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May Coup (Poland)
The May Coup ( pl, przewrót majowy or ) was a coup d'état carried out in Poland by Marshal Józef Piłsudski from 12 to 14 May 1926. The attack of Piłsudski's supporters on government forces resulted in an overthrow of the democratically-elected government of President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos and caused hundreds of fatalities. A new government was installed, headed by Kazimierz Bartel. Ignacy Mościcki became president. Piłsudski remained the dominant politician in Poland until his death in 1935. Background Józef Piłsudski, who controlled politics in the reestablished Polish state to a considerable degree, had lost his advantage in the aftermath of the failed Kiev Offensive of spring 1920.Andrzej Chwalba, ''Przegrane zwycięstwo. Wojna polsko-bolszewicka 1918–1920'' he Lost Victory: Polish–Bolshevik War 1918–1920 Wydawnictwo Czarne, Wołowiec 2020, , p. 296. He retained high esteem in segments of the armed forces that originat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interwar Period
In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days), the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Second World War. The interwar period was relatively short, yet featured many significant social, political, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous Roaring Twenties, a time of both social mobility and economic mobility for the middle class. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio, and more became common among populations in the developed world. The indulgences of the era subsequently were followed by the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies. Politically, the era coincided with the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution and Russian Civil War, at the end of World War I, and ended with the ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Democracy (Poland)
National Democracy ( pl, Narodowa Demokracja, also known from its abbreviation ND as ''Endecja''; ) was a Polish political movement active from the second half of the 19th century under the foreign partitions of the country until the end of the Second Polish Republic. It ceased to exist after the Nazi–Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939. In its long history, National Democracy went through several stages of development. Created with the intention of promoting the fight for Poland's sovereignty against the repressive imperial regimes, the movement acquired its right-wing nationalist character following the return to independence. A founder and principal ideologue was Roman Dmowski. Other ideological fathers of the movement included Zygmunt Balicki and Jan Ludwik Popławski. The National Democracy's main stronghold was Greater Poland (western Poland), where much of the movement's early impetus derived from efforts to counter Imperial Germany's policy of Germanizing its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade War
A trade war is an economic conflict often resulting from extreme protectionism in which states raise or create tariffs or other trade barriers against each other in response to trade barriers created by the other party. If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as customs wars, ''toll wars'', or ''tariff wars''; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports (Perju, 2009). Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their autarky position. Minor trade disagreements are often called trade disputes when the war metaphor is hyperbolic. Trade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states, as evidenced in the Massacre of the Bandanese after alleged violations of a new treaty. The First Anglo-Dutch War caused by disputes over trade, the war began with English attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a Federation, federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, fifteen national republics; in practice, both Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, its economy were highly Soviet-type economic planning, centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Saint Petersburg, Leningrad (Russian SFSR), Kyiv, Kiev (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR), Minsk (Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian SSR), Tas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Berlin (1926)
The Treaty of Berlin (German-Soviet Neutrality and Nonaggression Pact) was a treaty signed on 24 April 1926 under which Germany and the Soviet Union pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for five years. The treaty reaffirmed the German-Soviet Treaty of Rapallo (1922). Ratifications for the treaty were exchanged in Berlin on 29 June 1926, and it went into effect on the same day. The treaty was registered in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'' on 3 August 1926. It was renewed by additional protocol signed on 24 June 1931, ratified on 5 May 1933. The additional protocol was registered in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'' on 15 February 1935. Reactions In Germany, the treaty was compared with Bismarck's famous Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887. The votes to endorse the treaty in the Foreign Committee of the Reichstag had been unanimous, a first for the Weimar Republic. #German Chancellor Wilhelm Marx: "intent to adapt German-Russian rel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (french: Troisième République, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government. The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by political disruptions caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of the French regions of Alsace (keeping the Territoire de Belfort) and Lorraine (the northeastern part, i.e. present-day department of Moselle), social upheaval, and the establishment of the Paris Commune. The early governments of the Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy, but disagreement as to the nature of that monarchy and the rightfu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (german: link=no, Weimarer Republik ), officially named the German Reich, was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic (german: Deutsche Republik, link=no, label=none). The state's informal name is derived from the city of Weimar, which hosted the constituent assembly that established its government. In English, the republic was usually simply called "Germany", with "Weimar Republic" (a term introduced by Adolf Hitler in 1929) not commonly used until the 1930s. Following the devastation of the First World War (1914–1918), Germany was exhausted and sued for peace in desperate circumstances. Awareness of imminent defeat sparked a revolution, the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, formal surrender to the Allies, and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic on 9 November 1918. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Locarno Treaties
The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, during 5 to 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return for normalising relations with the defeated German Reich (the Weimar Republic). It also stated that Germany would never go to war with the other countries. Locarno divided borders in Europe into two categories: western, which were guaranteed by the Locarno Treaties, and eastern borders of Germany with Poland, which were open for revision. Planning the treaties German foreign minister Gustav Stresemann made his highest priority the restoration of German prestige and privileges as a leading European nation. French withdrawal from the Occupation of the Ruhr was scheduled for January 1925, but Stresemann sensed that France was very nervous about its security ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sejm
The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the transition of government in 1989. Along with the upper house of parliament, the Senate, it forms the national legislature in Poland known as National Assembly ( pl, Zgromadzenie Narodowe). The Sejm is composed of 460 deputies (singular ''deputowany'' or ''poseł'' – "envoy") elected every four years by a universal ballot. The Sejm is presided over by a speaker called the "Marshal of the Sejm" (''Marszałek Sejmu''). In the Kingdom of Poland, the term "''Sejm''" referred to an entire two- chamber parliament, comprising the Chamber of Deputies ( pl, Izba Poselska), the Senate and the King. It was thus a three-estate parliament. The 1573 Henrician Articles strengthened the assembly's jurisdiction, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chjeno-Piast
Chjeno-Piast was an unofficial (yet common) name of a coalition of Polish political parties formed in 1923. It included the Polish People's Party "Piast" and an older coalition 1922 Christian Association of National Unity (''Chrześcijański Związek Jedności Narodowej''). The merger was passed during a meeting in the manor of senator L. Hammerling's from Lanckorona and at times it is referred to as Pact of Lanckorona. The Chjeno-Piast coalition was the political base of two consecutive governments formed by Wincenty Witos. The first, formed in May 1923, antagonized Józef Piłsudski, who resigned his government posts blaming Chjeno-Piast for the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. This government was forced to resign in December of that year in the effect of massive worker riots in Kraków. The second, formed in May 1926, had even less support and was soon overthrown by the May Coup organized by Józef Piłsudski Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Union Of National Unity
Christian Union of National Unity ( pl, Chrześcijański Związek Jedności Narodowej, ChZJN, commonly known as ''Chjena'' - the word pronounced as ''hiena'', being the Polish name for hyena) was an electoral coalition of Popular National Union, Christian Democratic and other right wing parties for the 1922 Polish legislative election. The coalition was composed of several smaller parties: * Związek Ludowo-Narodowy * Narodowo-Chrześcijańskie Stronnictwo Ludowe * Chrześcijańsko-Narodowe Stronnictwo Pracy ( PSChD) * Chrześcijańsko-Narodowe Stronnictwo Rolnicze ''Chjena'' gained many seats in the 1922 elections (163 parliament seats (out of 444) and 48 Senate seats (out of 111)), but it was not enough for a majority in the parliament (Sejm). After Lanckorona Pact it had become a part of the Chjeno-Piast government. After the May Coup of Józef Piłsudski in 1926, the ''Chjena'' coalition was not formed again (see Centrolew The ''Centrolew'' (, ''Center-Left'') was a co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–1931)
Polish People's Party "Piast" or Polish Peasant Party "Piast" ( pl, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe "Piast", ''PSL Piast'') was a political party from the interwar period of the Second Polish Republic (1913–1931). Piast refers to the medieval Piast dynasty, Poland's founding royal house. Political significance PSL Piast was an important political party in the Second Polish Republic. It was created in 1913 and after Poland regained independence in 1918, it formed a part of several governments, most notably after the Lanckorona Pact and in the Chjeno-Piast coalition. In 1931 it formed the People's Party. Its major politicians included Wincenty Witos, Jakub Bojko, Jan Dąbski, Maciej Rataj and Władysław Kiernik. Election Results Sejm See also *Polish People's Party References 1913 establishments in Poland 1931 disestablishments in Poland Agrarian parties in Poland Christian democratic parties in Europe Conservative parties in Poland Defunct political parties in Po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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