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Tekel
Tekel A.Ş. ( Turkish, literally ''single-hand'' or ''monopoly'' and generally capitalised as TEKEL) was a Turkish tobacco and alcoholic beverages company. It was nationalised in 1925 from a parastatal (government owned/controlled) company, the Régie. A joint foreign and Ottoman consortium, the Régie was short for "''La Société de la régie co-intéressée des tabacs de l'Empire Ottoman''". Tekel evolved into the sole manufacturer and distributor of all alcohol and tobacco products in Turkey. Today, Tekel is no longer a monopoly but it does control taxing and distribution of all alcohol and tobacco products in Turkey. In 2008 it was sold to British American Tobacco and discontinued as a trademark in cigarettes, wines, liquors or other products, although some of its brand names are still used without the word "Tekel" preceding them; like the ''Buzbağ'' wine. History Foundation and early history Turkish tobacco was an important industrial crop, where its cultivation and m ...
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Rakı
Rakı or raki (, Turkish pronunciation: ) is an alcoholic drink made of twice-distilled grapes. It is the national drink of Turkey. It is also popular in other Balkan countries as an apéritif as well as in Kazakhstan. It is often served with seafood or meze. It is comparable to several other alcoholic beverages available around the Mediterranean and the Middle East, e.g. pastis, ouzo, sambuca, arak and aguardiente. In Crete, '' tsikoudia'' is a pomace brandy that is sometimes called ''rakı''. It is used to make '' rakomelo'', which is flavoured with honey and cinnamon. Rakomelo is served warm during winter months. Cretan Raki does not contain anise, so it is not to be confused with the Turkish version. Etymology The term ''raki'' entered English from Turkish ."raki."
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Editio ...
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British American Tobacco
British American Tobacco plc (BAT) is a British multinational company that manufactures and sells cigarettes, tobacco and other nicotine products. The company, established in 1902, is headquartered in London, England. As of 2019, it is the largest tobacco company in the world based on net sales. BAT has operations in around 180 countries, and its cigarette brands include Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike, Pall Mall and Rothmans. Its brands also include Vype and Vuse and Glo. BAT has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. BAT plc ordinary shares are also listed on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depositary Shares. History 1902 to 2000 The company was formed in 1902, when the United Kingdom's Imperial Tobacco Company and the United States' American Tobacco Company agreed to form a joint venture, the "British-American Tobacco Company Ltd." ...
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Buzbağ
Turkish wine is wine made in the transcontinental Eurasian country Turkey. The Caucasus region, where Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran are located, played a pivotal role in the early history of wine and is likely to have been one of the earliest wine-producing regions of the world.H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 264–265 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 Ampelographers estimate that Turkey is home to between 600 and 1200 indigenous varieties of ''Vitis vinifera'' (the European grapevine), though less than 60 of these are grown commercially. With over planted under vine, Turkey is the world's fourth-leading producer of grapes for wine production. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkey's first president, established the country's first commercial winery in 1925. According to the OIV, the total wine production in 2005 was 28,700,000 litres. In the first half of 2009, wine consumption in Turkey reached 20,906,762 litres. Climate and wine regions The size an ...
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Turkish Wine
Turkish wine is wine made in the transcontinental Eurasian country Turkey. The Caucasus region, where Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran are located, played a pivotal role in the early history of wine and is likely to have been one of the earliest wine-producing regions of the world.H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 264–265 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 Ampelographers estimate that Turkey is home to between 600 and 1200 indigenous varieties of ''Vitis vinifera'' (the European grapevine), though less than 60 of these are grown commercially. With over planted under vine, Turkey is the world's fourth-leading producer of grapes for wine production. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkey's first president, established the country's first commercial winery in 1925. According to the OIV, the total wine production in 2005 was 28,700,000 litres. In the first half of 2009, wine consumption in Turkey reached 20,906,762 litres. Climate and wine regions The size ...
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338) also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror. Under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire marked the peak of its power and prosperity, as ...
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Ottoman Tobacco Company
The Ottoman Tobacco Company, also known as the Régie Company for its French official name ''Société de la régie co-intéressée des tabacs de l'empire Ottoman'', was a parastatal company or Regie formed in the later Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, with backing from a consortium of European banks. The company had a monopoly over tobacco production, and its revenue was intended to help overcome the Ottoman state's persistent shortage of income. The Ottoman Tobacco Company constituted the largest foreign investment in the Ottoman Empire, and it attempted to introduce more efficient production methods – against local resistance. In 1881, the state monopoly on salt was incorporated into the Régie Company, which passed revenue from salt taxes ( tuz resmi) to the Public Debt Commission. As the state (or a parallel state controlled by the government's creditors) now effectively controlled salt production and salt prices, salt smuggling became a problem. In ...
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Regie Company
The Ottoman Tobacco Company, also known as the Régie Company for its French official name ''Société de la régie co-intéressée des tabacs de l'empire Ottoman'', was a parastatal company or Regie formed in the later Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, with backing from a consortium of European banks. The company had a monopoly over tobacco production, and its revenue was intended to help overcome the Ottoman state's persistent shortage of income. The Ottoman Tobacco Company constituted the largest foreign investment in the Ottoman Empire, and it attempted to introduce more efficient production methods – against local resistance. In 1881, the state monopoly on salt was incorporated into the Régie Company, which passed revenue from salt taxes ( tuz resmi) to the Public Debt Commission. As the state (or a parallel state controlled by the government's creditors) now effectively controlled salt production and salt prices, salt smuggling became a problem. I ...
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International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries. Its stated mission is "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1944, started on 27 December 1945, at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international monetary system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. , the fund had XDR 477 billi ...
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Japan Tobacco
Hepburn: ''Nippon Senbai Kōsha'' , type = 1985-: Public (''kabushiki gaisha'') 1949-1985: Statutory corporation , traded_as = , industry = FoodTobacco , foundation = 1898 (as Imperial Japanese Tobacco Company)1 June 1949 (as Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation)1 April 1985 (privatized) , founder = Government of Japan , location_city = 2-1, Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo, Japan , key_people = Mitsuomi Koizumi(President and CEO)Hiroshi Kimura(Chairman) , products = See below , revenue = (2012) , operating_income = (2012) , net_income = (2012) , assets = (2012) , equity = (2012) , num_employees = 48,529 (2011) , parent = Government of Japan (33.35% by law) , subsid = Japan Tobacco InternationalPT Karya Dibya Mahardhika (Indonesia) Mighty Corporation (Philippines)Donskoy Tabak Companies (Russian)Gallaher Group , homepage www.JT.com , abbreviated JT, is a cigarette manufacturing company. It is part of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Large70 indices. In 2009 t ...
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Philip Morris USA
Philip Morris USA is the American tobacco division of the American tobacco corporation Altria Group. History Creation The company's namesake Philip Morris was born in Whitechapel, United Kingdom in 1835, the son of a recent immigrant from Germany who had taken the name Bernard Morris. In 1847, the family opened a shop in London. The first cigarettes that Philip Morris made were in 1854 and were known as "Philip Morris English Ovals," a non-filter brand of oval-shaped cigarettes that were manufactured in very limited quantities until discontinuation in 2017. Early years In 1902, Philip Morris & Co. Ltd. was incorporated in New York City. George J. Whelan bought the American division of the company in 1919 and created Philip Morris & Co. Ltd., Inc., along with fellow shareholders Reuben M. Ellis and Leonard B. McKitterick. In 1929, the company made its first cigarettes in Richmond, using an existing factory the company purchased. In 1933, this factory was racially integra ...
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Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician serving as the 12th and current president of Turkey since 2014. He previously served as prime minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014 and as mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998. He founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2001, leading it to election victories in 2002, 2007, and 2011 general elections before being required to stand down upon his election as president in 2014. He later returned to the AKP leadership in 2017 following the constitutional referendum that year. Coming from an Islamist political background and self-describing as a conservative democrat, he has promoted socially conservative and populist policies during his administration. Following the 1994 local elections, Erdoğan was elected mayor of Istanbul as the candidate of the Islamist Welfare Party. He was later stripped of his position, banned from political office, and imprisoned for four months for inciting relig ...
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Confederation Of Turkish Trade Unions
The Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions, ( tr, Türkiye İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu) known as TÜRK-İŞ, is one of the four major national trade union centers in Turkey. It was created in 1952 and is the oldest of the four centers, having been the only trade union organization to survive the 1980 military coup. Today; TÜRK-İŞ is mainly known for their research and analyses of the Turkish economy. January 2020 research about cost of living for families in Turkey conducted by TÜRK-İŞ shows that monthly food expenditure (hunger limit) of a family of four required to afford a healthy, balanced and adequate diet is 2,219.45 TL. In addition to food expenditure, the total amount of other monthly expenditures required for clothing, housing (rent, electricity, water, fuel), transportation, education, health and similar needs (poverty line) for the same date would be 7,229.49 TL. TÜRK-İŞ claims a membership of 1.75 million, and is affiliated with the International Trade ...
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