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Nord-Sud Company
The Nord-Sud Company (English: North-South; french: Société du chemin de fer électrique souterrain Nord-Sud de Paris) was an operator of underground trains in Paris established in 1904, which built two lines (now Line 12 and part of Line 13) and had a concession to build a third. It was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) in 1930 and incorporated into the Paris Métro. History Concept The north–south was the initiative of Jean-Baptiste Berlier, an engineer from Lyon trained at the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne, who had previously attempted to build an underground tubular tramway in 1897. In 1901 he proposed, with the financial support of Xavier Janicot, to construct a line between Montparnasse and Montmartre passing through the Gare d'Orsay and Gare Saint-Lazare through two parallel tunnels, consisting of a series of metal hoops, at a similar depth to the London "tube". This method of construction w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gare Saint-Lazare
The Gare Saint-Lazare (English: St Lazarus station), officially Paris-Saint-Lazare, is one of the six large mainline railway station termini in Paris, France. It serves train services toward Normandy, northwest of Paris, along the Paris–Le Havre railway. Saint-Lazare is the third busiest station in France, after the Gare du Nord and Gare de Lyon. It handles 290,000 passengers each day. The station was designed by architect Juste Lisch; the maître d'œuvre (general contractor) was Eugène Flachat. History The first station at Saint Lazare was 200 metres northwest of its current position, called ''Embarcadère des Batignolles''. The station was opened by Marie-Amélie (wife of Louis-Philippe of France) on 24 August 1837. The first line served was the single track line to Le Pecq. In 1843 St-Lazare was the terminus for three lines; by 1900 this number had tripled. The station had 14 platforms in 1854 after several enlargements, and now has 27 platforms sorted in six destina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centime
Centime (from la, centesimus) is French for "cent", and is used in English as the name of the fraction currency in several Francophone countries (including Switzerland, Algeria, Belgium, Morocco and France). In France, the usage of ''centime'' goes back to the introduction of the decimal monetary system under Napoleon. This system aimed at replacing non-decimal fractions of older coins. A five-centime coin was known as a ''sou'', i.e. a solidus or shilling. In Francophone Canada of a Canadian dollar is officially known as a ''cent'' (pronounced /sɛnt/) in both English and French. However, in practice, the form of ''cenne'' (pronounced /sɛn/) has completely replaced the official ''cent''. Spoken and written use of the official form ''cent'' in Francophone Canada is exceptionally uncommon. In the Canadian French vernacular ''sou'', ''sou noir'' (' means "black" in French), ''cenne'', and ''cenne noire'' are all widely known, used, and accepted monikers when referring to eit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minimum Railway Curve Radius
The minimum railway curve radius is the shortest allowable design radius for the centerline of railway tracks under a particular set of conditions. It has an important bearing on construction costs and operating costs and, in combination with superelevation (difference in elevation of the two rails) in the case of train tracks, determines the maximum safe speed of a curve. The minimum radius of a curve is one parameter in the design of railway vehicles as well as trams; monorails and automated guideways are also subject to a minimum radius. History The first proper railway was the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. Like the tram roads that had preceded it over a hundred years, the L&M had gentle curves and gradients. Reasons for these gentle curves include the lack of strength of the track, which might have overturned if the curves were too sharp causing derailments. The gentler the curves, the greater the visibility, thus boosting safety via incre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loading Gauge
A loading gauge is a diagram or physical structure that defines the maximum height and width dimensions in railway vehicles and their loads. Their purpose is to ensure that rail vehicles can pass safely through tunnels and under bridges, and keep clear of platforms, trackside buildings and structures. Classification systems vary between different countries, and gauges may vary across a network, even if the track gauge is uniform. The term loading gauge can also be applied to the maximum size of road vehicles in relation to tunnels, overpasses and bridges, and doors into automobile repair shops, bus garages, filling stations, residential garages, multi-storey car parks and warehouses. A related but separate gauge is the structure gauge, which sets limits to the extent that bridges, tunnels and other infrastructure can encroach on rail vehicles. The difference between these two gauges is called the clearance. The specified amount of clearance makes allowance for wobbling o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Water Table
The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with water. It can also be simply explained as the depth below which the ground is saturated. The water table is the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure (where gauge pressure = 0). It may be visualized as the "surface" of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity. The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer. In areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone. At increasing depths, water fills in more of the pore spaces in the soils, until a zone of saturation is reached. Below the water table, in the phreatic zone (zone of saturation), layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called aquifers. In less permeable soils, such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porte De La Chapelle (Paris Métro)
Porte de la Chapelle () is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the districts of La Chapelle and Goutte d'Or and the 18th arrondissement. The station opened on 23 August 1916 as part of the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Jules Joffrin. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the ''Métro''. Porte de la Chapelle was the terminus of line 12 until 18 December 2012, when an extension opened to Front Populaire. The station is named after the ''Porte de la Chapelle'', a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris, on the ''Rue de la Chapelle'', the old Roman road to Calais via Saint-Denis, now Route nationale 1. It was named after a village that was annexed by Paris in 1860 and was named after a chapel to Saint Genevieve built in the 6th century. The station is featured in "Crossroads", an episode of the American HBO series "Band of Brothers". Work is under way to extend the line into the commune of Aubervilliers, initially to Front Populaire, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jules Joffrin (Paris Métro)
Jules Joffrin () is a station on Line 12 of the Paris Métro in the ''Clignancourt'' district and the 18th arrondissement. It is located in Montmartre, between the town hall of the 18th arrondissement and the Notre-Dame de Clignancourt church. The station opened on 31 October 1912 as part of the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Pigalle. It was the northern terminus of the line until 23 August 1916 when it was extended to Porte de la Chapelle. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the ''Métro''. The station was named after Jules François Alexandre Joffrin (1846–1890) who was a councillor of the 18th arrondissement and a député. Station layout Gallery File:Joffrin-quai-rame-L12.jpg, MF 67 The MF 67 is a fleet of steel-wheel electric multiple unit trains for the Paris Métro. The first MF 67 trains entered service on Line 3 in June 1968, and became one of the biggest orders for the Métro, with 1,482 cars constructed. The ne ... rolli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porte De Saint-Ouen (Paris Métro)
Porte de Saint-Ouen () is a station on line 13 of the Paris Métro on the border of the 17th and 18th arrondissements. Unusually it has an escalator directly linking the platform to the street at the exit to the Rue Leibniz. Location The station is located under the northern end of the Avenue de Saint-Ouen, between the Porte and the cutting of the Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture line. Oriented roughly along a north-south axis and located on the branch towards '' Saint-Denis–Université'', it is positioned between the ''Garibaldi'' and '' Guy Môquet'' metro stations. History The station opened on 26 February 1911 as part of the Nord-Sud Company's line B from Saint-Lazare to ''Porte de Saint-Ouen''. On 27 March 1931, line B became line 13 following the absorption of the Nord-Sud company on 1 January 1930 by its competitor, the Nord-Sud Company (known as CMP). It was the terminus of the northern branch of the line until 30 June 1952 when the line was extended to Carrefour Ple ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saint-Lazare (Paris Métro)
Saint-Lazare () is a station on Line 3, Line 12, Line 13 and Line 14 of the Paris Métro. Line 9 also stops at Saint Augustin and RER E stops at Haussmann Saint Lazare. A tunnel connects both of these stations. Located on the border of the 8th and 9th arrondissements, it is the second busiest station of the Métro system after Gare du Nord with 39 million passengers annually. The station offers connections to the following other stations: Gare Saint-Lazare (SNCF), Haussmann–Saint-Lazare on RER E, Havre – Caumartin on Line 3 and Line 9, in addition to Saint-Augustin on Line 9. The station is named after the mainline railway station, which is situated in Rue Saint-Lazare. It is in the commercial centre of Paris, near the major department stores. Location The station is located near the Paris-Saint-Lazare station, the platforms being established: * on line 3 (between Europe and Havre - Caumartin stations), under the Cour de Rome, along the northeast / southeast a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porte De Versailles (Paris Métro)
Porte de Versailles () is a station on Line 12 of the Paris Métro, as well as the southern terminus of Île-de-France tramway Line 2 and a stop on Île-de-France tramway Line 3a in the 15th arrondissement. Nearby are the Paris expo Porte de Versailles and Dôme de Paris indoor sports venue. History Métro station The station was opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the stage of Line A of the Nord-Sud Company from Porte de Versailles to Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. The line was taken over by the Métro network in 1930; it became Line 12. It was the southern terminus of the line until the extension of the line to Mairie d'Issy on 24 March 1934. The station was relocated during the extension and the area of the old station is now occupied by storage sidings. It is named after the ''Porte de Versailles'', a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers wall of Paris, which led to the city of Versailles. Tramway stop The Île-de-France tramway Line 3 (now 3a) stop opened on 16 December 2006 as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbesses (Paris Métro)
Abbesses (, literally ''Abbesses'') is a station on Paris Métro Line 12, in the Montmartre district and the 18th arrondissement. Abbesses is the deepest station in the Paris Métro, at 36 metres (118 feet) below ground, and is located on the western side of the ''butte'' (hill) of Montmartre. Access to the platforms is occasionally by elevators, but they are typically accessed by decorated stairs. Location Nearby are the ''Montmartre'' district, the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre (church), the Place du Tertre and the Église Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre ( Art Nouveau church). The station is named after the ''Place des Abbesses'', referring to the abbesses of the nearby abbey of the ''Dames-de-Montmartre''. History The station opened on 30 January 1913, three months after the extension of the Nord-Sud company's line A from Pigalle to Jules Joffrin. On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 of the ''Métro''. Station layout Architecture The station's entra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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