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Loísmo
''Loísmo'', with its feminine counterpart ''laísmo'', is a feature of certain dialects of Spanish consisting of the use of the pronouns ', ', ', and ' (which are normally used for direct objects) in place of the pronouns ''le'' and ''les'' (which are used for indirect objects). ''Loísmo'' and ''laísmo'' are almost entirely restricted to some dialects in central Spain; they are virtually absent from formal and written language. In practice ''laísmo'' is much more frequent than ''loísmo''. A simple example would be saying ''lo hablé'' (lit. "I spoke him"), ''la hablé'' (lit. "I spoke her"), ''los hablé'' (lit. "I spoke them asculine), or ''las hablé'' (lit. "I spoke them eminine) where a speaker of a dialect without ''loísmo'' would say ''le(s) hablé'' ("I spoke to him/her/them"). This effectively means the loss of a declensional case marker. The difference between ''lo'' ( accusative case) and ''le'' ( dative case) are holdovers from Latin declension Latin declensi ...
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Spanish Grammar
Spanish is a grammatically inflected language, which means that many words are modified ("marked") in small ways, usually at the end, according to their changing functions. Verbs are marked for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number (resulting in up to fifty conjugated forms per verb). Nouns follow a two-gender system and are marked for number. Personal pronouns are inflected for person, number, gender (including a residual neuter), and a very reduced case system; the Spanish pronominal system represents a simplification of the ancestral Latin system. Spanish was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammar treatise, ', published in 1492 by the Andalusian philologist Antonio de Nebrija and presented to Queen Isabella of Castile at Salamanca. The (RAE, Royal Spanish Academy) traditionally dictates the normative rules of the Spanish language, as well as its orthography. Differences between formal varieties of Peninsular and American Spanish are remarkably few, ...
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Leísmo
''Leísmo'' ("using ''le''") is a dialectal variation in the Spanish language that occurs largely in Spain. It involves using the indirect object pronouns ''le'' and ''les'' in place of the (generally standard) direct object pronouns ''lo'', ''la'', ''los'', and ''las'', especially when the direct object refers to a male person or people. ''Leísmo'' with animate objects is both common and prescriptively accepted in many dialects spoken in Spain, but uncommon in most others. It thus typically correlates with the use of the preposition ''a'' for animate direct objects (for this "personal a", see Spanish prepositions). ''Leísmo'' is always rejected in linguistic prescription when the direct object to which it refers is not an animate object. For example: :' ("I see the boy") → ''Lo veo'' (standard Spanish, with ''lo'') :' ("I see the boy") → ''Le veo'' (''leísmo'', common in Spain; other regions prefer ''lo veo'') :' ("I see the tree") → ''Le veo'' (not accepted in li ...
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Leísmo Laísmo Loísmo
''Leísmo'' ("using ''le''") is a dialectal variation in the Spanish language that occurs largely in Spain. It involves using the indirect object pronouns ''le'' and ''les'' in place of the (generally standard) direct object pronouns ''lo'', ''la'', ''los'', and ''las'', especially when the direct object refers to a male person or people. ''Leísmo'' with animate objects is both common and prescriptively accepted in many dialects spoken in Spain, but uncommon in most others. It thus typically correlates with the use of the preposition ''a'' for animate direct objects (for this "personal a", see Spanish prepositions). ''Leísmo'' is always rejected in linguistic prescription when the direct object to which it refers is not an animate object. For example: :' ("I see the boy") → ''Lo veo'' (standard Spanish, with ''lo'') :' ("I see the boy") → ''Le veo'' (''leísmo'', common in Spain; other regions prefer ''lo veo'') :' ("I see the tree") → ''Le veo'' (not accepted in li ...
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Leísmo
''Leísmo'' ("using ''le''") is a dialectal variation in the Spanish language that occurs largely in Spain. It involves using the indirect object pronouns ''le'' and ''les'' in place of the (generally standard) direct object pronouns ''lo'', ''la'', ''los'', and ''las'', especially when the direct object refers to a male person or people. ''Leísmo'' with animate objects is both common and prescriptively accepted in many dialects spoken in Spain, but uncommon in most others. It thus typically correlates with the use of the preposition ''a'' for animate direct objects (for this "personal a", see Spanish prepositions). ''Leísmo'' is always rejected in linguistic prescription when the direct object to which it refers is not an animate object. For example: :' ("I see the boy") → ''Lo veo'' (standard Spanish, with ''lo'') :' ("I see the boy") → ''Le veo'' (''leísmo'', common in Spain; other regions prefer ''lo veo'') :' ("I see the tree") → ''Le veo'' (not accepted in li ...
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Spanish Language
Spanish ( or , Castilian) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from colloquial Latin spoken on the Iberian peninsula. Today, it is a global language with more than 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries. It is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The largest population of native speakers is in Mexico. Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo, a prominent c ...
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Hypercorrection
In sociolinguistics, hypercorrection is non-standard use of language that results from the over-application of a perceived rule of language-usage prescription. A speaker or writer who produces a hypercorrection generally believes through a misunderstanding of such rules that the form is more "correct", standard, or otherwise preferable, often combined with a desire to appear formal or educated. Linguistic hypercorrection occurs when a real or imagined grammatical rule is applied in an inappropriate context, so that an attempt to be "correct" leads to an incorrect result. It does not occur when a speaker follows "a natural speech instinct", according to Otto Jespersen and Robert J. Menner. Hypercorrection can be found among speakers of less prestigious language varieties who attempt to produce forms associated with high-prestige varieties, even in situations where speakers of those varieties would not. Some commentators call such production ''hyperurbanism''. Hypercorrecti ...
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Spanish Object Pronouns
Spanish object pronouns are Spanish personal pronouns that take the function of the object in the sentence. Object pronouns may be both clitic and non-clitic, with non-clitic forms carrying greater emphasis. When used as clitics, object pronouns are generally proclitic, i.e. they appear before the verb of which they are the object; enclitic pronouns (i.e. pronouns attached to the end of the verb) appear with positive imperatives, infinitives, and gerunds. Non-clitic forms, by contrast, can appear anywhere in the sentence but can rarely be used without their clitic counterparts. When used together, clitic pronouns cluster in specific orders based primarily on person, and clitic doubling is often found as well. In many dialects in Central Spain, including that of Madrid, there exists the phenomenon of '' leísmo'', which is using the indirect object pronoun ''le'' as the direct object pronoun where most other dialects would use ''lo'' (masculine) or ''la'' (feminine). History As ...
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Royal Spanish Academy
The Royal Spanish Academy ( es, Real Academia Española, generally abbreviated as RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, and is affiliated with national language academies in 22 other Hispanophone nations through the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language. The RAE's emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto is ("It purifies, it fixes, and it dignifies"). The RAE dedicates itself to language planning by applying linguistic prescription aimed at promoting linguistic unity within and between various territories, to ensure a common standard. The proposed language guidelines are shown in a number of works. History The Royal Spanish Academy was founded in 1713, modeled after the Accademia della Crusca (1582), of Italy, and the Académie Française (1635), of France, with the purpose "to fix the voices and vocabularies of the Spanish language with propriety, elegance, and ...
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Direct Object
In linguistics, an object is any of several types of arguments. In subject-prominent, nominative-accusative languages such as English, a transitive verb typically distinguishes between its subject and any of its objects, which can include but are not limited to direct objects, indirect objects, and arguments of adpositions ( prepositions or postpositions); the latter are more accurately termed ''oblique arguments'', thus including other arguments not covered by core grammatical roles, such as those governed by case morphology (as in languages such as Latin) or relational nouns (as is typical for members of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area). In ergative-absolutive languages, for example most Australian Aboriginal languages, the term "subject" is ambiguous, and thus the term " agent" is often used instead to contrast with "object", such that basic word order is often spoken of in terms such as Agent-Object-Verb (AOV) instead of Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Topic-prominent lang ...
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