|
Handelsordningen
Handelsordningen ('Trade Regulation') was a business law reform introduced in Sweden 22 December 1846. The reform abolished the legal differences between retail business and wholesaling business, transformed the trade guilds to trade associations, and granted all men over the age of 21 the right to apply for a trade permit as long as they mastered the four mathematics operations and bookkeeping. Women were given the same right as long as they were of legal majority (widows, divorced women, or unmarried women who had themselves declared of legal majority by court petition) or were given permission by their husband and guardian. Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013 s 270 It was introduced in parallel with the ''Fabriks och Handtwerksordning Fabriks och Handtwerksordning ('Factory and Handicrafts Regulation') was a business law reform introduced in Sweden 22 December 1846. It is foremost remembered as the reform that abolished ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1720 års Skråordning
1720 års skråordning ('Guild Regulation of 1720') was a law reform introduced in Sweden in 1720. It replaced the '' 1669 års allmänna skråordning'' ('General Guild Regulation of 1669') and, with additional modifications, regulated the guild system and business life in Sweden until the ''Fabriks och Handtwerksordning'' and ''Handelsordningen'' of 1846. Regulation of 1720 The Guild Regulation of 1720 replaced the previous Guild Regulation of 1669, which had been the first national Guild Regulation in Sweden. There had been many suggestions to abolish the guild system, which called for a reform. The reformed Guild Regulation essentially kept the already established customary system with masters and apprentices. The reform consisted in the codification of customary regulations already in common use, as well as a simplification of the system, in order to make a guild memberships more easily attainable. The most radical reform was that concerning women's rights within the guild sys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fabriks Och Handtwerksordning
Fabriks och Handtwerksordning ('Factory and Handicrafts Regulation') was a business law reform introduced in Sweden 22 December 1846. It is foremost remembered as the reform that abolished the system of the guild A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes ...s in Sweden. The law transformed the guilds to handicrafts associations with the task to approve the qualifications of those applying to the authorities for permission to practice a certain profession within trade and handicrafts. Male applicants were still required to study under a master, pass the test and apply for membership of the guild. Female applicants of legal majority, meaning widows, divorced women and unmarried women who had been legally declared of legal majority by court petition, as well as married women with p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1864 års Näringsförordning
Förordningen för utvidgad näringsfrihet ('Decree of Extended Freedom of Trade'), also known as 1864 års näringsförordning ('Trade Decree of 1864'), was a Swedish law reform introduced 18 Jun 1864. It was law until 1968. The reform continued the reform of Swedish commercial life, initiated by the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen of 1846, by introducing complete freedom of economy. It abolished all requirements and privileges of the guild A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes ...s and removed all restrictions of trade and handicrafts professions in the cities as well as the country side and granted the right to start a business to all citizens of legal majority, or those with permission from their guardian, regardless of gender.Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1846 In Law
Events January–March * January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom. * January 13 – The Milan–Venice railway's bridge, over the Venetian Lagoon between Mestre and Venice in Italy, opens, the world's longest since 1151. * February 4 – Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake, led by Brigham Young. * February 10 – First Anglo-Sikh War: Battle of Sobraon – British forces defeat the Sikhs. * February 18 – The Galician slaughter, a peasant revolt, begins. * February 19 – United States president James K. Polk's annexation of the Republic of Texas is finalized by Texas president Anson Jones in a formal ceremony of transfer of sovereignty. The newly formed Texas state government is officially installed in Austin. * February 20– 29 – Kraków uprising: Galician slaughter – Polish nationalists stage an uprising in the Free City of Krak� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1846 In Sweden
Events from the year 1846 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – Oscar I Events *28 June: The Church of Sweden Härnösand Cathedral is inaugurated. * December 22 - The guild system in Sweden is abolished by the ''Fabriks och Handtwerksordning'' and ''Handelsordningen''. * Trade and craft professions are opened to all unmarried women. * Adolf Eugene von Rosen and Georg Theodor Policron von Chiewitz proposes a regulation of Gamla stan. * The Swedish History Museum is founded. * Gothenburg becomes the first Swedish city to be lit up by voal gas.Hadenius, Stig, Nilsson, Torbjörn & Åselius, Gunnar, Sveriges historia: vad varje svensk bör veta, Bonnier Alba, Stockholm, 1996 * '' Den broderade plånboken'' by August Blanche * '' Dubbelgångaren'' av Fjodor Dostojevskij * '' Engelbrekt och hans dalkarlar'' by August Blanche * '' Läkaren'' by August Blanche * '' Magister Bläckstadius eller giftermåls-annonsen'' by August Blanche * '' Rika morbror'' by August Blanche * ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Women In Sweden
The status and rights of Women in Sweden has changed several times throughout the history of Sweden. These changes have been affected by the culture, religion and laws of Sweden, as well as social discourses like the strong feminist movement. History of women in Sweden Viking age During the Viking Age, women had a relatively free status in the Nordic countries of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, illustrated in the Icelandic Grágás and the Norwegian Frostating laws and Gulating laws.Borgström Eva : Makalösa kvinnor: könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet (Marvelous women : gender benders in myth and reality) Alfabeta/Anamma, Stockholm 2002. (inb.). Libris 8707902. The paternal aunt, paternal niece and paternal granddaughter, referred to as ''odalkvinna'', all had the right to inherit property from a deceased man. In the absence of male relatives, an unmarried woman with no son could further more inherit the position as head of the family from a deceased father or brother: a w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by Øresund Bridge, a bridgetunnel across the Öresund. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic country, the third-largest country in the European Union, and the List of European countries by area, fifth-largest country in Europe. The Capital city, capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.5 million, and a low population density of , with around 87% of Swedes residing in urban areas in the central and southern half of the country. Sweden has a nature dominated by forests and a large amount of lakes, including List of largest lakes of Europ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retail
Retail is the sale of goods and services to consumers, in contrast to wholesaling, which is sale to business or institutional customers. A retailer purchases goods in large quantities from manufacturers, directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells in smaller quantities to consumers for a profit. Retailers are the final link in the supply chain from producers to consumers. Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Some of the earliest retailers were itinerant peddlers. Over the centuries, retail shops were transformed from little more than "rude booths" to the sophisticated shopping malls of the modern era. In the digital age, an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels, including both bricks and mortar and online retailing. Digital technologies are also affecting the way that consumers pay for goods and services. Retailing support services may also include the prov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wholesaling
Wholesaling or distributing is the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional or other professional business users; or to other wholesalers (wholesale businesses) and related subordinated services. In general, it is the sale of goods in bulk to anyone, either a person or an organization, other than the end consumer of that merchandise. Wholesaling is buying goods in bulk quantity, usually directly from the manufacture or source, at a discounted rate. The retailer then sells the goods to the end consumer at a higher price making a profit. According to the United Nations Statistics Division, ''wholesale'' is the resale of new and used goods to retailers, to industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users, or to other wholesalers, or involves acting as an agent or broker in buying merchandise for, or selling merchandise to, such persons or companies. Wholesalers frequently physically assemble, sort, and grade goods in large ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guild
A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but were mostly regulated by the city government. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. These rules reduced free competition, but sometimes mainta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social History Of Sweden
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives from the Latin word ''socii'' ("allies"). It is particularly derived from the Italian ''Socii'' states, historical allies of the Roman Republic (although they rebelled against Rome in the Social War of 91–87 BC). Social theorists In the view of Karl MarxMorrison, Ken. ''Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Formations of modern social thought'', human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who, beyond being "gregarious creatures", cannot survive and meet their needs other than through social co-operation and association. Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes; and, according to Marx, in producing and reproducin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
