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JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. As of 2022, 98% of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior, often incorporating third-party libraries. All major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute the code on users' devices. JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard. It has dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. It is multi-paradigm, supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM). The ECMAScript standard does not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities. In practice, the web bro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SpiderMonkey (JavaScript Engine)
SpiderMonkey is the first JavaScript engine, written by Brendan Eich at Netscape Communications, later released as open source and currently maintained by the Mozilla Foundation. It is used in the Firefox web browser. History Eich "wrote JavaScript in ten days" in 1995, having been "recruited to Netscape with the promise of 'doing Scheme' in the browser". (The idea of using Scheme was abandoned when "engineering management ecidedthat the language must 'look like Java.) In late 1996, Eich, needing to "pay off hesubstantial technical debt" left from the first year, "stayed home for two weeks to rewrite Mocha as the codebase that became known as SpiderMonkey". (Mocha was the original working name for the language.) In 2011, Eich transferred management of the SpiderMonkey code to Dave Mandelin. Versions Standards SpiderMonkey implements the ECMA-262 specification (ECMAScript). ECMA-357 (ECMAScript for XML (E4X)) was dropped in early 2013. Internals SpiderMonkey is writ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TypeScript
TypeScript is a free and open source programming language developed and maintained by Microsoft. It is a strict syntactical superset of JavaScript and adds optional static typing to the language. It is designed for the development of large applications and transpiles to JavaScript. As it is a superset of JavaScript, existing JavaScript programs are also valid TypeScript programs. TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for both client-side and server-side execution (as with Node.js or Deno). Multiple options are available for transpilation. The default TypeScript Compiler can be used, or the Babel compiler can be invoked to convert TypeScript to JavaScript. TypeScript supports definition files that can contain type information of existing JavaScript libraries, much like C++ header files can describe the structure of existing object files. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entitie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ECMAScript
ECMAScript (; ES) is a JavaScript standard intended to ensure the interoperability of web pages across different browsers. It is standardized by Ecma International in the documenECMA-262 ECMAScript is commonly used for client-side scripting on the World Wide Web, and it is increasingly being used for writing server-side applications and services using and other runtime environments. ECMAScript, ECMA-262 and JavaScript ECMA-262, or the ''ECMAScript Language Specification'', defines the ''ECMAScript Language'', or just ECMAScript. ECMA-262 specifies only language syntax and the semantics of the core API, such as , , and , while valid implementations of JavaScript add their own functionality such as input-output and file-system handling. History The ECMAScript specification is a standardized specification of a scripting language developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape; initially named Mocha, then LiveScript, and finally JavaScript. In December 1995, Sun Microsystems and Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JavaScriptCore
WebKit is a browser engine developed by Apple and primarily used in its Safari web browser, as well as on the iOS and iPadOS version of any web browser. WebKit is also used by the BlackBerry Browser, PlayStation consoles beginning from the PS3, the Tizen mobile operating systems, a browser included with the Amazon Kindle e-book reader, and on Nintendo consoles beginning from the 3DS Internet Browser and onward. WebKit's C++ application programming interface (API) provides a set of classes to display Web content in windows, and implements browser features such as following links when clicked by the user, managing a back-forward list, and managing a history of pages recently visited. WebKit started as a fork of the KHTML and KJS libraries from KDE, and has since been further developed by KDE contributors, Apple, Google, Nokia, Bitstream, BlackBerry, Sony, Igalia, and others. WebKit supports macOS, Windows, Linux, and various other Unix-like operating systems. On April 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dart (programming Language)
Dart is a programming language designed for client development, such as for the web and mobile apps. It is developed by Google and can also be used to build server and desktop applications. It is an object-oriented, class-based, garbage-collected language with C-style syntax. It can compile to either machine code or JavaScript, and supports interfaces, mixins, abstract classes, reified generics and type inference. History Dart was unveiled at the GOTO conference in Aarhus, Denmark, October 10–12, 2011. The project was founded by Lars Bak and Kasper Lund. Dart 1.0 was released on November 14, 2013. Dart initially had a mixed reception and the Dart initiative has been criticized by some for fragmenting the web, due to the original plans to include a Dart VM in Chrome. Those plans were dropped in 2015 with the 1.9 release of Dart to focus instead on compiling Dart to JavaScript. Dart 2.0 was released in August 2018, with language changes including a type system. Dart 2. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AssemblyScript
AssemblyScript is a TypeScript-based programming language that is optimized for, and statically compiled to, WebAssembly (currently using , the reference AssemblyScript compiler). Resembling ECMAScript and JavaScript, but with static types, the language is developed by the AssemblyScript Project with contributions from the AssemblyScript community. Overview In 2017, the availability of support for WebAssembly, a standard definition for a low-level bytecode and an associated virtual machine, became widespread among major Web browsers, providing Web developers a lower-level and potentially higher-performance compilation target for client-side programs and applications to execute within Web browsers, in addition to the interpreted (and in practice dynamically compiled) JavaScript Web scripting language. WebAssembly allows programs and code to be statically compiled ahead of time in order to run at potentially native-level or “bare-metal” performance within Web browsers, wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CoffeeScript
CoffeeScript is a programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It adds syntactic sugar inspired by Ruby, Python, and Haskell in an effort to enhance JavaScript's brevity and readability. Specific additional features include list comprehension and destructuring assignment. CoffeeScript support is included in Ruby on Rails version 3.1 and Play Framework. In 2011, Brendan Eich referenced CoffeeScript as an influence on his thoughts about the future of JavaScript. History On December 13, 2009, Jeremy Ashkenas made the first Git commit of CoffeeScript with the comment: "initial commit of the mystery language." The compiler was written in Ruby. On December 24, he made the first tagged and documented release, 0.1.0. On February 21, 2010, he committed version 0.5, which replaced the Ruby compiler with a self-hosting version in pure CoffeeScript. By that time the project had attracted several other contributors on GitHub, and was receiving over 300 page hits per day. On D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brendan Eich
Brendan Eich (; born July 4, 1961) is an American computer programmer and technology executive. He created the JavaScript programming language and co-founded the Mozilla project, the Mozilla Foundation, and the Mozilla Corporation. He served as the Mozilla Corporation's chief technical officer before he was appointed chief executive officer, but resigned shortly after his appointment due to controversy over his opposition to same-sex marriage. He subsequently became the CEO of Brave Software. Early life Eich grew up in Pittsburgh; Gaithersburg, Maryland; and Palo Alto, and he attended Ellwood P. Cubberley High School, graduating in the class of 1979. He received his bachelor's degree in mathematics and computer science at Santa Clara University, and he received his master's degree in 1985 from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Eich is Roman Catholic. He began his career at Silicon Graphics, working for seven years on operating system and network code.. He t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JS++
JS++ is a proprietary programming language for web development that extends JavaScript with a sound type system. It includes imperative, object-oriented, functional, and generic programming features. History JS++ first appeared on October 8, 2011. The modern implementation was announced at DeveloperWeek 2016 and released on May 31, 2016. The language is designed by Roger Poon and Anton Rapetov. Syntax Type annotations Since JS++ is a superset of JavaScript, declaring types for variables is optional. int x = 1; // declares the variable x with an "internal type" (JS++ type) var y = 2; // declares the variable y with an "external type" (JavaScript type) bool z = true; // declares the variable z with an "internal type" (JS++ type) Features JS++ features a type system that is sound. JS++ is able to efficiently analyze out-of-bounds errors at compile time. Development tools Compiler The JS++ compiler is available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The compiler g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
V8 (JavaScript Engine)
V8 is a free and open-source JavaScript engine developed by the Chromium Project for Google Chrome and Chromium web browsers. The project’s creator is Lars Bak. The first version of the V8 engine was released at the same time as the first version of Chrome: 2 September 2008. It has also been used on the server side, for example in Couchbase and Node.js. History The V8 assembler is based on the Strongtalk assembler. On 7 December 2010, a new compiling infrastructure named Crankshaft was released, with speed improvements. In version 41 of Chrome in 2015, project TurboFan was added to provide more performance improvements with previously challenging workloads such as asm.js. Much of V8's development is strongly inspired by the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine developed by Sun Microsystems, with the newer execution pipelines being very similar to those of HotSpot's. In 2016, the Ignition interpreter was added to V8 with the design goal of reducing the memory usage on small me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chakra (JScript Engine)
Chakra is a proprietary JScript engine developed by Microsoft. It is used in the Internet Explorer web browser. Microsoft later developed a new JavaScript engine for its Microsoft Edge browser, which is confusingly also called Chakra. Features A distinctive feature of the engine is that it JIT compiles scripts on a separate CPU core, parallel to the web browser. Though Microsoft has in the past pointed out that other elements, such as rendering and marshalling, are just as important for a browser's overall performance, their improvements to the engine were in response to evolving competing browsers, compared to which IE8 was lagging behind in terms of client-side script processing speed. History SunSpider tests performed on November 18, 2009 showed the PDC version of IE9 executing scripts much faster than IE8, but slower than Firefox 3.6, Chrome 4, and WebKit Nightly. The same test performed on March 15, 2010 showed the first IE9 Platform Preview (using the then-curr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Functional Programming
In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which update the running state of the program. In functional programming, functions are treated as first-class citizens, meaning that they can be bound to names (including local identifiers), passed as arguments, and returned from other functions, just as any other data type can. This allows programs to be written in a declarative and composable style, where small functions are combined in a modular manner. Functional programming is sometimes treated as synonymous with purely functional programming, a subset of functional programming which treats all functions as deterministic mathematical functions, or pure functions. When a pure function is called wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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