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Holozoa
Holozoa is a group of organisms that includes animals and their closest single-celled relatives, but excludes fungi. ''Holozoa'' is also an old name for the tunicate genus ''Distaplia''.'' Because Holozoa is a clade including all organisms more closely related to animals than to fungi, some authors prefer it to recognizing paraphyletic groups that mostly consists of Holozoa minus animals. Perhaps the best-known holozoans, apart from animals, are the choanoflagellates, which strongly resemble the collar cells of sponges, and so were theorized to be related to sponges even in the 19th century. ''Proterospongia'' is an example of a colonial choanoflagellate that may shed light on the origin of sponges. The affinities of the other single-celled holozoans only began to be recognized in the 1990s. The sub-classification Ichthyosporea or Mesomycetozoea contains a number of mostly parasitic species. The amoeboid genera ''Ministeria'' and ''Capsaspora'' may be united in a group call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filozoa
The Filozoa are a monophyletic grouping within the Opisthokonta. They include animals and their nearest unicellular relatives (those organisms which are more closely related to animals than to fungi or Mesomycetozoa). Three groups are currently assigned to the clade Filozoa: * Group Filasterea - recently erected to house the genera ''Ministeria'' and ''Capsaspora'' * Group Choanoflagellatea - collared flagellates * Kingdom Animalia - the animals proper Etymology From Latin ''filum'' meaning "thread" and Greek ''zōion'' meaning "animal". Phylogeny A phylogenetic tree of Filozoa and its most closely related clades: Characteristics The ancestral opisthokont cell is assumed to have possessed slender filose (thread-like) projections or 'tentacles'. In some opisthokonts (Mesomycetozoa and ''Corallochytrium'') these were lost. They are retained in Filozoa, where they are simple and non-tapering, with a rigid core of actin bundles (contrasting with the flexible, tapering and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pluriformea
Pluriformea is a proposed sibling clade of the Filozoa, and consists of '' Syssomonas multiformis'' and the Corallochytrea. Together with the Ichthyosporea they form the Holozoa Holozoa is a group of organisms that includes animals and their closest single-celled relatives, but excludes fungi. ''Holozoa'' is also an old name for the tunicate genus ''Distaplia''.'' Because Holozoa is a clade including all organisms mor .... An up to date cladogram is The alternative hypotheses is the Teretosporea clade. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q55630147 Holozoa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Choanozoa
Choanozoa is a clade of opisthokont eukaryotes consisting of the choanoflagellates (Choanoflagellatea) and the animals (Animalia, Metazoa). The sister-group relationship between the choanoflagellates and animals has important implications for the origin of the animals. The clade was identified in 2015 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen, who used the name Apoikozoa. The 2018 revision of the classification first proposed by the International Society of Protistologists in 2012 recommends the use of the name Choanozoa. Introduction A close relationship between choanoflagellates and animals has long been recognised, dating back at least to the 1840s. A particularly striking and famous similarity between the single-celled choanoflagellates and multicellular animals is provided by the collar cells of sponges and the overall morphology of the choanoflagellate cell. The relationship has since been confirmed by multiple molecular analyses. This proposed homology was however thrown into so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filasterea
Filasterea is a proposed basal Filozoan clade that includes '' Ministeria'' and '' Capsaspora''. It is a sister clade to the Choanozoa in which the Choanoflagellatea and Animals appeared. Originally proposed by Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. in 2008, based on a phylogenomic analysis with dozens of genes. Filasterea was found to be the sister-group to the clade composed of Metazoa and Choanoflagellata within the Opisthokonta, a finding that has been further corroborated with additional, more taxon-rich, phylogenetic analyses. Etymology From Latin ''filum'' meaning "thread" and Greek ''aster'' meaning "star", it indicates the main morphological features shared by all their integrants: small, rounded amoeboids with a mononucleated cellular body, covered in long and radiating cell protrusions known as filopodia. These filopodia may be involved in substrate adhesion and capture of prey. Applications There are currently cultures from two filasterean species: ''Capsaspora owczarzaki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holomycota
Holomycota or Nucletmycea are a basal Opisthokont clade as sister of the Holozoa. It consists of the Cristidiscoidea and the kingdom Fungi. The position of nucleariids, unicellular free-living phagotrophic amoebae, as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and fungi independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the osmotrophic lifestyle (one of the fungal hallmarks) was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage. Opisthosporidians is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes aphelids, Microsporidia and Cryptomycota, three groups of endoparasites. ''Rozella'' ( Cryptomycota) is the earliest diverging fungal genus in which chitin has been observed at least in some stages of their life cycle, although the chitinous cell wall (another fungal hallmark) and osmotrophy originated in a common ancestor of Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota, which still contain some ancestral characteris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capsaspora
''Capsaspora'' is a monotypic genus containing the single species ''Capsaspora owczarzaki. C. owczarzaki'' is a single-celled eukaryote that occupies a key phylogenetic position in our understanding of the origin of animal multicellularity, as one of the closest unicellular relatives to animals. It is, together with ''Ministeria vibrans'', a member of the Filasterea clade (see “Taxonomy” below). This amoeboid protist has been pivotal to unravel the nature of the unicellular ancestor of animals, which has been proved to be much more complex than previously thought. Description ''C. owczarzaki'' was originally described as an amoeba-like “symbiont” of the fresh-water snail ''Biomphalaria glabrata''. The amoebae were obtained from the haemolymph of snails originally sampled in Puerto Rico. ''C. owczarzaki''’s life cycle comprises 3 different stages with three different cell types, which was reported only recently. Under culture conditions, ''C. owczarzaki’''s filopodial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministeria
''Ministeria'' is a genus of Filasterea. The species can be found in the North Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe an ... and in British waters. References ''Ministeria''at WoRMS Filasterea Eukaryote genera {{Holozoa-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Choanoflagellate
The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals. Choanoflagellates are collared flagellates, having a funnel shaped collar of interconnected microvilli at the base of a flagellum. Choanoflagellates are capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction. They have a distinctive cell morphology characterized by an ovoid or spherical cell body 3–10 µm in diameter with a single apical flagellum surrounded by a collar of 30–40 microvilli (see figure). Movement of the flagellum creates water currents that can propel free-swimming choanoflagellates through the water column and trap bacteria and detritus against the collar of microvilli, where these foodstuffs are engulfed. This feeding provides a critical link within the global carbon cycle, linking trophic levels. In addition to their critical ecological roles, choanoflagellates are of particular interest to evolutionary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Choanoflagellata
The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals. Choanoflagellates are collared flagellates, having a funnel shaped collar of interconnected microvilli at the base of a flagellum. Choanoflagellates are capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction. They have a distinctive cell morphology characterized by an ovoid or spherical cell body 3–10 µm in diameter with a single apical flagellum surrounded by a collar of 30–40 microvilli (see figure). Movement of the flagellum creates water currents that can propel free-swimming choanoflagellates through the water column and trap bacteria and detritus against the collar of microvilli, where these foodstuffs are engulfed. This feeding provides a critical link within the global carbon cycle, linking trophic levels. In addition to their critical ecological roles, choanoflagellates are of particular interest to evolution ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proterospongia
''Proterospongia'' is a genus of single-celled aquatic organisms which form colonies. It belongs to the choanoflagellate class. As a colony-forming choanoflagellate, ''Proterospongia'' is of interest to scientists studying the mechanisms of intercellular signaling and adhesion present before animals appeared. King, N. The Unicellular Ancestry of Animal Development. Developmental Cell (2004) 7:313-325King, N. and S. B. Carroll. 2001. A receptor tyrosine kinase from choanoflagellates: molecular insights into early animal evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:15032-7. Physical characteristics Members of ''Proterospongia'' have the typical choanoflagellate cell structure characterized by a cell body 5-10μm in diameter with a 20-30μm apical flagellum surrounded by a collar of 15-25 actin-filled microvilli.Leadbeater, B.S.C.; Thomsen H.A. Order Choanoflagellida. The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, second edition, (2000) pp. 14-37.Leadbeater, B.S.C. Life-History and Ultrastructure o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corallochytrium
''Corallochytrium'' belongs to the class of Corallochytrea within Teretosporea and is a sister group to Ichthyosporea. ''C. limacisporum'' is the only species of Corallochytrium known so far. It was first discovered and named in the Arabian Sea’s coral lagoons by Kaghu-Kumar in 1987. It was first thought to be a member of the fungi-like thraustochytrids, however, this was later disproven due to Corallochytriums lack of cilia and sagenogenetosome. Little research has been done on the life cycle or morphology. Most research concerning this genus has been done to uncover the evolution of animals and fungi, as Corallochytrium possess both animal and fungal enzymatic trademarks (C-14 reductase and α-AAR respectively). Etymology The genus name is derived from the habitat in which it was first found: coral reef lagoons. The single species name is derived from the limax-shaped ( slug-shaped) spores that are produced by the cell.(Raghu-kumar, 1987) Taxonomy ''C. limacisporum'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientia Marina
''Scientia Marina'', formerly ''Investigación Pesquera'', is a peer-reviewed academic journal on marine research published by Institut de Ciències del Mar de Barcelona ( CSIC) since 1955. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences, Biosis, Food Science & Technology Abstracts, GEOBASE, DIALNET, and Scopus. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as ... of 1.576, ranking it 67th out of 110 journals in the category "Q3, Marine and Freshwater Research". See also * Open access in Spain References External links * * Publications established in 1955 Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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