarduri IV ( hy, Սարդուր IV, unknown–595 BC) was one of the last kings of Urartu, reigning from 615 to 595 BC. Sarduri IV was the son and successor of Rusa III. Little is known about his reign, except that his kingdom was being invaded by Assyrian forces from the south, east and west, as well as by the Medes from the east and the Scythians from the north. He died without issue and was succeeded by his brother Rusa IV. See also * List of kings of Urartu References Further reading * Boris Piotrovskii, ''The Ancient Civilization of Urartu'', London, 1969. * Igor Diakonoff Igor Mikhailovich Diakonoff (occasionally spelled Diakonov, russian: link=no, И́горь Миха́йлович Дья́конов; 12 January 1915 – 2 May 1999) was a Russian historian, linguist, and translator and a renowned expert on th ..., ''The Pre-History of the Armenian People'', Caravan Books, New York, 1988. * M. Chahin, ''The Kingdom of Armenia'', Curzon, London, 2001. * Գ. Ղ� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rusa III
Rusa III was king of Urartu. He was called "Rusa Erimenahi" ("the son of Erimena"). He may have been the nephew or cousin of Rusa II. Little is known about his reign; his name was inscribed on a massive granary at Armavir and on a series of bronze shields from the temple of Khaldi found at Rusahinili, now held in the British Museum. There is considerable confusion over the identity of Rusa III, when he ruled, and his relationship to other kings or even the actual dates he ruled. V. Sargsyan. "On the Problem of the Succession of the Biainian Kings of the Ararat (Urartu) Kingdom in the Second Half of the 8th-the First Half of the 7th Century B.C." ''Fundamental Armenology''. 2015. http://www.fundamentalarmenology.am/datas/pdfs/178.pdf Rusa was the father of Sarduri IV. See also * List of kings of Urartu This article lists the kings of Urartu (Ararat or Kingdom of Van), an Iron Age kingdom centered on Lake Van in eastern Asia Minor. Early kings *Arame (also Aramu, Arama) 858 BC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Nationalism
Armenian nationalism in the modern period has its roots in the romantic nationalism of Mikayel Chamchian (1738–1823) and generally defined as the creation of a free, independent and united Armenia formulated as the Armenian Cause ( hy, Հայ Դատ, or ''Hye Dat''). Armenian national awakening developed in the 1880s in the context of the general rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Armenia followed with significant causes. The Armenian Apostolic Church has been a great defender of Armenian nationalism, with leaders like Khrimian Hayrik who devoted his life to the peasantry. The establishment of modern Armenia (1991) and Armenian social fabric becoming more complex gradually decrease the political influence of Hay Dat and shifted towards a modern Armenian nationalism modeled as a liberal nationalism. National awakening The situation of the non-Muslim minorities within the Ottoman Empire changed substantially as a result of reforms introduced during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rusa IV
Rusa IV (died 585 BC) was king of Urartu from 590 BC to 585 BC. Rusa IV was the son and a successor of Rusa III, and the successor of Sarduri IV. His name is mentioned on a number of clay tablets found at Karmir Blur (near Yerevan, Armenia), including tablets bearing his own royal inscriptions. However, almost nothing is known about his reign. He is possibly the Hrachya (Armenian: Հրաչյա) mentioned by the Armenian historian Moses of Khorene. See also * List of kings of Urartu This article lists the kings of Urartu (Ararat or Kingdom of Van), an Iron Age kingdom centered on Lake Van in eastern Asia Minor. Early kings * Arame (also Aramu, Arama) 858 BC–844 BC * Lutipri 844 BC–834 BC (?) Rise to power * Sard ... References * Գ. Ղափանցյան, Ուրարտուի պատմությունը, Yerevan, 1940, pp. 143–152 (in Armenian) * Пиотровский Б. Б., Ванское царство (Урарту), Moscow, 1959 (in Russian) * Арутю� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rusa II
Rusa II was king of Urartu between around 680 BC and 639 BC. It was during his reign that the massive fortress complex, Karmir-Blur, was constructed.Ian Lindsay and Adam T. Smith, ''A History of Archaeology in the Republic of Armenia'', Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 31, No. 2, Summer, 2006:173. Rusa II was known to Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, as Yaya or Iaya. A cuneiform inscription has been found commemorating the king building a canal to channel water to the city of Quarlini from the Ildaruni (Hrazdan River The Hrazdan ( hy, Հրազդան գետ, ) is a major river and the second largest in Armenia. It originates at the northwest extremity of Lake Sevan and flows south through the Kotayk Province and Armenia's capital, Yerevan; the lake in turn is ...). See also * List of kings of Urartu References Urartian kings 7th-century BC rulers {{ANE-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
