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Sallekhana
''Sallekhana'' (IAST: ), also known as ''samlehna'', ''santhara'', ''samadhi-marana'' or ''sanyasana-marana'', is a supplementary vow to the ethical code of conduct of Jainism. It is the religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food and liquids. It is viewed in Jainism as the thinning of human passions and the body, and another means of destroying rebirth-influencing karma by withdrawing all physical and mental activities. It is not considered as a suicide by Jain scholars because it is not an act of passion, nor does it employ poisons or weapons. After the ''sallekhana'' vow, the ritual preparation and practice can extend into years. ''Sallekhana'' is a vow available to both Jain ascetics and householders. Historic evidence such as ''nishidhi'' engravings suggest ''sallekhana'' was observed by both men and women, including queens, in Jain history. However, in the modern era, death through ''sallekhana'' has been a relatively un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sallekhana
''Sallekhana'' (IAST: ), also known as ''samlehna'', ''santhara'', ''samadhi-marana'' or ''sanyasana-marana'', is a supplementary vow to the ethical code of conduct of Jainism. It is the religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food and liquids. It is viewed in Jainism as the thinning of human passions and the body, and another means of destroying rebirth-influencing karma by withdrawing all physical and mental activities. It is not considered as a suicide by Jain scholars because it is not an act of passion, nor does it employ poisons or weapons. After the ''sallekhana'' vow, the ritual preparation and practice can extend into years. ''Sallekhana'' is a vow available to both Jain ascetics and householders. Historic evidence such as ''nishidhi'' engravings suggest ''sallekhana'' was observed by both men and women, including queens, in Jain history. However, in the modern era, death through ''sallekhana'' has been a relatively un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Śrāvaka (Jainism)
In Jainism, the word Śrāvaka or Sāvaga (from Jain Prakrit) is used to refer the Jain laity (householder). The word ''śrāvaka'' has its roots in the word ''śrāvana'', i.e. the one who listens (the discourses of the saints). The ''tirthankara'' restores or organises the '' sangha'', a fourfold order of ''muni'' (male monastics), ''aryika'' (female monastics), '' śrāvaka''s (male followers) and ''śrāvikā''s (female followers). In Jainism, there are two kinds of votaries: *The householder (one with minor vows) *The homeless ascetic (one with major vows) According to the Jain text '' Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'': Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra, a major Jain text, discusses the conduct of a Śrāvaka in detail. Six essentials In Jainism, six essential duties (''avashyakas'') are prescribed for a ''śrāvaka''. These help the laity in achieving the principle of ahimsa which is necessary for his/her spiritual upliftment. The six duties are: #Worship of Pañca-Parameṣ� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahavrata
Jain ethical code prescribes two ''dharmas'' or rules of conduct. One for those who wish to become ascetic and another for the ''śrāvaka'' (householders). Five fundamental vows are prescribed for both votaries. These vows are observed by '' śrāvakas'' (householders) partially and are termed as ''anuvratas'' (small vows). Ascetics observe these fives vows more strictly and therefore observe complete abstinence. These five vows are: * ''Ahiṃsā'' (Non-violence) * ''Satya'' (Truth) * '' Asteya'' (Non-stealing) * ''Brahmacharya'' (Chastity) * '' Aparigraha'' (Non-possession) According to Jain text, ''Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'': Apart from five main vows, a householder is expected to observe seven supplementary vows (''śeelas'') and last '' sallekhanā'' vow. ''Maha vratas'' (major vows) ''Mahavrata'' (lit. major vows) are the five fundamental observed by the Jain ascetics. According to Acharya Samantabhadra’s Ratnakaraņdaka śrāvakācāra: Ahiṃsā Ahimsa (non-i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethics Of Jainism
Jain ethical code prescribes two '' dharmas'' or rules of conduct. One for those who wish to become ascetic and another for the '' śrāvaka'' (householders). Five fundamental vows are prescribed for both votaries. These vows are observed by '' śrāvakas'' (householders) partially and are termed as ''anuvratas'' (small vows). Ascetics observe these fives vows more strictly and therefore observe complete abstinence. These five vows are: * ''Ahiṃsā'' (Non-violence) * ''Satya'' (Truth) * ''Asteya'' (Non-stealing) * ''Brahmacharya'' (Chastity) * ''Aparigraha'' (Non-possession) According to Jain text, ''Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'': Apart from five main vows, a householder is expected to observe seven supplementary vows (''śeelas'') and last '' sallekhanā'' vow. ''Maha vratas'' (major vows) ''Mahavrata'' (lit. major vows) are the five fundamental observed by the Jain ascetics. According to Acharya Samantabhadra’s Ratnakaraņdaka śrāvakācāra: Ahiṃsā Ahimsa (non- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jainism
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third ''tirthankara'' Parshvanatha, whom historians date to the 9th century BCE, and the twenty-fourth ''tirthankara'' Mahavira, around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal '' dharma'' with the ''tirthankaras'' guiding every time cycle of the cosmology. The three main pillars of Jainism are '' ahiṃsā'' (non-violence), '' anekāntavāda'' (non-absolutism), and ''aparigraha'' (asceticism). Jain monks, after positioning themselves in the sublime state of soul consciousness, take five main vows: '' ahiṃsā'' (non-violence), '' satya'' (truth), ''asteya'' (not stealing), '' brahmacharya'' (chastity), and ''aparigraha'' (non-possessiveness ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahimsa In Jainism
''Ahimsā'' (', alternatively spelled 'ahinsā', Sanskrit: अहिंसा IAST: ', Pāli: ') in Jainism is a fundamental principle forming the cornerstone of its ethics and doctrine. The term '' ahinsa'' means nonviolence, non-injury and absence of desire to harm any life forms. Vegetarianism and other nonviolent practices and rituals of Jains flow from the principle of ahimsa. There are five specific transgressions of Ahinsa principle in Jain scriptures - Binding of animals, beating, mutilating limbs, overloading, withholding food and drink. Any other interpretation is subject to individual choices and not authorized by scriptures. The Jain concept of ''ahimsa'' is very different from the concept of nonviolence found in other philosophies. Violence is usually associated with causing harm to others. But according to the Jain philosophy, violence refers primarily to injuring one's own self – behaviour which inhibits the soul's own ability to attain ''moksha'' (libera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Devasena (Jain Monk)
Devasena was a Jain monk of 11th century CE belonging to ''Mula Sangha'' who wrote ''Bhavasangraha'' and ''Darsanasara''. References Citations Sources * * 11th-century Jain monks {{India-reli-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jain Texts
Jain literature (Sanskrit: जैन साहित्य) refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the canonical ''Jain Agamas,'' which are written in Ardhamagadhi, a Prakrit ( Middle-Indo Aryan) language. Various commentaries were written on these canonical texts by later Jain monks. Later works were also written in other languages, like Sanskrit and Maharashtri Prakrit. Jain literature is primarily divided between the canons of the '' Digambara'' and '' Śvētāmbara'' orders. These two main sects of Jainism do not always agree on which texts should be considered authoritative. More recent Jain literature has also been written in other languages, like Marathi, Tamil, Rajasthani, Dhundari, Marwari, Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam and more recently in English. Beliefs The Jain tradition believes that their religion is eternal, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acharanga Sutra
The Acharanga Sutra (; First book c. 5th–4th century BCE; Second book c. 2nd–1st century BCE) is the first of the twelve Angas, part of the agamas (religious texts) which were compiled based on the teachings of 24th Jina Mahavira. The existing text of the Acharanga Sutra which is used by the Svetambara sect of Jainism was recompiled and edited by KshamaShraman Devardhigani, who headed the council held at Valabhi c. 454 CE. The Digambaras do not recognize the available text, and regard the original text as having been lost in its original form. The Digambara text, '' Mulachara'' is said to be derived from the original Acharanga and discusses the conduct of a Digambara monk. Introduction The Acharanga Sutra is the oldest agam, from a linguistic point of view, written in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit. The Sutra contains two books, or Srutaskandhas. The first book is the older part, to which other treatises were later added. It describes the conduct and behavior of ascetic life: t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Indian Express
''The Indian Express'' is an English-language Indian daily newspaper founded in 1932. It is published in Mumbai by the Indian Express Group. In 1999, eight years after the group's founder Ramnath Goenka's death in 1991, the group was split between the family members. The southern editions took the name ''The New Indian Express'', while the northern editions, based in Mumbai, retained the original ''Indian Express'' name with ''"The"'' prefixed to the title. History In 1932, the ''Indian Express'' was started by an Ayurvedic doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu, at Chennai, being published by his "Tamil Nadu" press. Soon under financial difficulties, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand, the founder of '' The Free Press Journal'', a national news agency. In 1933, the ''Indian Express'' opened its second office in Madurai, launching the Tamil edition, '' Dinamani''. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price of the newspaper. Faced with financial difficul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Namokar Mantra
The Ṇamōkāra mantra or Navkar Mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice. This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The mantra is also variously referred to as the ''Pancha Namaskāra Mantra'', ''Namaskāra Mantra'', ''Navakāra Mantra'', ''Namaskāra Mangala'' or ''Paramesthi Mantra''. Below is the meaning of Namokar Mantra line by line, wherein the devotee first bows to the five supreme souls or Pañca-Parameṣṭhi: *'' Arihant''— Those who have destroyed the four inimical ''karmas'' *'' Siddha'' — The persons who have achieved "Siddhi" *''Acharyas'' — The teachers who teach how to behave / live one's life ( Acharya = one who teaches Aacharan ) *''Upadhyaya'' — Preceptor of less advanced ascetics *'' Sādhu'' — The monks or sages in the world practicing Samyak Charitra (right conduct) *The practitioner also says that by bowing to all these five supreme souls, *All of his or h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
