The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim
Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, and Malta
Malta during the Middle Ages
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Pontic SteppeDomestication of the horse Kurgan Kurgan
Kurgan culture Steppe culturesBug-Dniester Sredny Stog Dnieper-Donets Samara Khvalynsk YamnaMikhaylovka cultureCaucasusMaykopEast-AsiaAfanasevoEastern EuropeUsatovo Cernavodă CucuteniNorthern EuropeCorded wareBaden Middle DnieperBronze AgePontic SteppeChariot Yamna Catacomb Multi-cordoned ware Poltavka SrubnaNorthern/Eastern SteppeAbashevo culture Andronovo SintashtaEuropeGlobular Amphora Corded ware Beaker Unetice Trzciniec Nordic Bronze Age Terramare Tumulus
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Melilla
Melilla (/məˈliːjə/ mə-LEE-yə; Spanish: [meˈliʎa], locally [meˈliʝa]; Arabic: مليلية, Maliliyyah; Berber languages: ⵎⵔⵉⵜⵙ, Mřič) is a Spanish autonomous city located on the north coast of Africa, sharing a border with Morocco, with an area of 12.3 km2 (4.7 sq mi). Melilla, along with Ceuta, is one of two permanently inhabited Spanish cities in mainland Africa. It was part of the Province of Málaga
Province of Málaga until 14 March 1995, when the city's Statute of Autonomy was passed. Melilla, like Ceuta, was a free port before Spain
Spain joined the European Union.[citation needed] In 2011 it had a population of 78,476, made up of Catholics of Iberian origin (primarily from Andalusia
Andalusia and Catalonia), ethnic Riffian Berbers
Berbers and a small number of Sephardic Jews and Sindhi Hindus
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Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada
Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada (Arabic: أبو حفص المرتضى عمر بن أبي إبراهيم اسحاق بن يوسف بن عبد المؤمن; died 1266) was an Almohad caliph who reigned over part of Morocco
Morocco from 1248 until his death.Castillian ambassadors attempting to convince al-Murtada to join their alliance. Contemporary depiction from Cantigas de Santa Maria.During his time as caliph, the area of Morocco
Morocco under Almohad control was reduced to the region around and including Marrakech. He was forced to pay tribute to the Marinids. He was ousted by his cousin Abu al-Ula al-Wathiq Idris with the help of Marinid ruler Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq, with Idriss II then proclaiming himself as caliph.A letter from Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada
Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada to Pope Innocent IV.Sources[edit]Julien, Charles-André
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Timeline Italy
Italy portalv t ePart of a series on theHistory of MaltaAncient historyGħar Dalam phase Ġgantija phase Saflieni phase Tarxien phase Phoenicians and Carthage Roman ruleMiddle AgesArab period Normans Kingdom of SicilyModern historyKnights Hospitaller Great Siege French occupation Insurrection and independent GozoBritish PeriodBritish Protectorate British Colony World War II From home rule to independenceIndependent MaltaState of Malta Republic of Malta European Union membershipTimeline of Maltese history
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The Muslim settlement of Lucera
.svg/500px-Map_of_comune_of_Lucera_(province_of_Foggia,_region_Apulia,_Italy).svg.png)
Lucera was the result of the decision of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen
Hohenstaufen dynasty (1194–1250) to move 20,000 Sicilian Muslims to Lucera, a settlement in Apulia
Apulia in southern Italy. The settlement thrived for about 75 years
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Mediolanum
Mediolanum (286–402, Western) Augusta Treverorum Sirmium Ravenna
Ravenna (402–476, Western) Nicomedia
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Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2People's Democratic Republic of Algeria الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية (Arabic) ⵟⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ (Berber) République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire (French)FlagEmblemMotto: بالشّعب وللشّعب By the people and for the people[1][2]Anthem: Kassaman (English: "We Pledge")Location of Algeria (dark green)Capital and largest city Algiers 36°42′N 3°13′E / 36.700°N 3.217°E / 36.700; 3.217Official languagesArabic[3] Berber[4]Other languagesFrench (business and education)[5] Darja
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Ceuta
Ceuta (assimilated pronunciation /ˈsjuːtə/ SEW-tə; also /ˈseɪʊtə/ SAY-uu-tə;[2] Spanish: [ˈθeuta]; Berber language: Sebta; Arabic: سبتة) is an 18.5-square-kilometre (7.1 sq mi) Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa, separated by 14 kilometres from Cadiz province
Cadiz province on the Spanish mainland by the Strait of Gibraltar
Strait of Gibraltar and sharing a 6.4 kilometre land border with M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture
M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture in the Kingdom of Morocco. It lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and is one of nine populated Spanish territories in Africa
Africa and, along with Melilla, one of two populated territories on mainland Africa
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Classics
Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity. It encompasses the study of the Greco-Roman world, particularly of its languages and literature ( Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek and Classical Latin) but also of Greco-Roman philosophy, history, and archaeology. Traditionally in the West, the study of the Greek and Roman classics was considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities and a necessary part of a rounded education
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Classical Arabic
Arabic is the form of the Arabic language
Arabic language used in Umayyad and Abbasid
Abbasid literary texts from the 7th century AD to the 9th century AD. The orthography of the Qurʾān was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to record an archaic form of Old Higazi. Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is its direct descendant used today throughout the Arab world
.svg/440px-Arab_League_member_states_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Arab world in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content;[1] it is also used in modernized versions of the Quran
Quran and revised editions of poetries and novels from Umayyad and Abbasid
Abbasid times (7th to 9th centuries)
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Strabo[1] (/ˈstreɪboʊ/; Greek: Στράβων Strábōn; 64 or 63 BC – c. AD 24) was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor
Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic
Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.Contents1 Life 2 Education 3 Geographica 4 Geology 5 Editions 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksLife[edit]Title page from Isaac Casaubon's 1620 edition of Geographica Strabo
Strabo was born to an affluent family from Amaseia in Pontus (modern Amasya, Turkey),[2] a city that he said was situated the approximate equivalent of 75 km from the Black Sea
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Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus
Tacitus (/ˈtæsɪtəs/; Classical Latin: [ˈtakɪtʊs]; c. 56 – c. 120 AD) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors
Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD). These two works span the history of the Roman Empire
Roman Empire from the death of Augustus, in 14 AD, to the years of the First Jewish–Roman War, in 70 AD
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The terms anno Domini[a][1][2] (AD) and before Christ[b][3][4][5] (BC) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord",[6] but is often presented using "our Lord" instead of "the Lord",[7][8] taken from the full original phrase "anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi", which translates to "in the year of our Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ". This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC
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Joannes Leo Africanus, (c. 1494 – c. 1554?) (born al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi, Arabic: حسن ابن محمد الوزان الفاسي) was a Berber[2] Andalusi diplomat and author who is best known for his book Descrittione dell’Africa (Description of Africa) centered on the geography of the Maghreb
.svg/500px-Maghreb_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Maghreb and Nile Valley. The book was regarded among his scholarly peers in Europe as the most authoritative treatise on the subject until the modern exploration of Africa.[3] For this work, Leo became a household name among European geographers.Contents1 Biography1.1 Historicity of Africa trip2 Name 3 Works 4 References in media 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksBiography[edit]The courtyard of the University of al-Qarawiyyin, Fez, Morocco, where al-Hasan (future Leo Africanus) studied.Most of what is known about his life is gathered from autobiographical notes in his own work
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.svg/500px-Roman_Empire_-_Africa_Proconsularis_(125_AD).svg.png "Go To List2 -> Africa (Roman Province)")
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French Algeria
Algeria (19th - 20th centuries)French conquest French governorsResistance PacificationEmir Abdelkader Fatma N'SoumerMokrani Revolt Cheikh BouamamaNationalism RCUA FLN GPRAAlgerian War 1958 putsch 1961 putschÉvian Accords Independence referendumPied-Noir Harkis Oujda GroupContemporary era 1960s–80sArab nationalism 1965 putschBerber Spring 1988 Riots1990s Algerian Civil War
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